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Glossary of topologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chapter 1
Disjoint sets
This article is about the mathematical concept. For the data structure, see Disjoint-set data structure.In mathematics, two sets are said to be disjoint if they have no element in common. Equivalently, disjoint sets are
A BTwo disjoint sets.
sets whose intersection is the empty set.[1] For example, {1, 2, 3} and {4, 5, 6} are disjoint sets, while {1, 2, 3} and{3, 4, 5} are not.
1.1 Generalizations
This definition of disjoint sets can be extended to any family of sets. A family of sets is pairwise disjoint ormutuallydisjoint if every two different sets in the family are disjoint.[1] For example, the collection of sets { {1}, {2}, {3}, ...} is pairwise disjoint.Two sets are said to be almost disjoint sets if their intersection is small in some sense. For instance, two infinite setswhose intersection is a finite set may be said to be almost disjoint.[2]
In topology, there are various notions of separated sets with more strict conditions than disjointness. For instance,two sets may be considered to be separated when they have disjoint closures or disjoint neighborhoods. Similarly, ina metric space, positively separated sets are sets separated by a nonzero distance.[3]
2
1.2. EXAMPLES 3
A
BC
A pairwise disjoint family of sets
1.2 Examples
• The set of the drum and the guitar is disjoint to the set of the card and the book
• A pairwise disjoint family of sets
• A non pairwise disjoint family of sets
1.3 Intersections
Disjointness of two sets, or of a family of sets, may be expressed in terms of their intersections.
4 CHAPTER 1. DISJOINT SETS
Two sets A and B are disjoint if and only if their intersection A∩B is the empty set.[1] It follows from this definitionthat every set is disjoint from the empty set, and that the empty set is the only set that is disjoint from itself.[4]
A family F of sets is pairwise disjoint if, for every two sets in the family, their intersection is empty.[1] If the familycontains more than one set, this implies that the intersection of the whole family is also empty. However, a familyof only one set is pairwise disjoint, regardless of whether that set is empty, and may have a non-empty intersection.Additionally, a family of sets may have an empty intersection without being pairwise disjoint.[5] For instance, thethree sets { {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {1, 3} } have an empty intersection but are not pairwise disjoint. In fact, there are no twodisjoint sets in this collection. Also the empty family of sets is pairwise disjoint.[6]
A Helly family is a system of sets within which the only subfamilies with empty intersections are the ones that arepairwise disjoint. For instance, the closed intervals of the real numbers form a Helly family: if a family of closedintervals has an empty intersection and is minimal (i.e. no subfamily of the family has an empty intersection), it mustbe pairwise disjoint.[7]
1.4 Disjoint unions and partitions
A partition of a set X is any collection of mutually disjoint non-empty sets whose union is X.[8] Every partition canequivalently be described by an equivalence relation, a binary relation that describes whether two elements belongto the same set in the partition.[8] Disjoint-set data structures[9] and partition refinement[10] are two techniques incomputer science for efficiently maintaining partitions of a set subject to, respectively, union operations that mergetwo sets or refinement operations that split one set into two.A disjoint union may mean one of two things. Most simply, it may mean the union of sets that are disjoint.[11] Butif two or more sets are not already disjoint, their disjoint union may be formed by modifying the sets to make themdisjoint before forming the union of the modified sets.[12] For instance two sets may be made disjoint by replacingeach element by an ordered pair of the element and a binary value indicating whether it belongs to the first or secondset.[13] For families of more than two sets, one may similarly replace each element by an ordered pair of the elementand the index of the set that contains it.[14]
1.5 See also• Hyperplane separation theorem for disjoint convex sets
• Mutually exclusive events
• Relatively prime, numbers with disjoint sets of prime divisors
• Set packing, the problem of finding the largest disjoint subfamily of a family of sets
1.6 References[1] Halmos, P. R. (1960), Naive Set Theory, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, p. 15, ISBN 9780387900926.
[2] Halbeisen, Lorenz J. (2011), Combinatorial Set Theory: With a Gentle Introduction to Forcing, Springer monographs inmathematics, Springer, p. 184, ISBN 9781447121732.
[3] Copson, Edward Thomas (1988),Metric Spaces, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 57, Cambridge University Press, p. 62,ISBN 9780521357326.
[4] Oberste-Vorth, Ralph W.; Mouzakitis, Aristides; Lawrence, Bonita A. (2012), Bridge to Abstract Mathematics, MAAtextbooks, Mathematical Association of America, p. 59, ISBN 9780883857793.
[5] Smith, Douglas; Eggen, Maurice; St. Andre, Richard (2010), A Transition to Advanced Mathematics, Cengage Learning,p. 95, ISBN 9780495562023.
[6] See answers to the question ″Is the empty family of sets pairwise disjoint?″
[7] Bollobás, Béla (1986), Combinatorics: Set Systems, Hypergraphs, Families of Vectors, and Combinatorial Probability, Cam-bridge University Press, p. 82, ISBN 9780521337038.
1.7. EXTERNAL LINKS 5
[8] Halmos (1960), p. 28.
[9] Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2001), “Chapter 21: Data structures forDisjoint Sets”, Introduction to Algorithms (Second ed.), MIT Press, pp. 498–524, ISBN 0-262-03293-7.
[10] Paige, Robert; Tarjan, Robert E. (1987), “Three partition refinement algorithms”, SIAM Journal on Computing 16 (6):973–989, doi:10.1137/0216062, MR 917035.
[11] Ferland, Kevin (2008), Discrete Mathematics: An Introduction to Proofs and Combinatorics, Cengage Learning, p. 45,ISBN 9780618415380.
[12] Arbib, Michael A.; Kfoury, A. J.; Moll, Robert N. (1981), A Basis for Theoretical Computer Science, The AKM series inTheoretical Computer Science: Texts and monographs in computer science, Springer-Verlag, p. 9, ISBN 9783540905738.
[13] Monin, Jean François; Hinchey,Michael Gerard (2003),Understanding FormalMethods, Springer, p. 21, ISBN9781852332471.
[14] Lee, John M. (2010), Introduction to Topological Manifolds, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 202 (2nd ed.), Springer, p.64, ISBN 9781441979407.
1.7 External links• Weisstein, Eric W., “Disjoint Sets”, MathWorld.
Chapter 2
Glossary of topology
This is a glossary of some terms used in the branch of mathematics known as topology. Although there is no absolutedistinction between different areas of topology, the focus here is on general topology. The following definitions arealso fundamental to algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology. See also: Glossary of algebraictopology.See the article on topological spaces for basic definitions and examples, and see the article on topology for a briefhistory and description of the subject area. See Naive set theory, Axiomatic set theory, and Function for definitionsconcerning sets and functions. The following articles may also be useful. These either contain specialised vocabularywithin general topology or provide more detailed expositions of the definitions given below. The list of generaltopology topics and the list of examples in general topology will also be very helpful.
• Compact space
• Connected space
• Continuity
• Metric space
• Separated sets
• Separation axiom
• Topological space
• Uniform space
See also: Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry
All spaces in this glossary are assumed to be topological spaces unless stated otherwise.Contents :
• Top
• 0–9
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
6
2.1. A 7
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
2.1 A
Absolutely closed See H-closed
Accessible See T1 .
Accumulation point See limit point.
Alexandrov topology The topology of a space X is an Alexandrov topology (or is finitely generated) if arbitraryintersections of open sets in X are open, or equivalently, if arbitrary unions of closed sets are closed, or, againequivalently, if the open sets are the upper sets of a poset.[1]
Almost discrete A space is almost discrete if every open set is closed (hence clopen). The almost discrete spacesare precisely the finitely generated zero-dimensional spaces.
Approach space An approach space is a generalization of metric space based on point-to-set distances, instead ofpoint-to-point.
8 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
2.2 BBaire space This has two distinct common meanings:
1. A space is a Baire space if the intersection of any countable collection of dense open sets is dense; seeBaire space.
2. Baire space is the set of all functions from the natural numbers to the natural numbers, with the topologyof pointwise convergence; see Baire space (set theory).
Base A collection B of open sets is a base (or basis) for a topology τ if every open set in τ is a union of sets in B .The topology τ is the smallest topology on X containing B and is said to be generated by B .
Basis See Base.
Borel algebra The Borel algebra on a topological space (X, τ) is the smallest σ -algebra containing all the open sets.It is obtained by taking intersection of all σ -algebras on X containing τ .
Borel set A Borel set is an element of a Borel algebra.
Boundary The boundary (or frontier) of a set is the set’s closure minus its interior. Equivalently, the boundary of aset is the intersection of its closure with the closure of its complement. Boundary of a set A is denoted by ∂Aor bd A .
Bounded A set in a metric space is bounded if it has finite diameter. Equivalently, a set is bounded if it is containedin some open ball of finite radius. A function taking values in a metric space is bounded if its image is abounded set.
2.3 CCategory of topological spaces The categoryTop has topological spaces as objects and continuousmaps asmorphisms.
Cauchy sequence A sequence {xn} in a metric space (M, d) is a Cauchy sequence if, for every positive real numberr, there is an integer N such that for all integers m, n > N, we have d(xm, xn) < r.
Clopen set A set is clopen if it is both open and closed.
Closed ball If (M, d) is a metric space, a closed ball is a set of the form D(x; r) := {y inM : d(x, y) ≤ r}, where x isinM and r is a positive real number, the radius of the ball. A closed ball of radius r is a closed r-ball. Everyclosed ball is a closed set in the topology induced on M by d. Note that the closed ball D(x; r) might not beequal to the closure of the open ball B(x; r).
Closed set A set is closed if its complement is a member of the topology.
Closed function A function from one space to another is closed if the image of every closed set is closed.
Closure The closure of a set is the smallest closed set containing the original set. It is equal to the intersection of allclosed sets which contain it. An element of the closure of a set S is a point of closure of S.
Closure operator See Kuratowski closure axioms.
Coarser topology If X is a set, and if T1 and T2 are topologies on X, then T1 is coarser (or smaller, weaker) thanT2 if T1 is contained in T2. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term stronger.
Comeagre A subset A of a spaceX is comeagre (comeager) if its complementX\A is meagre. Also called residual.
2.3. C 9
Compact A space is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover. Every compact space is Lindelöf andparacompact. Therefore, every compact Hausdorff space is normal. See also quasicompact.
Compact-open topology The compact-open topology on the set C(X, Y) of all continuous maps between two spacesX and Y is defined as follows: given a compact subset K of X and an open subset U of Y, let V(K, U) denotethe set of all maps f in C(X, Y) such that f(K) is contained in U. Then the collection of all such V(K, U) is asubbase for the compact-open topology.
Complete A metric space is complete if every Cauchy sequence converges.
Completely metrizable/completely metrisable See complete space.
Completely normal A space is completely normal if any two separated sets have disjoint neighbourhoods.
Completely normal Hausdorff A completely normal Hausdorff space (or T5 space) is a completely normal T1
space. (A completely normal space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T1, so the terminology is consistent.) Everycompletely normal Hausdorff space is normal Hausdorff.
Completely regular A space is completely regular if, whenever C is a closed set and x is a point not in C, then Cand {x} are functionally separated.
Completely T3 See Tychonoff.
Component See Connected component/Path-connected component.
Connected A space is connected if it is not the union of a pair of disjoint nonempty open sets. Equivalently, a spaceis connected if the only clopen sets are the whole space and the empty set.
Connected component A connected component of a space is a maximal nonempty connected subspace. Each con-nected component is closed, and the set of connected components of a space is a partition of that space.
Continuous A function from one space to another is continuous if the preimage of every open set is open.
Continuum A space is called a continuum if it a compact, connected Hausdorff space.
Contractible A space X is contractible if the identity map on X is homotopic to a constant map. Every contractiblespace is simply connected.
Coproduct topology If {Xi} is a collection of spaces and X is the (set-theoretic) disjoint union of {Xi}, then thecoproduct topology (or disjoint union topology, topological sum of the Xi) on X is the finest topology forwhich all the injection maps are continuous.
Cosmic space A continuous image of some separable metric space.[2]
Countable chain condition A space X satisfies the countable chain condition if every family of non-empty, pairs-wise disjoint open sets is countable.
Countably compact A space is countably compact if every countable open cover has a finite subcover. Every count-ably compact space is pseudocompact and weakly countably compact.
Countably locally finite A collection of subsets of a space X is countably locally finite (or σ-locally finite) if it isthe union of a countable collection of locally finite collections of subsets of X.
Cover A collection of subsets of a space is a cover (or covering) of that space if the union of the collection is thewhole space.
Covering See Cover.
Cut point If X is a connected space with more than one point, then a point x of X is a cut point if the subspace X −{x} is disconnected.
10 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
2.4 D
Dense set A set is dense if it has nonempty intersection with every nonempty open set. Equivalently, a set is denseif its closure is the whole space.
Dense-in-itself set A set is dense-in-itself if it has no isolated point.
Density the minimal cardinality of a dense subset of a topological space. A set of density ℵ0 is a separable space.[3]
Derived set If X is a space and S is a subset of X, the derived set of S in X is the set of limit points of S in X.
Developable space A topological space with a development.[4]
Development A countable collection of open covers of a topological space, such that for any closed set C and anypoint p in its complement there exists a cover in the collection such that every neighbourhood of p in the coveris disjoint from C.[4]
Diameter If (M, d) is a metric space and S is a subset ofM, the diameter of S is the supremum of the distances d(x,y), where x and y range over S.
Discrete metric The discrete metric on a set X is the function d : X × X→ R such that for all x, y in X, d(x, x) = 0and d(x, y) = 1 if x ≠ y. The discrete metric induces the discrete topology on X.
Discrete space A space X is discrete if every subset of X is open. We say that X carries the discrete topology.[5]
Discrete topology See discrete space.
Disjoint union topology See Coproduct topology.
Dispersion point If X is a connected space with more than one point, then a point x of X is a dispersion point if thesubspace X − {x} is hereditarily disconnected (its only connected components are the one-point sets).
Distance See metric space.
Dunce hat (topology)
2.5 E
Entourage See Uniform space.
Exterior The exterior of a set is the interior of its complement.
2.6 F
Fσ set An Fσ set is a countable union of closed sets.[6]
Filter A filter on a space X is a nonempty family F of subsets of X such that the following conditions hold:
1. The empty set is not in F.2. The intersection of any finite number of elements of F is again in F.3. If A is in F and if B contains A, then B is in F.
2.7. G 11
Final topology On a set X with respect to a family of functions into X , is the finest topology on X which makesthose functions continuous.[7]
Fine topology (potential theory) On Euclidean spaceRn , the coarsest topology making all subharmonic functions(equivalently all superharmonic functions) continuous.[8]
Finer topology If X is a set, and if T1 and T2 are topologies on X, then T2 is finer (or larger, stronger) than T1 ifT2 contains T1. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term weaker.
Finitely generated See Alexandrov topology.
First category SeeMeagre.
First-countable A space is first-countable if every point has a countable local base.
Fréchet See T1.
Frontier See Boundary.
Full set A compact subset K of the complex plane is called full if its complement is connected. For example, theclosed unit disk is full, while the unit circle is not.
Functionally separated Two sets A and B in a space X are functionally separated if there is a continuous map f: X→ [0, 1] such that f(A) = 0 and f(B) = 1.
2.7 G
Gδ set A Gδ set or inner limiting set is a countable intersection of open sets.[6]
Gδ space A space in which every closed set is a Gδ set.[6]
Generic point A generic point for a closed set is a point for which the closed set is the closure of the singleton setcontaining that point.[9]
2.8 H
Hausdorff A Hausdorff space (or T2 space) is one in which every two distinct points have disjoint neighbourhoods.Every Hausdorff space is T1.
H-closed A space is H-closed, or Hausdorff closed or absolutely closed, if it is closed in every Hausdorff spacecontaining it.
Hereditarily P A space is hereditarily P for some property P if every subspace is also P.
Hereditary A property of spaces is said to be hereditary if whenever a space has that property, then so does everysubspace of it.[10] For example, second-countability is a hereditary property.
Homeomorphism If X and Y are spaces, a homeomorphism from X to Y is a bijective function f : X → Y suchthat f and f−1 are continuous. The spaces X and Y are then said to be homeomorphic. From the standpointof topology, homeomorphic spaces are identical.
Homogeneous A space X is homogeneous if, for every x and y in X, there is a homeomorphism f : X→ X such thatf(x) = y. Intuitively, the space looks the same at every point. Every topological group is homogeneous.
12 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
Homotopic maps Two continuous maps f, g : X→ Y are homotopic (in Y) if there is a continuous map H : X × [0,1] → Y such that H(x, 0) = f(x) and H(x, 1) = g(x) for all x in X. Here, X × [0, 1] is given the product topology.The function H is called a homotopy (in Y) between f and g.
Homotopy See Homotopic maps.
Hyper-connected A space is hyper-connected if no two non-empty open sets are disjoint[11] Every hyper-connectedspace is connected.[11]
2.9 I
Identification map See Quotient map.
Identification space See Quotient space.
Indiscrete space See Trivial topology.
Infinite-dimensional topology See Hilbert manifold and Q-manifolds, i.e. (generalized) manifolds modelled onthe Hilbert space and on the Hilbert cube respectively.
Inner limiting set A Gδ set.[6]
Interior The interior of a set is the largest open set contained in the original set. It is equal to the union of all opensets contained in it. An element of the interior of a set S is an interior point of S.
Interior point See Interior.
Isolated point A point x is an isolated point if the singleton {x} is open. More generally, if S is a subset of a spaceX, and if x is a point of S, then x is an isolated point of S if {x} is open in the subspace topology on S.
Isometric isomorphism If M1 and M2 are metric spaces, an isometric isomorphism from M1 to M2 is a bijectiveisometry f : M1 →M2. The metric spaces are then said to be isometrically isomorphic. From the standpointof metric space theory, isometrically isomorphic spaces are identical.
Isometry If (M1, d1) and (M2, d2) are metric spaces, an isometry from M1 to M2 is a function f : M1 → M2 suchthat d2(f(x), f(y)) = d1(x, y) for all x, y in M1. Every isometry is injective, although not every isometry issurjective.
2.10 K
Kolmogorov axiom See T0.
Kuratowski closure axioms The Kuratowski closure axioms is a set of axioms satisfied by the function which takeseach subset of X to its closure:
1. Isotonicity: Every set is contained in its closure.2. Idempotence: The closure of the closure of a set is equal to the closure of that set.3. Preservation of binary unions: The closure of the union of two sets is the union of their closures.4. Preservation of nullary unions: The closure of the empty set is empty.
If c is a function from the power set of X to itself, then c is a closure operator if it satisfies the Kuratowski closureaxioms. The Kuratowski closure axioms can then be used to define a topology on X by declaring the closedsets to be the fixed points of this operator, i.e. a set A is closed if and only if c(A) = A.
Kolmogorov topology TKol = {R,∅ }∪{(a,∞): a is real number}; the pair (R,TKol) is named Kolmogorov Straight.
2.11. L 13
2.11 LL-space An L-space is a hereditarily Lindelöf space which is not hereditarily separable. A Suslin line would be an
L-space.[12]
Larger topology See Finer topology.
Limit point A point x in a space X is a limit point of a subset S if every open set containing x also contains a pointof S other than x itself. This is equivalent to requiring that every neighbourhood of x contains a point of S otherthan x itself.
Limit point compact SeeWeakly countably compact.
Lindelöf A space is Lindelöf if every open cover has a countable subcover.
Local base A set B of neighbourhoods of a point x of a space X is a local base (or local basis, neighbourhoodbase, neighbourhood basis) at x if every neighbourhood of x contains some member of B.
Local basis See Local base.
Locally (P) space There are two definitions for a space to be “locally (P)" where (P) is a topological or set-theoreticproperty: that each point has a neighbourhood with property (P), or that every point has a neighourbood basefor which each member has property (P). The first definition is usually taken for locally compact, countablycompact, metrisable, separable, countable; the second for locally connected.[13]
Locally closed subset A subset of a topological space that is the intersection of an open and a closed subset. Equiv-alently, it is a relatively open subset of its closure.
Locally compact A space is locally compact if every point has a compact neighbourhood: the alternative definitionthat each point has a local base consisting of compact neighbourhoods is sometimes used: these are equivalentfor Hausdorff spaces.[13] Every locally compact Hausdorff space is Tychonoff.
Locally connected A space is locally connected if every point has a local base consisting of connected neighbourhoods.[13]
Locally finite A collection of subsets of a space is locally finite if every point has a neighbourhood which hasnonempty intersection with only finitely many of the subsets. See also countably locally finite, point finite.
Locally metrizable/Locally metrisable A space is locallymetrizable if every point has ametrizable neighbourhood.[13]
Locally path-connected A space is locally path-connected if every point has a local base consisting of path-connectedneighbourhoods.[13] A locally path-connected space is connected if and only if it is path-connected.
Locally simply connected A space is locally simply connected if every point has a local base consisting of simplyconnected neighbourhoods.
Loop If x is a point in a space X, a loop at x in X (or a loop in X with basepoint x) is a path f in X, such that f(0) =f(1) = x. Equivalently, a loop in X is a continuous map from the unit circle S1 into X.
2.12 MMeagre If X is a space and A is a subset of X, then A is meagre in X (or of first category in X) if it is the countable
union of nowhere dense sets. If A is not meagre in X, A is of second category in X.[14]
Metacompact A space is metacompact if every open cover has a point finite open refinement.
14 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
Metric SeeMetric space.
Metric invariant A metric invariant is a property which is preserved under isometric isomorphism.
Metric map If X and Y are metric spaces with metrics dX and dY respectively, then a metric map is a function ffrom X to Y, such that for any points x and y in X, dY(f(x), f(y)) ≤ dX(x, y). A metric map is strictly metricif the above inequality is strict for all x and y in X.
Metric space A metric space (M, d) is a set M equipped with a function d : M × M → R satisfying the followingaxioms for all x, y, and z in M:
1. d(x, y) ≥ 02. d(x, x) = 03. if d(x, y) = 0 then x = y (identity of indiscernibles)4. d(x, y) = d(y, x) (symmetry)5. d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z) (triangle inequality)
The function d is ametric onM, and d(x, y) is the distance between x and y. The collection of all openballs of M is a base for a topology on M; this is the topology on M induced by d. Every metric space isHausdorff and paracompact (and hence normal and Tychonoff). Every metric space is first-countable.
Metrizable/Metrisable A space is metrizable if it is homeomorphic to a metric space. Every metrizable space isHausdorff and paracompact (and hence normal and Tychonoff). Every metrizable space is first-countable.
Monolith Every non-empty ultra-connected compact space X has a largest proper open subset; this subset is calledamonolith.
Moore space A Moore space is a developable regular Hausdorff space.[4]
2.13 NNeighbourhood/Neighborhood A neighbourhood of a point x is a set containing an open set which in turn contains
the point x. More generally, a neighbourhood of a set S is a set containing an open set which in turn containsthe set S. A neighbourhood of a point x is thus a neighbourhood of the singleton set {x}. (Note that under thisdefinition, the neighbourhood itself need not be open. Many authors require that neighbourhoods be open; becareful to note conventions.)
Neighbourhood base/basis See Local base.
Neighbourhood system for a point x A neighbourhood system at a point x in a space is the collection of all neigh-bourhoods of x.
Net A net in a space X is a map from a directed set A to X. A net from A to X is usually denoted (xα), where α is anindex variable ranging over A. Every sequence is a net, taking A to be the directed set of natural numbers withthe usual ordering.
Normal A space is normal if any two disjoint closed sets have disjoint neighbourhoods.[6] Every normal space admitsa partition of unity.
Normal Hausdorff A normal Hausdorff space (or T4 space) is a normal T1 space. (A normal space is Hausdorff ifand only if it is T1, so the terminology is consistent.) Every normal Hausdorff space is Tychonoff.
Nowhere dense A nowhere dense set is a set whose closure has empty interior.
2.14. O 15
2.14 OOpen cover An open cover is a cover consisting of open sets.[4]
Open ball If (M, d) is a metric space, an open ball is a set of the form B(x; r) := {y in M : d(x, y) < r}, where x isin M and r is a positive real number, the radius of the ball. An open ball of radius r is an open r-ball. Everyopen ball is an open set in the topology on M induced by d.
Open condition See open property.
Open set An open set is a member of the topology.
Open function A function from one space to another is open if the image of every open set is open.
Open property A property of points in a topological space is said to be “open” if those points which possess it forman open set. Such conditions often take a common form, and that form can be said to be an open condition;for example, in metric spaces, one defines an open ball as above, and says that “strict inequality is an opencondition”.
2.15 PParacompact A space is paracompact if every open cover has a locally finite open refinement. Paracompact implies
metacompact.[15] Paracompact Hausdorff spaces are normal.[16]
Partition of unity A partition of unity of a space X is a set of continuous functions from X to [0, 1] such that anypoint has a neighbourhood where all but a finite number of the functions are identically zero, and the sum ofall the functions on the entire space is identically 1.
Path A path in a space X is a continuous map f from the closed unit interval [0, 1] into X. The point f(0) is theinitial point of f; the point f(1) is the terminal point of f.[11]
Path-connected A space X is path-connected if, for every two points x, y in X, there is a path f from x to y, i.e., apath with initial point f(0) = x and terminal point f(1) = y. Every path-connected space is connected.[11]
Path-connected component A path-connected component of a space is a maximal nonempty path-connected sub-space. The set of path-connected components of a space is a partition of that space, which is finer than thepartition into connected components.[11] The set of path-connected components of a space X is denoted π0(X).
Perfectly normal a normal space which is also a Gδ.[6]
π-base A collection B of nonempty open sets is a π-base for a topology τ if every nonempty open set in τ includesa set from B.[17]
Point A point is an element of a topological space. More generally, a point is an element of any set with an underlyingtopological structure; e.g. an element of a metric space or a topological group is also a “point”.
Point of closure See Closure.
Polish A space is Polish if it is separable and completely metrizable, i.e. if it is homeomorphic to a separable andcomplete metric space.
Polyadic A space is polyadic if it is the continuous image of the power of a one-point compactification of a locallycompact, non-compact Hausdorff space.
P-point A point of a topological space is a P-point if its filter of neighbourhoods is closed under countable intersec-tions.
16 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
Pre-compact See Relatively compact.
Prodiscrete topology The prodiscrete topology on a product AG is the product topology when each factor A is giventhe discrete topology.[18]
Product topology If {Xi} is a collection of spaces and X is the (set-theoretic) product of {Xi}, then the producttopology on X is the coarsest topology for which all the projection maps are continuous.
Proper function/mapping A continuous function f from a space X to a space Y is proper if f−1(C) is a compactset in X for any compact subspace C of Y.
Proximity space Aproximity space (X, δ) is a setX equippedwith a binary relation δ between subsets ofX satisfyingthe following properties:
For all subsets A, B and C of X,
1. A δ B implies B δ A2. A δ B implies A is non-empty3. If A and B have non-empty intersection, then A δ B4. A δ (B ∪ C) iff (A δ B or A δ C)5. If, for all subsets E of X, we have (A δ E or B δ E), then we must have A δ (X − B)
Pseudocompact A space is pseudocompact if every real-valued continuous function on the space is bounded.
Pseudometric See Pseudometric space.
Pseudometric space A pseudometric space (M, d) is a setM equipped with a function d : M ×M →R satisfying allthe conditions of a metric space, except possibly the identity of indiscernibles. That is, points in a pseudometricspace may be “infinitely close” without being identical. The function d is a pseudometric onM. Every metricis a pseudometric.
Punctured neighbourhood/Punctured neighborhood Apunctured neighbourhood of a point x is a neighbourhoodof x, minus {x}. For instance, the interval (−1, 1) = {y : −1 < y < 1} is a neighbourhood of x = 0 in the realline, so the set (−1, 0) ∪ (0, 1) = (−1, 1) − {0} is a punctured neighbourhood of 0.
2.16 Q
Quasicompact See compact. Some authors define “compact” to include the Hausdorff separation axiom, and theyuse the term quasicompact to mean what we call in this glossary simply “compact” (without the Hausdorffaxiom). This convention is most commonly found in French, and branches of mathematics heavily influencedby the French.
Quotient map If X and Y are spaces, and if f is a surjection from X to Y, then f is a quotient map (or identificationmap) if, for every subset U of Y, U is open in Y if and only if f −1(U) is open in X. In other words, Y hasthe f-strong topology. Equivalently, f is a quotient map if and only if it is the transfinite composition of mapsX → X/Z , where Z ⊂ X is a subset. Note that this doesn't imply that f is an open function.
Quotient space If X is a space, Y is a set, and f : X→ Y is any surjective function, then the quotient topology on Yinduced by f is the finest topology for which f is continuous. The space X is a quotient space or identificationspace. By definition, f is a quotient map. The most common example of this is to consider an equivalencerelation on X, with Y the set of equivalence classes and f the natural projection map. This construction is dualto the construction of the subspace topology.
2.17. R 17
2.17 RRefinement A cover K is a refinement of a cover L if every member of K is a subset of some member of L.
Regular A space is regular if, whenever C is a closed set and x is a point not in C, then C and x have disjointneighbourhoods.
Regular Hausdorff A space is regular Hausdorff (or T3) if it is a regular T0 space. (A regular space is Hausdorffif and only if it is T0, so the terminology is consistent.)
Regular open A subset of a space X is regular open if it equals the interior of its closure; dually, a regular closed setis equal to the closure of its interior.[19] An example of a non-regular open set is the set U = (0,1) ∪ (1,2) in Rwith its normal topology, since 1 is in the interior of the closure of U, but not in U. The regular open subsetsof a space form a complete Boolean algebra.[19]
Relatively compact A subset Y of a space X is relatively compact in X if the closure of Y in X is compact.
Residual If X is a space and A is a subset of X, then A is residual in X if the complement of A is meagre in X. Alsocalled comeagre or comeager.
Resolvable A topological space is called resolvable if it is expressible as the union of two disjoint dense subsets.
Rim-compact A space is rim-compact if it has a base of open sets whose boundaries are compact.
2.18 SS-space An S-space is a hereditarily separable space which is not hereditarily Lindelöf.[12]
Scattered A space X is scattered if every nonempty subset A of X contains a point isolated in A.
Scott The Scott topology on a poset is that in which the open sets are those Upper sets inaccessible by directedjoins.[20]
Second category SeeMeagre.
Second-countable A space is second-countable or perfectly separable if it has a countable base for its topology.[6]Every second-countable space is first-countable, separable, and Lindelöf.
Semilocally simply connected A space X is semilocally simply connected if, for every point x in X, there is aneighbourhood U of x such that every loop at x in U is homotopic in X to the constant loop x. Every simplyconnected space and every locally simply connected space is semilocally simply connected. (Compare withlocally simply connected; here, the homotopy is allowed to live in X, whereas in the definition of locally simplyconnected, the homotopy must live in U.)
Semiregular A space is semiregular if the regular open sets form a base.
Separable A space is separable if it has a countable dense subset.[6][14]
Separated Two sets A and B are separated if each is disjoint from the other’s closure.
Sequentially compact A space is sequentially compact if every sequence has a convergent subsequence. Everysequentially compact space is countably compact, and every first-countable, countably compact space is se-quentially compact.
Short map See metric map
Simply connected A space is simply connected if it is path-connected and every loop is homotopic to a constantmap.
18 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
Smaller topology See Coarser topology.
Sober In a sober space, every irreducible closed subset is the closure of exactly one point: that is, has a uniquegeneric point.[21]
Star The star of a point in a given cover of a topological space is the union of all the sets in the cover that containthe point. See star refinement.
f -Strong topologyLet f : X → Y be a map of topological spaces. We say that Y has the f -strong topology if, for every subsetU ⊂ Y , one has that U is open in Y if and only if f−1(U) is open in X
Stronger topology See Finer topology. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term weaker topology.
Subbase A collection of open sets is a subbase (or subbasis) for a topology if every non-empty proper open set inthe topology is a union of finite intersections of sets in the subbase. If B is any collection of subsets of a setX, the topology on X generated by B is the smallest topology containing B; this topology consists of the emptyset, X and all unions of finite intersections of elements of B.
Subbasis See Subbase.
Subcover A cover K is a subcover (or subcovering) of a cover L if every member of K is a member of L.
Subcovering See Subcover.
Submaximal space A topological space is said to be submaximal if every subset of it is locally closed, that is, everysubset is the intersection of an open set and a closed set.
Here are some facts about submaximality as a property of topological spaces:
• Every door space is submaximal.
• Every submaximal space is weakly submaximal viz every finite set is locally closed.
• Every submaximal space is irresolvable[22]
Subspace If T is a topology on a space X, and if A is a subset of X, then the subspace topology on A induced byT consists of all intersections of open sets in T with A. This construction is dual to the construction of thequotient topology.
2.19 T
T0 A space is T0 (orKolmogorov) if for every pair of distinct points x and y in the space, either there is an open setcontaining x but not y, or there is an open set containing y but not x.
T1 A space is T1 (or Fréchet or accessible) if for every pair of distinct points x and y in the space, there is an openset containing x but not y. (Compare with T0; here, we are allowed to specify which point will be contained inthe open set.) Equivalently, a space is T1 if all its singletons are closed. Every T1 space is T0.
T2 See Hausdorff space.
T3 See Regular Hausdorff.
T₃½ See Tychonoff space.
2.20. U 19
T4 See Normal Hausdorff.
T5 See Completely normal Hausdorff.
Top See Category of topological spaces.
Topological invariant A topological invariant is a property which is preserved under homeomorphism. For exam-ple, compactness and connectedness are topological properties, whereas boundedness and completeness arenot. Algebraic topology is the study of topologically invariant abstract algebra constructions on topologicalspaces.
Topological space A topological space (X, T) is a set X equipped with a collection T of subsets of X satisfying thefollowing axioms:
1. The empty set and X are in T.2. The union of any collection of sets in T is also in T.3. The intersection of any pair of sets in T is also in T.
The collection T is a topology on X.
Topological sum See Coproduct topology.
Topologically complete Completely metrizable spaces (i. e. topological spaces homeomorphic to complete metricspaces) are often called topologically complete; sometimes the term is also used for Čech-complete spaces orcompletely uniformizable spaces.
Topology See Topological space.
Totally bounded A metric space M is totally bounded if, for every r > 0, there exist a finite cover of M by openballs of radius r. A metric space is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded.
Totally disconnected A space is totally disconnected if it has no connected subset with more than one point.
Trivial topology The trivial topology (or indiscrete topology) on a set X consists of precisely the empty set and theentire space X.
Tychonoff A Tychonoff space (or completely regular Hausdorff space, completely T3 space, T₃.₅ space) is acompletely regular T0 space. (A completely regular space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T0, so the terminologyis consistent.) Every Tychonoff space is regular Hausdorff.
2.20 UUltra-connected A space is ultra-connected if no two non-empty closed sets are disjoint.[11] Every ultra-connected
space is path-connected.
Ultrametric A metric is an ultrametric if it satisfies the following stronger version of the triangle inequality: for allx, y, z in M, d(x, z) ≤ max(d(x, y), d(y, z)).
Uniform isomorphism If X and Y are uniform spaces, a uniform isomorphism from X to Y is a bijective functionf : X→ Y such that f and f−1 are uniformly continuous. The spaces are then said to be uniformly isomorphicand share the same uniform properties.
Uniformizable/Uniformisable A space is uniformizable if it is homeomorphic to a uniform space.
20 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
Uniform space A uniform space is a set U equipped with a nonempty collection Φ of subsets of the Cartesianproduct X × X satisfying the following axioms:
1. if U is in Φ, then U contains { (x, x) | x in X }.2. if U is in Φ, then { (y, x) | (x, y) in U } is also in Φ3. if U is in Φ and V is a subset of X × X which contains U, then V is in Φ4. if U and V are in Φ, then U ∩ V is in Φ5. if U is in Φ, then there exists V in Φ such that, whenever (x, y) and (y, z) are in V, then (x, z) is in
U.
The elements of Φ are called entourages, and Φ itself is called a uniform structure on U.
Uniform structure See Uniform space.
2.21 WWeak topology The weak topology on a set, with respect to a collection of functions from that set into topological
spaces, is the coarsest topology on the set which makes all the functions continuous.
Weaker topology See Coarser topology. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term stronger topol-ogy.
Weakly countably compact A space is weakly countably compact (or limit point compact) if every infinite subsethas a limit point.
Weakly hereditary A property of spaces is said to be weakly hereditary if whenever a space has that property, thenso does every closed subspace of it. For example, compactness and the Lindelöf property are both weaklyhereditary properties, although neither is hereditary.
Weight The weight of a space X is the smallest cardinal number κ such that X has a base of cardinal κ. (Note thatsuch a cardinal number exists, because the entire topology forms a base, and because the class of cardinalnumbers is well-ordered.)
Well-connected See Ultra-connected. (Some authors use this term strictly for ultra-connected compact spaces.)
2.22 ZZero-dimensional A space is zero-dimensional if it has a base of clopen sets.[23]
2.23 References[1] Vickers (1989) p.22
[2] Deza, Michel Marie; Deza, Elena (2012). Encyclopedia of Distances. Springer-Verlag. p. 64. ISBN 3642309585.
[3] Nagata (1985) p.104
[4] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.163
[5] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.41
[6] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.162
[7] Willard, Stephen (1970). General Topology. Addison-Wesley Series in Mathematics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Zbl0205.26601.
[8] Conway, John B. (1995). Functions of One Complex Variable II. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 159. Springer-Verlag. pp.367–376. ISBN 0-387-94460-5. Zbl 0887.30003.
2.24. EXTERNAL LINKS 21
[9] Vickers (1989) p.65
[10] Steen & Seebach p.4
[11] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.29
[12] Gabbay, Dov M.; Kanamori, Akihiro; Woods, John Hayden, eds. (2012). Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century.Elsevier. p. 290. ISBN 0444516212.
[13] Hart et al (2004) p.65
[14] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.7
[15] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.23
[16] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.25
[17] Hart, Nagata, Vaughan Sect. d-22, page 227
[18] Ceccherini-Silberstein, Tullio; Coornaert, Michel (2010). Cellular automata and groups. Springer Monographs in Mathe-matics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-642-14033-4. Zbl 1218.37004.
[19] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.6
[20] Vickers (1989) p.95
[21] Vickers (1989) p.66
[22] Miroslav Hušek; J. van Mill (2002), Recent progress in general topology, Recent Progress in General Topology 2, Elsevier,p. 21, ISBN 0-444-50980-1
[23] Steen & Seebach (1978) p.33
• Hart, Klaas Pieter; Nagata, Jun-iti; Vaughan, Jerry E. (2004). Encyclopedia of general topology. Elsevier.ISBN 978-0-444-50355-8.
• Kunen, Kenneth; Vaughan, Jerry E. (editors). Handbook of Set-Theoretic Topology. North-Holland. ISBN0-444-86580-2. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
• Nagata, Jun-iti (1985). Modern general topology. North-Holland Mathematical Library 33 (2nd revised ed.).Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: North-Holland. ISBN 0080933793. Zbl 0598.54001.
• Steen, Lynn Arthur; Seebach, J. Arthur Jr. (1978). Counterexamples in Topology (Dover reprint of 1978 ed.).Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-486-68735-3. MR 507446.
• Vickers, Steven (1989). Topology via Logic. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretic Computer Science 5. ISBN0-521-36062-5. Zbl 0668.54001.
• Willard, Stephen (1970). General Topology. Addison-Wesley Series in Mathematics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-08707-9. Zbl 0205.26601. Also available as Dover reprint.
2.24 External links• A glossary of definitions in topology
22 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY OF TOPOLOGY
2.25 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
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