AsHRAM

AsVINS

BODHISATIA

BHAGVAD GITA

A.K.A. GITA

BRAHMA

BUDDHISM

Glossary

The home of a guru, usually in the forest, where he or she prac­tices austerities and also instructs his or her disciples who form a familylike community Twin brother gods in the Rig veda Samhita. In post-Vedic texts they are symbols of male youth and beauty in pairs. Krishna and Arjuna and Rama and Lakshmana are frequently compared to

them. The Asvins are the fathers of the Pandava twins Nakula and Sahdeva, who are always together and are extolled for their ex­ceptional beauty as well as their skills with horses and cows. An infinitely compassionate being who is dedicated to the attain­ment of perfect awakening for the benefit of not just him- or her­self but of all sentient beings. A necessary step toward becoming a Buddha.

(literally, "Song of the Lord") In this part of the Mahabharata, (possibly interpolated later) when Arjuna hesitates to go to war against his kinsmen, Krishna instructs him on the nature of ac­tion, devotion, reality and the Self First of the Hindu trinity: Creator god. A religion that arose in India in the sixth century B.C. Although not named "Buddhism" any more than "Hinduism" was so named at that time, and similar to Hinduism in many of its doc­trines, such as the doctrine of karma and of rebirth or transmi­gration, it developed into a separate religion with its own distinctive theory and practice, and spread to surrounding coun­tries. It developed many different forms in India too but began to decline in the medieval period and practically disappeared from the Indian mainland by the end of the twelfth century A.D. when

monasteries and libraries in Bihar and Bengal were destroyed by Turkish invaders. Despite some violent conflict, especially with Shaivites and followers of Shankara, Buddhism, and Hinduism had coexisted, as is evidenced by monasteries, schools of philoso­phy, and the acceptance of Buddha by Vaishnavites as one of the incarnations of Vishnu. Organized around institutions such as

358 ~ Same-Sex Love in India

DHARMA

DUPATTA

FAQIR

GHAZAL JAIN

JAINISM

jATAKAS

KALIYUGA

KAMlz/KuRTA

KARMA

KATHA LITERATURE

KHAYAL

MAHABHARATA

monasteries, Buddhism was more vulnerable to attack than rela­tively more individualized Hindu ascetic practice. Often translated as "duty," "religion," or "righteousness," it can

connote "the law of one's being." Thus the dharma of wood is to

float on water. A person's being and dharma can be defined in var­ious ways, according to social and familial position, caste and

community, and in relation to the universe, divinity and other

humans. Every creature is required to be true to its dharma which is also the way to fulfillment and liberation.

Veil worn by north Indian women over the head and/or breasts. Mendicant ascetic.

Persian/Urdu love poem.

Follower of Jainism. The Jains, who number about four million,

are based mainly in Gujarat and Rajasthan, in western India.

They are strict vegetarians. A religion founded by Mahavira in the sixth century B.C. It has a

continuous tradition in India. Its teachings, which emphasize non­

violence toward all living beings, influenced Mahatma Gandhi.

Stories, in Pali, of the former lives of the Buddha, when he was

incarnated as different human and nonhuman creatures, all male. Many of these stories were based on pre-Buddhist folktales. The

jatakas were well known by the third century B.C. although they

were not compiled until the fifth century A.D.

The last and most degenerate age of the Hindu four ages. All recorded history occurs in the Kali Yuga. The cycle repeats itself when the Kali Yuga ends. Different types of shirts, worn by both sexes in north India. Literally, action. Refers also to patterns of action carried over from previous births, which influence the present life. It has to be exhausted for liberation to be possible.

Katha means "story." Katha literature consists of story cycles,

compiled in many languages, from oral sources or from earlier,

now-lost, texts. Examples of such compilations are the Kathasar­itsagara, the Vetalpanchavimsati, the Panchatantra. Reflective song. Sanskrit epic attributed to Vyasa. Its dating is disputed; scholars

place it anywhere from the eighth century B.C. to the fifth century

A.D. The core story focuses on the war between two sets of cousins, the five Pandavas (Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula

and Sahdeva) and the hundred Kauravas. Arjuna, the greatest Pandava warrior, is aided by Krishna, a chief of the Yadava clan,

who is the incarnation of the preserver god Vishnu. The Pandavas

MARsIYA

MASNAVI

MEHFIL

MURID

MUSHAIRA

NAZM

PRASAD

PIR

QAWWALI

QAWWAL

RADHA

RAGAS

RAKSHASA

RAMAYANA

RAMCHARITMANAS

RAsA

Glossary ~ 359

are married to Draupadi, whose humiliation by the Kauravas is one of the chief reasons for the war, the other being the Kaurava

usurpation of the Pandava kingdom. Lament for the martyr Husain, the Prophet's grandson. Long narrative poem.

Gathering around a pir, more often devoted to mystical poetry

and music than to religious discourse. In later Urdu, it meant any gathering of musicians, poets, or dancers.

Sufi disciple.

Poets' gathering, where they recite their poetry aloud. Urdu verse.

Food distributed among devotees after being offered to the gods. In worship, this food, the leavings of the gods, is pure and is eaten

with devotion.

Sufi master.

Sufi devotional music.

One who sings qawwalis. Cowherd woman, beloved of Krishna but married to another

man. An incarnation of goddess Lakshmi.

Indian musical modes.

Demon.

Lit. the Rama Story. Sanskrit epic by Valmiki. Dating disputed;

scholars place it anywhere from the fifth century B.C. to fifth

century A.D. Tells the story of the just king Rama of Ayodhya, in­carnation of the god Vishnu. Exiled for fourteen years by his

stepmother's fiat, he is accompanied into exile by his wife Sita, daughter of the Earth goddess, and brother Lakshmana. Sitas ab­

duction by the demon king Ravana leads to a war between Rama and Ravana. Mter Sita is rescued, she is subjected to a fire ordeal to test her purity. Although she survives this ordeal, Rama aban­dons her later, when his subjects doubt her chastity. When he fi­nally asks her to return, she chooses to sink into the earth instead. There are many medieval Ramayanas in different Indian

languages. This sixteenth-century Hindi retelling of the Rama story by poet

Tulsidas ends happily with Rama and Sita reigning in Ayodhya.

It is the most popular north Indian version today and was the

basis of a TV serial in the 1980s.

In ancient Indian poetics, nine types of aesthetic emotion ex­

pressed in different combinations in any art work and evoked

in its recipient. Rasa theory is still used in Indian criticism

today.

360 ~ Same-Sex Love in India

RAsALEELA

RUBAI

SAKHI/SAKHA SALWAR

SANSKARAS

SHAIVA

SHAKTA

SHAKTI

SHIVA

SUFISM

TANTRA

TIKA

UPANISHADS

VAISHNAVA

VEDA

Mystical dance of Krishna with the cowherd women, in which each woman thinks he is dancing with her alone. Signifies the way god, although one, appears in many forms to devotees. Quatrain. Female friend/male friend. Loose trousers with drawstring, worn by both sexes in parts of north India. Like karma, patterns of action carried over from previous births, which influence the present life. They can be related to individ­ual, caste or community. They have to be lived through and ex­hausted for liberation to be possible. Also refers to rites of passage such as marriage. Worshipers of Shiva. Worshipers of the female principle Shakti, in her embodiments as various goddesses such as Durga, Kali, and Saraswati. Power, gendered female, of which all goddesses are embodiments. The consorts of male gods are called their Shaktis. Third in the Hindu trinity, the destroyer god. Islamic Mysticism that developed into a major social movement in the early centuries ofIslam. Islam in India tends to be closer to Sufism than to Orthodox Islam. A development within Mahayana Buddhism, which spread widely in India from the fifrh century A.D. In the Hindu Shakta tradition, Tantrism, practiced by small groups of initiates, de­veloped yogic, magical and sexual practices designed to lead to liberation. In both traditions, it emphasizes a structured hetero­sexual intercouse as a means of liberation. Mark on forehead; may be indicative of caste, community, reli­gious or marital status. Philosophical texts that function as commentary on and explica­tion of the vedas. Most of them were probably composed by 600 B.C., prior to the rise of Buddhism. There are eighteen major Up­anishads. Worshipers of Vishnu, especially in his incarnations as Rama and Krishna. (from the root viti, knowledge) Sacred knowledge transmitted orally by a complex system of mnemonics and compiled later in four Samhitas or collections. Of these, the Rig veda Samhita is the oldest and most important, the other three being the Sama veda Samhita, the Yajur veda Samhita and the Atharva veda Samhita. The Rig veda Samhita is a collection of 1,028 hymns, composed approximately between 1500 and 1000 B.C.

Glossary ~ 361

VEDIC LITERATURE Written in early Sanskrit (different from the later epic and Pu­ranie Sanskrit), this consists of the four Veda Samhitas and the

commentaries, explications, and philosophical speculations con­

tained in the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads. VISHNU Second in the Hindu trinity, the preserver god.

Translators and Contributors

ADITYA BEHL is assistant professor of Hindi and Urdu, Department of South and South­

east Asian Studies, University of California at Berkeley.

LAxMI CHANDRASHEKAR is reader in English at N. M. K. R. V. College for Women,

Bangalore.

SHOHINI GHOSH is reader in Video and TV Production at the Mass Communication

and Research Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi.

SVATI JOSHI is reader in English at Miranda House College for Women, Delhi University.

SCOTT KUGLE is a research scholar at Duke University, Gradutate Program in Religion.

MURALEEDHARAN is lecturer in English Literature at St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth,

Kerala.

KANCHANA NATARAJAN is reader in Indian Philosophy at Daulat Ram College for

Women, Delhi University.

SHORMISHTHA PANJA is reader in the Department of English, Delhi University.

KUMKUM Roy is reader in Ancient Indian History in the Department of History, Delhi

University.

SUMANYU SATPATHY is reader in the Department of English, Delhi University.

Name and Place Index

Page numbers in bold indicate a particular focus on or extended discussion of the particu­

lar author or text

Abru, Najmuddin Shah Mubarak, 108,

119-24, 161-68 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 110 Abu'l Fazl, 113

ABVA, AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan, 205-06,210,215

Agni, 15-16,28, 59

Agra, 184-85,218,275,278 Akbar, Emperor, 108, 112-13, 140, 144, 152,

154

Akhi, Jamshed Rajgiri, 136-39 Akhtar-ul-Imans, 199-200 Alauddin Khalji, Sultan, 108, 109, 113,

131-32,135,286 Alexander the Great, 78, 237 Ambai (c. S. Lakshmi), 212, 352-55 America, United States of, xiv, xx, xxiii, xxiv,

198,200,204,240,251,254,260,

216, 359 Amir Khusro, See Khusro, Amir

Andhra, See Dekkan

Andrews, Charles Freer, 254-55

Arabic, 40, 42, 55, 107, 110, 112-13, 115, 118, 157,218,221

Arabs, xxiii, 95, 11 0, 178, 249, 286

Aravan, 60, 209

Arberry. A. J., 114

Ardhanarishwara, 59 Arjuna, 3-7, 8, 9, 18,29,59,60,65,78,

90-93

Arthashastra, 24-25, 47, 94 Aruna, 13, 18

Arya Samaj, 196, 267 Aurangabad, 169, 175, 192

Aurangzeb, Emperor, 158, 159 Avadh, 184, 191-94 Ayodhya, 65, 100, 102, 359 See Avadh

Ayyappa, 18, 59,60,67, 94-99 Azad, Maulana Abu'l Kalam, 216

Babur, Emperor, 140-42,208,265

Bahadur Shah, Emperor, 176 Bahinabai, 62, 64

Bailey, T. Graham, 191, 192,221

Banaphool, Balaichand Mukhopadhyay, 199 Bankim, See Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra

Barani, Ziauddin, 109, 112, 131-35 Basheer, Vaikom Muhammad, 202 Bengal, xv, 56, 81, 103, 115, 155, 197,202,

221,233,336,357 Bengali, 100, 104, 199,204,233,336,340 Bhagiratha, xix, 60, 67, 100-02

BhagvadGit~ 3, 5-7, 56,237, 357 Bhagvata Purana, 4, 18, 69-71

Bhakti, 55-58,63-66, 127, 152, 157, 193

Bhattacharyya, N. N., 239-40

Bhishma, 3, 8-12,17,31-36 Bihar, xv, 46, 255, 357

Blavatsky, H. P., 15,208

Bomba~xcii,204, 209,210-14,251,278, 347

Bombay Dost, 209, 210 Boswell, John, xx, xxiii, 96, 108, 121 Brahma, 15,80,83-84,97,101,237,357

Brahmo Samaj, 229

366 ~ Index

British, xv, xxii, 42, 56, 119, 194-97, 198, 200, 247, 254, 265, 274, 327, 337 See

also England Brooten, Bernadette, xx, 96 Buddha, 19-20,22,37-39 Buddhism, xv, xviii, 2, 19-23, 35, 42, 63, 85,

96,98,254,357-60 Burton, Richard, 49, 198,236 Butler, Judith, 22 Byron, Lord George Gordon, 337, 338, 340

Calcutta, 210, 212, 214, 217, 229, 231, 246,

247,281,325,335,336,347 Canada, 205, 215 Carpenter, Edward, 196,265 Chaitanya, Shri 56, 65, 103--05, 200 Chandra, Vlkram, 213 Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 196,203,

233-35 Charurvedi, Banarsidas, 247-49, 251 Chenoy, Shama Mitra, and Sheithar, Chander,

175-81 passim Christianity/Christians, xiv, xx, xxii, 27, 47,

56,59,61,98,111,196,197,237,

284,336 Chughtai, Ismat, 203, 213, 283-88 Clothey, Fred. w., 77 Communist Party of India, xxiii, 217 See

Marxist Corbin, Henri, 111, 115

da Cunha, Nisha, 212 Dan Detha, Vijay, 215, 318-24 Danielou, Alain, xv, 21, 46-53 passim Dara Shukoh, Prince, 111-12, 155, 158 Dargah Quli Khan, 108, 109, 113, 119,

175-83 Das, Gopabandhu, 200, 241-45 Das, Jagannath, 103-05 Das, Kamala, 203 Das, Kishori Charan, 203, 298-300 DasGupta, Swapan, 207 Dattani, Mahesh, 212 Dayanand, Swami, 196 de Beauvoir, Simone, 204

de Noronha, Leslie, 212 De, Shobha, 204 Dekkan, 118, 155, 158, 161, 175 Delhi, xix, 108, 109, 119, 120, 124, 126, 127,

134, 140, 152, 158, 161, 162, 173, 175-83,184,189,195,200,208-12 passim, 214, 217, 218, 221, 279, 281, 282,301,304,318,325,351

Deshpande, Nirmala, 203, 327-31 Dimock, Edward, 56, 65 Draupadi, 3, 4-5, 6, 13, 14,59,207,365,

359 Dullas, Inez, 213, 347-48 Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, 199,336-41

East India Company, 194 Ellis, Havelock, xx, 193,251,265 England, 195,294,328-29,337,339 See

British English, xvii, xviii, xix, xxiii, 40, 113, 146,

155,195,197,203,204,207-11, 212-13,215,221,233,236,241, 247-50,253,257,264,267,302, 311,316,325,328,332,336,342, 347,349,352

Europe, xx, xxi, xxii, 24, 40, 96,111,176, 194,196,210,236,249,260,261,354

Faderman, Lillian, xiv, xx Fernandez, Bina, 205 Firaq Gorakhpuri, Raghupati Sahay, 201,

264-66,274,277,279 Fire, xxiv, 207, 213-15, 217 Forster, Edward Morgan, 200, 202 Foucault, Michel, xx Freud, Sigmund, xx, 9, 207, 208, 238, 254

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 196,216, 241,251,253-56,264,358

Ganesha, 13,81-84,96 Ganga, goddess and river Ganges, 11,37,38,

79,82,100--02,136,148,268,272

Gangopadhyay, Sunil, 199,336-41 Gautam, Siddharth, 210 Gesudaraz, 117

Index ~ 367

Ghanimat, Muhammad Akram, 124, 159-60 Isherwood, Christopher, 62, 216, 230-32 Ghosh, Shohini, 211, 214 Islam, 27,55,57,58,108, 109-117 passim, Goldman, Robert P., 59, 90 131, 152, 157,249,360 See Muslims Gopabandhu Das See Das, Gopabandhu Goswami, Parimal, 199 Greece, xv, 249, 348 Greek, xx, 7, 11,32,40,78,221,347,349 Gujarat, xv, 131, 134, 156,209,358 Gujarati, 212, 294

Hafiz, 116,265 Hali, Altaf Hussain, 201 Halperin, David, xx Hanuman, 7,27, 57,65,69 Hardwar, 148 Harihara. See Ayyappa Hariharaputra. See Ayyappa. Hasan, Hakim Muhammad Yusuf, 260-63 Hashmi, Nurul Hasan, 119-23 Hebrew, xiv, 40, 110 Heer and Ranjha, 118, 152, 171 Hiltebeitel, Alf, 59, 60 Hindi, xix, 49,51,54,64,66,193,202,204,

209,211-14,221,236,246-51,267, 270,289,295,301,304,318,327,359

Hinduism/Hindus, xv, xviii, xxii, xxiv, 1,2,9, 12,18,22,23,27,41,53,55,56,58, 61,73,81-82,95-98,108,117,124, 127-28, 131, 137-38, 144, 146-48, 152, 157, 159, 178, 193, 196, 197, 200,213-16 passim, 233, 237, 250, 254,264,336,357-61

Hindvi, 118, 126-28, 161,218. Hoffman, Richard J., 59 Holi, 137, 147,277 Hussayn, Shah, 108, 118, 145-56, 171 See

Madho Lal Hussein, Waris, 213 Hyderabad, 171,349

Ibn Hambal, 111 Iia, 18,68 Indian Penal Code, 195,206,247 Indra, 3, 6, 13, 15, 16, 18,78, 100, 101 "Insha" Allah Khan, 193,220,221,227-28

Jagannath Das, See Das, Jagannath Jahangir, Emperor, 113, 143-44 Jainism, 2, 22, 24, 55, 157,358 Jama Masjid, 266, 297 Jamali and Kamali, 124-25 Jan Saheb, 192, 193,220 Janabai,62 Janaka,23 Jatakas, 20, 29, 37-38, 98 Jews/Judaism, 81, 157, 195,212,353 Jones, John Garrett, 20 JosephlYusuf, 118, 144, 170, 173, 174, 198,

349 Josh Malihabadi, Shabbir Hasan Khan,199,

201,264,274-82 Jur'at, Shaikh Qalandar Baksh, 221-25

Kabir, 65, 66 Kakar, Sudhir, 61, 198 Kaii, 60, 229, 360 Kamasutra, xv, xviii, xxi, 18,24-25,27,

46-53,197,236-40 Kamleshwar, 202 Kanga, Firdaus, 213 Kannada, 63, 97, 342 See also Dekkan Kartikeya, xvi, 13, 77-80, 82, 84, 96 Kashmir, xxii, 27, 63 Kathasaritsagara, xxi, 28-29, 67-68, 79,

85-89 Kaur, Ajeet, 205 Kerala, 97, 196,312 Khakhar,Bhupen,209,212,294-97 Khote, Chandrakant, 202 Khusro, Amir, 117-18, 126-30

Khusro Khan, 113, 133-35 Kinsey, Alfred c., 204, 205 Kishwar, Madhu, 214-15, 217 Kripal, John Jeffrey, 200 Krishna, 3-8, 29, 56, 60, 61-62, 65, 90-93,

103-04,121,137,152,170,216, 229,231,237,249,357-60

368 ~ Index

Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 215-16 Krittivasa, xix, 26, 61, 100-02,206 Kureishi, Hanif, 213

Lahore, 145, 147-55 passim, 259, 275, 283 Laila and Majnu, 108, 118, 160

Lakshmi,97, 113,359 Lakshmi, C. S., See Ambai

Lal Ded, 63, 157 Latin, 40, 221

Less than Gay, 205-06 Lucknow, 159, 184, 191-94,210,218,

220-21,270

Madhavacharya, 49-50, 197,236-40 Madho Lal, 118, 145-56, 171 See Hussayn,

Shah Madhya Pradesh, xv, 161,208

Madras, 77, 210, 337 See Tamil, Tamilnadu Mahabharata, xx, 3-14, 15-18,23,27,30,

31-36,60,68,78,82,90-91,94,95,

357,358 Mahadeviakka,63, 157 Mahmud of Ghaznah, 107, 112, 113, 118,

265-66 Majnu See Laila Mruay.Uam, 202, 203, 311 Mruik Kafur, 131-35 Manimekhruai, 20-22, 28 Manto, Saadat Hasan, 283 Manusmriti, xiv, 24-26, 47, 94 Marathi, 57, 202, 327, 332

Marlowe, Christopher, 153,344 Marxist, 56, 207, 239, 264 See Communist

Max Muller, 1

Mayo, Katherine, 197

Mazhar, Jan-i Janan, 122 Meerabai, 62, 63, 65

Mehta, Deepa, 215 Menen, Aubrey, 208

Menon, K P. S., 199 Merchant, Hoshang, 206, 216, 349-51 MirTaqi Mir, 108, 119-22, 178, 184-90,

201,247 Mishra, Amresh, 194

Mohini, 17, 18, 59-60, 69-71, 94

Mubarak Shah Khruji, Sultan, See Qutubuddin

Mughru, 108, 113, 140, 143, 152, 155, 158,

159, 173, 175, 184, 194 Muhammad ibn Tughlaq, Sultan, 131

Mujeeb, M., 107, 109, 117 Mukarram Baksh, Maulvi, 212

Murray, Stephen O. and Roscoe, Will, III Muslims, xviii, xxi, xxiii, 41, 48, 55-57,61,

78, 95, 98, 107-18 passim, 124, 127,

136-38, 145, 159-60, 171, 178, 196, 200-01,213,214,216,222,229,

248-50, 273, 276, 283, 286 See Islam

Mutribi Samarqandi, 143-44

Nadir Shah, 175 Nairn. C. M., 112, 119, 120, 124, 192 Namdev, 62, 63, 64, 66

Namjoshi, Suniti, 213

Nanda, Serena, 202

Nandakumar, V. T., 203, 311-17 Nandy, Ashis, 56, 194, 196

Narnda, 11, 18,26,32-33,65,90-91,97 Nasim, Iftikhar, 212 Nasiruddin Chiragh-i Dihli, 117 "Nazir" Wrui Muhammad Akbarnbadi, 193,

218-19 Nehru, Jawaharlru, 254, 259, 279 Nicholson, R A., 114, 116 Nirala, SuryakantTripathi, 199,246,250-51,

270-73 Nizamuddin Aulia, Shaykh, 117, 126-30 See

Khusro, Amir

O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger, 56, 58, 59-60,

81,94

Oldenberg, Veena Truwar, 192-93 Orissa, 103,215,241 Oriya, 103, 241-42, 298

Ovid, 32

Padma Purana, 90-93 Panchatantra, 7,40-45,358 Pandavas,4-6,8, 12, 14,60,358-59 Parivaraj, p., 212

Parvati, 13, 18,28, 59,60,69-71,72-75, 79-80,81-84,87,97

Paul, Diana, 22 Persian, xviii, xix, 107, 111-12, 115-18, 121,

126-28, 131, 136, 141, 143, 144-45, 155-56,157-58,159,160,169,175, 184,193,201,218,221,249,349

Petievich, Carla, 118, 192 Plato, xx, 112, 114,201,348 Pravartak, 82, 199,210 Premchand, Munshi, 250 Pritchett, Frances w., 121,201 Prophet Muhammad, 110, 111, 144, 177-79,

276,359 Punjab 118, 145, 152, 154, 155, 159, 161,

205,218,267,286,301 PuranM,4, 13, 18,26,53,55,58-61,69,72,

75,77,79,81-82,90-91,94,100, 247

Puranic, xvi, xviii, 1

Quran Sharief, 192, 194,204,246,255,300, 312,315

Qutubuddin, Sultan, 113, 131-35

Radha, 4, 65, 103-04, 117, 121,214 Raghavachariar, Srinivasa, 205, 216-17 Rahman, Tariq, xxiii, 119-24 passim, 174 Rajan, Chandra, 40, 43-45 Rajasthan/ Rajasthani, 17, 161,215,318,358 Rajatarangini, 27 Rama, Shri, 7, 12, 13,29,61,64-66,223,

229,237,249,336,357,359,361 Ramakrishna, Lajwanti, 155-56 Ramakrishna, Shri, 11,200,216,229-32 Ramanandis, 65 Ramayana, xix, 7, 12, 18,26,27,60-61,66,

100-02,206,223,336,359 RamcharitmanM, 64, 66, 249, 359 "Rangeen," Sa'adat Yar Khan, 220-21,

226-27 Rao, R. Raj, 212 Rasaleela, 91, 152,360 Rati, 86, 295 Ratti, Rakesh, 206 Ray, Bani, 204

Index ~ 369

Raymond, Janice, 10,96 Razia Sultana, 113 Rekhti, 191-94,206,213,220-28 Rig Veda, xx, 2, 3,14-17,357,360 Rizvi, S. A. A., 115, 136, 156 Row Kavi, Ashok, 209, 216 Roy, Arundhati, 213 Roy, Kumkum, 17,46,47,236

Rubin, Gayle, 59 Rushdie, Salman, 213

Sabarimalai, 94-99 passim Saghar Nizami, Samad Yar Khan, 199,

274-82 Sahajiyas, 65 Sangari, Kumkum and Chakravarti, Uma, 81 Sanskrit, xvi, xvii, xx, xxii, 1, 5, 12, 15,22,

31,40,53,55,60,66,69,72,77,81, 85,90,104,182,216,238,239-40, 241,260,267,336,340,344,358,

359, 361 Sant, 56, 63 Sapphist, xxi Sappho,195,204,265,347 Sarmad, 108, 157-58,216,265 Sastha. See Ayyappa Schimmel, Annemarie, Ill, 115-18 passim Schmitt, Arno and Sofer, Jehoeda, 111 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 59 Seth, Vikram, 45, 213, 325-26 Shadani, Andalib, 121,201,265 Shah Alam, Emperor, 173 Shah Hussayn, See Hussayn, Shah and Madho

Lal Shah Jahan, Emperor, 158 Shakespeare, William, 218, 247, 265-66,

340,342--46 ShaktalShakti, 55, 58,84,96,210, 360 Shakuntala Devi, 205, 216-17 Shariah, 11 0-11, 113, 131

Sher-Gil, Amrita, 199,257-59 Shilappadikaram, 20-22, 27-28 Shiv Sena, xxiv, 214, 216, 217 Shiva, xxii, 13, 14, 18,28,29,30,31,32,46,

58,59-60,65,69-71,73-76,77-84, 88, 94-98, 101, 360

370 ~ Index

Shiva Purana, 13, 69, 77-84 Shivaprakash, H.S., 342-46 Shri Chaitanya See Chaitanya, Shri Shri Ramakrishna. See Ramakrishna, Shri

Siddiqa Begum, 203 Siddique, Shobhana, 203, 304-10 Sikand, Yogi, 156 Sikhandin, 17-18,31-36 Siraj Aurangabadi, Sayyid Sirajuddin, 121-22,

169-72 Sita, 13,65,66,87, 192,214,237,288,359 Skanda. See Kartikeya. Skanda Purana, 72-76 Socrates, 237, 247, 265 Sodom/sodomy, xxi, 50, 110-11, 115, 122,

132,134,195,201,251 Sood, Kewal, 204, 301-03 Sufis/Sufism, 11, 63, 65, 107, 114-18, 124,

126-27, 136-38, 145, 151-52, 155-56, 159, 161, 169, 184-88,200, 214,229,275,359-60

Sukthankar, Ashwini, 206 Sundaram, Vivan, 258-59, 349-51 Surdas, 62, 65, 249 Sushruta Samhita, 24, 26, 100 Sweet, Michael, and Zwilling, Leonard, xxi,

24

Taban, Mir Abdul Hai, 119, 173-74 Tamil, xvi, 18, 19-22,60,63, 77, 212, 352 Tamilnadu, xv, 60, 209 See also Madras Tantra, 22, 65, 200, 229, 240, 360 Telugu, xxii, 60, 69 Tendulkar, Vijay, 204, 332-35 Thackeray, Bal, xxiv Thadani, Giti, 2, 16, 206 Tharu, Susie, and Lalitha K., 63, 203 Trikone, 210 Tukaram, Sant, 64, 66 Tulsidas, Goswami, 57, 62, 64-65, 66, 249 Turk! Turkish, 107, 108, 116, 118, 128, 131,

140,142,178,357

Ugra, Pandey Bechan Sharma, 200, 213, 246-52

Upanishads, xvi, 6,14,17,53,56,360 Urdu, xviii, xix, xxi, 51, 55,107,109,111,

116-19, 121, 123-24, 127, 136, 146, 155-56,161-62,169,173,184, 191-94,200-01,203,212-13,218, 220-21,246-50,260,264-65,

274-79 passim, 283, 349, 368-69 Uttar Pradesh, xv, 136, 246, 270

Vaishnava, 18,55,59,63,90-91, 105, 196, 216,229,360 See Vishnu

Vak,2-3,44 Valmiki, Sant, 27, 60, 66, 359 van der Veer, Peter, 57 Vedas, 1,6,6 14, 53, 56, 57, 58,73,74, 75,

91, 360 See also Rig Veda VediclVedantic, xv, xxii, 1,24,44,58,82,91,

229 Vetalpanchvimsati, 43, 68 Victoria, Queen, 194, 196 Vishnu, 13, 14, 17-18, 58-60, 63, 69-71,

80,90,94-98 passim, 101,357-61 Vitthal, Shri, 63-64 Vivekananda, Swami, 196, 230 Vyasa, 24, 25, 37,38, 72,154,593

Wadia, Riyadh, 212 Wali Dakkani, 118 Waliullah, Shah, 111, 116 Well of Loneliness, The, 201, 251, 265 Whitman, Walt, 265 Wilde, Oscar, 194,201-02, 195-96,216,

247, 343 Wittig, Monique, 22 Woolf, Leonard, 251 Woolf, Virginia, 202 Wright, W. and Rowson, Everett K., 112

Yadav, Rajendra, 204, 289-93 Yashodhara, 46-53 passim, 239 Yusuf See Joseph

Zafiruddin, Mufti, 111,201 Zaidi, Ali Jawad, 191-92,221 Zwilling, Leonard, See Sweet, Michael