GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTINGCA%D4%D1%E9%BB%FA%CA%F5%… · 2007-09-21 · describe flexure properties of cast iron and wood products. ... flexure or Torsion Test. ... Data obtained

GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING

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A Adherence—The extent to which a coating bonds to a substrate. 粘附力—涂层与底层的粘结的程度。 Adherence Index--Measure of the Adherence of porcelain enamel and ceramic coatings to sheet metal. 粘附力指数—度量搪瓷和陶瓷制品与金属薄片之间的粘附力 Alpha Rockwell Hardness—Index of the resistance of a plastic to surface penetration by a specified indenter under specified load applied with a Rockwell Hardness tester. Higher values indicate higher indentation Hardness. α 洛氏硬度—塑料表面抗特定压头穿透的指数，这种特定的压头所受的特定的力是

由洛氏硬度试验机所施加的。数值越大表明压痕硬度越高。 Axial Strain—The Strain in the direction that the load is applied, or on the same axis as the applied load. 轴向应变—受力方向或是与受力方向同轴的应变。 Analogue board—A machine circuit board, which converts analogue signals into digital signal. 模拟电路板—把模拟信号转化为数字信号的电路板。 Anchor Pin—A steel pin that connects a grip or jig to an eye end 插销—连接夹具与接头的钢销。 Auto Return—Auto Return, when set to on, causes the crosshead to return automatically to its Zero point at the end of the test. 自动返车—当设定了返车时，在试验结束后，横梁会自动返回到零点。 B Bend Test—Method for measuring Ductility of certain materials. There are no standardized terms for reporting bend test results for broad classes of materials; rather, terms associated with bend tests apply to specific forms or types of materials. For example, materials specifications sometimes require that a specimen be bent to a specified inside diameter (ASTM A-360, steel products). A bend test for Ductility of welds is given in ASTM E-190. Results of tests of fiberboard are reported by a description of the failure or photographs. 弯曲试验—测试某些材料展延性的方法。没有标准的术语阐述种类繁多的材料的弯

曲试验结果，然而却有关于特种形态或种类的材料弯曲试验术语。例如，材料规格

有时候要求试样被弯曲到规定的内径（ASTM A-360，金属制品）。ASTM E-190 给

出了焊接件的展延性弯曲试验。纤维板的试验结果是用图形或断裂来描述。 Bending Strength—Alternate term for Flexural Strength. It is most commonly used to describe flexure properties of cast iron and wood products.


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弯曲强度—挠曲强度的替换术语，常被用来描述铸铁和木制品的弯曲特性。 Bond Strength—Stress (tensile load divided by area of bond) required to rupture a bond formed by an adhesive between two metal blocks. 粘结强度—分开两块用粘胶剂粘接的金属块所需要的应力（拉力除以粘接面积）。 Break Elongation—The Elongation of the specimen to the break point. 断裂伸长—试样断裂时的伸长。 Breaking Load—Load which causes fracture in a tensile, compression, flexure or Torsion Test. In tensile tests of textiles and yarns, breaking load also is called breaking strength. In tensile tests of thin sheet materials or materials in form of small diameter wire it is difficult to distinguish between breaking load and the maximum load developed, so the latter is considered the breaking load. 断裂负荷—在拉伸、压缩、弯曲或扭转试验中引起断裂的力。在纺织品和纱线的拉

伸试验中，断裂负荷也叫断裂强度。在薄条材料或小直径金属丝型的材料的拉伸试

验中，很难区分断裂负荷与大负荷，因此大负荷就被认为是断裂负荷。 Breaking Strength—Stress required to rupture the specimen. 断裂强度—使试样断裂的应力。 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity—Ratio of Stress to change in volume of a material subjected to axial loading. Related to Modulus of Elasticity (E) and Poisson's Ratio (r) by the following equation: Bulk Modulus K=E/3(1-2r). 体积弹性模量—材料受轴向负荷影响，从而引起体积改变的应力比。弹性模量（E）与泊松比（r）的关系如下列公式：体积模量 K=E/3(1-2r) C Cleavage Strength—Tensile load required to cause separation of a 1-in. long metal-to-metal adhesive bond under the conditions set in ASTM D-1062. 劈裂强度—在 ASTM D 1062 要求的环境条件下，分离 1 英寸长的由粘合剂粘接的

两块金属所需要的拉伸负荷. Climbing Drum Peel Test—Method for determining Peel Resistance of adhesive bond between a relatively flexible and a rigid material. (ASTM D-1781). 滚筒剥离试验—测量相关柔韧性材料和刚性材料之间的胶粘剂抗剥离力的方法

（ASTM D 1781） Coefficient of Elasticity—An alternate term for Modulus of Elasticity. 弹性系数—弹性模量的另一个术语 Cohesive Strength—Theoretical Stress that causes fracture in tensile test if material exhibits no plastic deformation. 粘接强度—如果材料没有塑性变形，在拉伸试验中引起粘接试样断裂的理论应力.


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Complex Modulus—Measure of dynamic mechanical properties of a material, taking into account energy dissipated as heat during deformation and Recovery. It is equal to the sum of static modulus of a material and its loss modulus. In the case of shear loading, it is called dynamic modulus. 合成模量—材料动态机械性能的测量，需考虑变形和恢复过程中热的能量的消散，

等于材料静态模量与损耗模量的总和，在剪切试验中，也叫动态模量。 Compressibility—Extent to which a material is compressed in test for compressibility and Recovery of gasket materials. It is usually reported with Recovery. 可压缩性—密封材料在试验中压缩和回弹的程度(ASTM F-36)，通常用回弹性来描

述。 Compressibility and Recovery Test—Method for measuring behavior of gasket materials under short time compressive loading at room temperature. ASTM F-36 outlines a standard procedure. This test is not designed to indicate long term (creep) behavior and should not be confused with the plastometer test. 压缩性和回弹性试验—测量密封材料在室温下，短时间内受到压力负荷所表现出来

的特性的方法。ASTM F-36 概述了一个标准的程序。这个试验不能用来测试长期（蠕

变）特性，而且不能与塑度计试验相混淆。 Compression—Typically a direction of force applied to a sample to decrease its height 压缩—施加于试样使其高度降低方向的力。 Compression Fatigue—Ability of rubber to sustain repeated fluctuating compressive loads. (ASTM D-623) 压缩疲劳—橡胶承受反复压缩负荷的能力（ASTM D 623）. Compression set—The extent to which rubber is permanently deformed by a prolonged compressive load (ASTM D-395). Should not be confused with low temperature compression set. 压缩形变—橡胶持续受压后永久变形的程度（ASTM D 395），不应与低温压缩形变

相混淆。 Compression test—Method for determining behavior of materials under crushing loads. Specimen is compressed, and deformation at various loads is recorded. Compressive stress and strain are calculated and plotted as a stress-strain diagram which is used to determine elastic limit, proportional limit, yield point, Yield Strength and (for some materials) compressive strength. Standard compression tests are given in ASTM C-773 (high strength ceramics), ASTM E-9 (metals), ASTM E-209 (metals at elevated temperatures) and ASTM D-695 (plastics). 压缩试验—测定材料在压缩负荷下特性的方法，试样压缩时，不同负荷下的变形，

都将被记录下来。压缩应力和应变都将被计算出来，并绘制应力-应变曲线图，用来

计算弹性极限、比例极限、屈服点、屈服强度和压缩强度（某些材料）。ASTM C 773


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（高强度陶瓷）、ASTM E 9（金属）、ASTM E 209（高温下的金属）和 ASTM D 695（塑料）给出了标准的压缩试验。 Compression-Deflection Test—Nondestructive method for determining relationship between compressive load and deflection under load for specimen. 压缩变形试验—测试试样在压缩负荷下压缩负荷与变形的关系的非破坏性试验方

法。 Compressive Deformation—Extent to which a material deforms under a Crushing Load. 压缩变形—材料在压缩负荷下变形的程度 Compressive Strength—Maximum stress a material can sustain under crush loading. Compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of a specimen in a compression test. 压缩强度—材料在压缩负荷下所能承受的大应力。压缩强度的计算方法是：大

力除以试样的原始横截面积。 Compressive Yield Strength—Stress which causes a material to exhibit a specified deformation. Usually it is determined from the stress-strain diagram obtained in a compression test. 压缩屈服强度—使材料达到规定变形的应力，通常由压缩试验中的应力-应变图表来

计算. Creep—Deformation that occurs over a period of time when a material is subjected to constant stress at constant temperature. In metals, creep usually occurs only at elevated temperatures. Creep at room temperature is more common in plastic materials and is called cold flow or deformation under load. Data obtained in a creep test usually is presented as a plot of creep vs. time with stress and temperature constant. Slope of the curve is creep rate and end point of the curve is Time for Rupture. As indicated in the accompanying diagram, the creep of a material can be divided into three stages. First stage, or primary creep, starts at a rapid rate and slows with time. Second stage (secondary) creep has a relatively uniform rate. Third stage (tertiary) creep has an accelerating creep rate and terminates by failure of material at Time for Rupture.


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蠕变—材料在恒温、恒应力下，经过一段时间所发生的变形。对于金属材料，蠕变

只发生在高温环境下。室温下的蠕变更多的是对塑料而言的，也叫冷变形或负荷下

变形。从蠕变试验中得到的数据，通常是恒温恒应力下的蠕变-时间图。曲线斜率是

蠕变率，曲线的终点是蠕变时间。如下图所示，材料的蠕变分三个阶段：第一阶段，

或初步的蠕变，以很快的速率开始，随时间慢慢减慢；第二阶段的蠕变有相对均衡

的速率；第三阶段的蠕变有一个加速的速率，材料在破裂时间破裂，蠕变终止。 Creep Limit—Alternate term for Creep Strength. 蠕变极限—蠕变强度的另一种术语。 Creep Rate—Time rate of deformation of a material subject to Stress at a constant temperature. It is the slope of the creep vs. time diagram obtained in a creep test. Units usually are in/in/hr or % of elongation/hr. Minimum creep rate is the slope of the portion of the creep vs. time diagram corresponding to secondary creep. 蠕变率—材料在恒温下受应力作用时变形与时间的比率，就是蠕变试验中蠕变-时间

曲线的斜率，单位通常是英寸/英寸/小时或者延伸率/小时。小的蠕变比率是蠕变-时间曲线第二阶段相应的斜率。 Creep Recovery—Rate of decrease in deformation that occurs when load is removed after prolonged application in a Creep Test. Constant temperature is maintained to eliminate effects of thermal expansion, and measurements are taken from time load is zero to eliminate elastic effects. 蠕变回复率—蠕变试验中，负荷经一段时间撤去后，变形回复的比率。保持恒定的

温度，以消除热膨胀的影响，测量取自负荷量为零的时刻，以消除弹性的影响。 Creep Rupture Strength—Stress required to cause fracture in a creep test within a specified time. Alternate term is Stress Rupture Strength. 蠕变断裂强度—蠕变试验中，在指定时间内，引起破裂所需要的应力。应力断裂强

度的另一个术语。 Creep Strength—Maximum Stress required to cause a specified amount of creep in a


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specified time. Also used to describe maximum Stress that can be generated in a material at constant temperature under which creep rate decreases with time. An alternate term is creep limit. 蠕变强度—在指定的时间内，引起指定数量蠕变所需要的大应力。也被用来描述

材料在恒温下,蠕变比率不断下降，所产生的大应力。另一个替代术语就是蠕变极

限。 Creep Test—Method for determining creep or stress relaxation behavior. To determine creep properties, material is subjected to prolonged constant tension or compression loading at constant temperature. Deformation is recorded at specified time intervals and a creep vs. time diagram is plotted. Slope of curve at any point is creep rate. If failure occurs, it terminates test and Time for Rupture is recorded. If specimen does not fracture within test period, creep recovery may be measured. To determine stress relaxation of material, specimen is deformed a given amount and decrease in stress over prolonged period of exposure at constant temperature is recorded. Standard creep testing procedures are detailed in ASTM E-139, ASTM D-2990 and D-2991 (plastics) and ASTM D-2294 (adhesives). 蠕变试验—测定蠕变或应力松弛特性的方法。为了测定蠕变特性，材料需要在恒温

条件下长期加持拉伸或压缩负荷。在指定的间隔期记录变形，并绘制蠕变-时间图。

曲线任何一点的斜率都是蠕变比率。如果发生失败，则终止试验，并记录断裂时间。

如果试验期间试样没有发生断裂，则可以测量蠕变回复率。为了了测量材料的应力

松弛，需记录试样在一点时间内，在恒温条件下，以指定的应力递减率变形到指定

的变形量。标准的蠕变试验过程在 ASTM E 139，ASTM D 2990，ASTM D 2991（塑

料）和 ASTM D 2294（胶粘剂）中有详述。 Crush Resistance—Load required to produce fracture in a glass sphere subjected to crush loading. (ASTM D-1213). 抗压碎力—使玻璃球产生破裂需要的挤压负荷。（ASTM D 1213） Crushing Load—Maximum compressive force applied during a compression or crushing test. For materials that do not shatter, crushing load is defined as the force required to produce a specified type of failure. 挤压负荷—在压缩或挤压试验中所施加的大压力。如果材料压不碎，挤压负荷会

被定义成产生一种规定的破坏类型所需要的力。 Crushing Strength—Compressive load required to cause a crack to form in a sintered metal powder bearing (ASTM B-438 and B-439). Cold crushing strength of refractory bricks and shapes is the gross compressive Stress required to cause fracture. (ASTM C-133). 挤压强度—使金属粉末烧结轴承产生裂缝所需要的压力负荷（ASTM B 438 和 B 439）。耐火砖和材料的冷挤压强度是引起破裂的总压缩应力。(ASTM C-133) Compounding—The combination of polymers with other materials either by means of mechanical (dry) blending or melt state blending


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混合—聚合物与其他材料通过机械（干的）混合或熔融混合的方法相混合。 Crosshead—This is the main beam on the testing machine. It is this beam that moves either up or down producing a compressive or tensile force. A grip is attached to the crosshead and the test piece is attached to the grip. The distance that the crosshead moves through is measured from a rotating optical sensor. 横梁—试验机的主梁，这个主梁向上或向下移动，产生压力或拉力。夹具与横梁相

连，试样又与夹具相连。横梁整个过程移动的距离由旋转的光电编码器来测量。 Crosshead Loom—A ribbon cable that connects the moving crosshead to the machine electronics, to supply the load cell with a voltage and supply the machine with a load signal. 横梁弹弓曲线—连接移动横梁与机器电气的电缆线，为称重传感器提供电压并给机

器提供负荷信号。 D Deformation Energy—Energy required to deform a material a specified amount. It is the area under the Stress-Strain Diagram up to a specified strain. 变形能量—使材料变形到规定量所需要的能量，就是到规定应变的应力-应变曲线图

所包围的面积。 Deformation Under Load—Measure of the ability of rigid plastics to withstand permanent deformation and the ability of nonrigid plastics to return to original shape after deformation. Standard test methods for determining both types of deformation under load are given in ASTM D-621. For rigid plastics, deformation is re-ported as % change in height of specimen after 24 hours under a specified load. For nonrigid plastics, results are reported as % change in height after 3 hours under load and Recovery in the 1-1/2 hour period following removal of the load. Recovery is % increase in height calculated on basis of original height. 负荷下的变形—测量硬质塑料经受持久变形的能力和非硬质塑料在变形后恢复原

形的能力。ASTM D 621 给出了测试这两种变形的试验方法。对于硬质塑料，变形

被描述为在规定负荷下，24 小时后试样高度变化的百分比。对于非硬质塑料，结果

被描述为在负荷下 3 小时后高度变化的百分比和撤去负荷后 1-0.5 小时的恢复率。 Delamination Strength—Measure of the node-to-node Bond Strength of honeycomb core materials. It is equal to the tensile load applied to a honeycomb panel at fracture divided by its width times its thickness. (ASTM C-363) 剥离强度—测量蜂窝状芯材结点的粘结强度，它等于施加于蜂窝面板的拉力负荷除

以面板宽度和厚度的乘积。（见 ASTM C 363） Denier—The unit of linear density equal to the mass in grams per 9000 m of fiber, yarn, or other textile strand. 旦尼尔—线密度的单位，即每 9000 米的纤维、纱线或其他纺织线的质量（g）。 Dry Strength—Strength of an adhesive joint determined immediately after drying or after


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a period of conditioning in a specified atmosphere. (ASTM D-2475) 干燥强度—经干燥后或在规定的环境中调节一段时间后立即测定的粘结部分的强

度。（详见 ASTM D 2475） Ductility—Extent to which a material can sustain plastic deformation without rupture. Elongation and Reduction of Area are common indices of ductility. 延展性—材料维持塑性变形而不断裂的范围，伸长率和断面收缩率是延展性的常用

指数。 Dynamic Creep—Creep that occurs under fluctuating load or temperature. 动态蠕变—发生在变动负荷或温度下的蠕变 Die swell—Whenever a polymer melt emerges from a die the diameter or thickness is always larger than the diameter (or gap) of the die.At usual production throughputs,diameter or thickness ratios range from 1.20-1.40 for PVC to 1.50-2.00 for commercial grade Polyethyene’s and much more for some polymers containing a high molecular weight tail.It is an indication of the elasticity of the polymer.The more elastic polymers give larger swell.Of course,by pulling the extrudates the swell is reduced and of course extrudates can be drawn down to diameters(or thickness) much smaller than the die diameter or gap. 挤出膨胀—无论何时，从硬模中熔融的聚合物的直径或厚度通常都比硬模的直径

（或缺口）要大。在通常的产品中，直径或厚度的比率范围：聚氯乙烯是 1.20-1.40，商业等级的聚乙烯是 1.50-2.00，具有高分子量的聚合体会更高。是聚合体的弹性的

显示。弹性大的聚合体有更大的膨胀。当然，采用拉拨工艺的挤制材料，膨胀会减

小，同时挤出物的直径（或厚度）比硬模的直径或缺口要小的多。 Diameter—Used where the cross section shape of the test piece is round. 直径—用于试样的横截面是圆形的情况。 E EASL（Elongation at a specified load）—规定负荷下的伸长 Eccentricity of Loading—Distance between the actual line of action of compressive or tensile loads and the line of action that would produce a uniform Stress over the cross section of the specimen. 加载偏心距—压缩或拉伸负荷的实际作用线与在试样横截面产生均衡应力的作用

线之间的距离。 Edge Tearing Strength—Measure of the resistance of paper to tearing when folded over a V-notch beam and loaded in a tensile testing machine. Results are re-ported in lb or kg. (See Tear Resistance) 边缘撕裂强度—把纸折叠成 V 型缺口，然后装到拉力试验机，测量其抗撕裂力。结

果用磅或千克表示。（见撕裂强度）


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Elastic Hysteresis—Difference between strain energy required to generate a given Stress in a material and elastic energy at that Stress. It is the energy dissipated as heat in a material in one cycle of dynamic testing. Elastic hysteresis divided by elastic deformation energy is equal to damping capacity. 弹性滞后—使材料产生指定应力所需要的应变能量和此应力下的弹性能量之间的

差值，是材料在一个周期的动态试验中以热量形式散逸的能量。弹性滞后除以弹性

变形能量就等于阻尼容量. Elastic Limit—Greatest Stress that can be applied to a material without causing permanent deformation. For metals and other materials that have a significant straight line portion in their Stress/strain diagram, elastic limit is approximately equal to proportional limit. For materials that do not exhibit a significant proportional limit, elastic limit is an arbitrary approximation (the apparent elastic limit). 弹性极限—施加到材料上但不产生永久变形的大应力.对于在应力-应变曲线中有

明显线性段的金属及其它材料,弹性极限大致就等于比列极限.对于没有明显比例极

限的材料，弹性极限只是一个近似的数（表观弹性极限）。 Elastic Limit, Apparent—Arbitrary approximation of the elastic limit of materials that do not have a significant straight line portion on a Stress/strain diagram. It is equal to the Stress at which the rate of strain is 50% greater than at zero Stress. It is the Stress at the point of tangency between the Stress-Elastic Hysteresis strain curve and the line having a slope, with respect to the Stress axis, 50% greater than the slope of the curve at the origin. 表观弹性极限—应力-应变曲线中没有明显线性段的材料的弹性极限的近似值，它等

于应变率比零应力点应变率大 50%的应力。也是应力-弹性滞后应变曲线和倾斜的

直线之间切点处的应力，与应力轴一致，在开始时比曲线的斜率大 50%。 Elasticity—Ability of a material to return to its original shape when load causing deformation is removed. 弹性—材料在导致其变形的负荷被撤去后回复原形的能力。 Elongation—Measure of the ductility of a material determined in a Tensile Test. It is the increase in gage length (measured after rupture) divided by original gage length. Higher elongation indicates higher ductility. Elongation cannot be used to predict behavior of materials subjected to sudden or repeated loading. 伸长—在拉伸试验中，材料的延展性的测量。原始标距的伸长量除以原始标距。伸

长越大，表明延展性越好。伸长不能用来预测材料受到突然或重复的负荷所表现出

来的特性。 Embrittlement—Reduction in ductility due to physical or chemical changes. 脆变—由于物理或化学变化而导致延展性的减小。 Endurance—Alternate term for Fatigue Limit. 耐久力—疲劳极限的另一个术语。


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Engineering Stress—Load applied to a specimen in a tension or compression test divided by the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The change in cross-sectional area that occurs with increases and decreases in applied load, is disregarded in computing engineering Stress. It is also called conventional Stress. 工程应力—拉伸或压缩试验中施加的负荷除以试样的横截面积。在计算工程应力

时，试样的横截面积随负荷的增大或减小而发生的变化是被忽略的。也叫规定应力。 Extensometer—Instrument for measuring changes in linear dimensions. Also called a Strain gauge. Frequently based on Strain gauge technology. 引伸计—测量线性尺寸变化的工具，也叫应变计，通常以应变测量技术为基础。 Eye End—An adapter that fits to a load cell or machine, that enables grip or jigs to be attached 接头—与力传感器或机器相连的接头，使夹具能与机器相连。 F Fatigue—Permanent structural change that occurs in a material subjected to fluctuating Stress and strain. However, in the case of glass, fatigue is determined by long-term static testing and is analogous to Stress rupture in other materials. In general, fatigue failure can occur with Stress levels below the elastic limit. 疲劳—材料受变化的应力和应变而产生的永久结构性变化。然而，对于玻璃而言，

疲劳是用长期静态试验来测试的，对于其他一些材料，疲劳与应力破裂相类似。通

常，疲劳破坏发生于应力水平在弹性极限以下。 Fatigue Life—Number of cycles of fluctuating Stress and strain of a specified nature that a material will sustain before failure occurs. Fatigue life is a function of the magnitude of the fluctuating Stress, geometry of the specimen and test conditions. An S-N diagram is a plot of the fatigue life at various levels of fluctuating Stress. 疲劳寿命—在断裂之前，材料经受变化的应力和应变的周期数。疲劳寿命是应力变

动、试样几何形状和试验条件的函数，S-N 图表是疲劳周期在各种不同弯折应力水

平下的情况。 Fatigue Limit—Maximum fluctuating Stress a material can endure for an infinite number of cycles. It is usually determined from an S-N diagram and is equal to the Stress corresponding to the asymptote of the locus of points corresponding to the fatigue life of a number of fatigue test specimens. An alternate term is endurance limit. 疲劳极限—材料能够承受受无限循环次数的大的波动应力，通常由S-N图表决定，

等于相应的大量的疲劳试验试样的疲劳寿命相应的点的渐近线的应力。另一个替代

术语是持久极限。 Fatigue Notch Factor—Ratio of fatigue strength of a specimen with no stress


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concentration to fatigue strength of a specimen with a notch or other stress raisers. Fatigue notch factor is usually lower than the theoretical Stress Concentration Factor because of stress relief due to plastic deformation. An alternate term is strength reduction ratio. 疲劳缺口系数—没有应力集中的试样的疲劳强度与有缺口或其他应力集中的试样

的疲劳强度的比值。由于塑性变形导致应力释放，所以疲劳缺口系数一般小于理论

的应力集中系数。替换术语为强度衰减率。 Fatigue Ratio—Ratio of fatigue strength or fatigue limit to tensile strength. For many materials, fatigue ratio may be used to estimate fatigue properties from data obtained in tension tests. 疲劳比—疲劳强度或疲劳极限与拉伸强度的比值，对于许多材料来说，疲劳比可以

用从拉伸试验中得到的数据来判断疲劳特性。 Fatigue Strength—Magnitude of fluctuating Stress required to cause failure in a fatigue test specimen after a specified number of cycles of loading. Usually determined directly from the S-N diagram. 疲劳强度—疲劳试验中，试样经过规定的循环加载次数后产生破裂所需要的波动应

力的大值，通常直接由 S-N 图表获得。 Fatigue Strength Reduction Factor—An alternate term for fatigue notch factor. 疲劳强度衰减系数—疲劳缺口系数的另一个术语。 Fatigue Test—A method for determining the behavior of materials under fluctuating loads. A specified mean load (which may be zero) and an alternating load are applied to a specimen and the number of cycles required to produce failure (fatigue life) is recorded. 疲劳试验—测试材料在波动负荷下的特性的方法。规定的平均负荷（可能是 0）以

及施加于试样的交变负荷和产生破裂（疲劳寿命）的循环次数都被记录下来。 Fiber Stress—Stress through a point in a part in which Stress distribution is not uniform. 纤维应力—通过应力分布不均匀的零件上的一点的应力。 Flex Resistance—Ability of material to sustain repeated compressive loads without damage. 抗弯曲力—材料经受反复的压缩负荷而不产生破坏的能力。 Flexural Modulus of Elasticity—Alternate term for Modulus in Bending. 弯曲弹性模量—弯曲模量的另一个术语。 Flexural Strength—Maximum fiber stress developed in a specimen just before it cracks or breaks in a flexure test. Flexural Yield Strength is reported instead of flexural strength for materials that do not crack in the flexure test. An alternate term is modulus of rupture. 弯曲强度—在弯曲试验中，试样在破裂或断裂之前产生的大纤维应力。在弯曲试

验中，试样没有破裂的，就用弯曲屈服强度代替弯曲强度。另一个替代术语是断裂

模量。


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Flexure Test—Method for measuring behavior of materials subjected to simple beam loading. Specimen is supported on two knife edges as a simple beam and load is applied at its midpoint. Maximum fiber stress and maximum strain are calculated for increments of load. Results are plotted in a stress-strain diagram, and maximum fiber stress at failure is flexural strength. Flexural Yield Strength is reported for materials that do not crack. 弯曲试验—测试材料在承受简支梁负荷下的性能的试验方法。试样被支放在两个刀

刃上，并在试样的中点处施加负荷。因负荷的增加，需要计算大纤维应力和大

应变。结果被绘制在应力-应变曲线图上，断裂处的大纤维强度就是弯曲强度。在

弯曲试验中，试样没有破裂的，就用弯曲屈服强度代替弯曲强度。 Flow Stress—Stress required to cause Plastic Deformation. 流动应力—产生塑性变形所需要的应力。 Fracture Stress—True Stress generated in a material at fracture. 断裂应力—材料断裂时产生的真实应力。 Fracture Test—Visual test where a specimen is fractured and examined for grain size, case depth, etc. 断裂试验—试样断裂时，视觉测试其晶粒的大小、断痕的深度等。 Fracture Toughness—Ability of a material to resist crack propagation when subjected to shock load as in an Impact Test. 断裂韧度—在冲击试验中，材料受冲击负荷时的抗破裂能力。 Fractional melt index—A melt flow index of less than 1.0 分熔指数—小于 1.0 的一个熔体流动指数。 Flexural—Typically a compressive or tensile force designed to bend a sample that is supported at either end。弯曲—施加于试样的两端使试样弯曲的压缩力或拉伸力。 G Glass transition(Tg)—The lowest temperature,at which a polymer can be considerd softened and possibly flowable for HDPE and LDPE it is -100℃ and for PS+100℃.

玻璃态转化温度（Tg)—聚合物软化且容易流动的低温度，HDPE 和 LDPE 是-100℃，PS 是+100℃。

Gauge Length—The gauge length during a tensile test is the length of part of the cylindrical/prismatic portion of the specimen identified by two gauge marks. Gauge Length is the original length of that portion of the test piece over which strain or change of length is determined. The gauge length is normally less than the full test piece length and is essentially user defined. 标距—拉伸试验中的标距是试样两个标距点之间的圆柱体/棱柱体的部分长度。标距

是确定应变或长度改变的试样上的原始长度，通常小于试样的全长，且都由用户自

己定义。


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H Hardness—Measure of a material's resistance to localized Plastic Deformation. Most hardness tests involve indentation, but hardness may be reported as resistance to scratching (file test), or rebound of a projectile bounced off the material (scleroscope hardness). Some common measures of indentation hardness are Brinell Hardness Number, Rockwell Hardness Number, ASTM Hardness Number, Diamond Pyramid Impact Test Hardness Number, Durometer Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Pfund Hardness. A table relating various types of hardness values of metals is given in ASTM E-140. Hardness often is a good indication of tensile and wear properties of a material. 硬度—材料局部抗塑性变形的能力，大多数硬度试验包括压痕，但是硬度可能被描

述为抗刮擦力（锉刀试验），或材料的回弹（回跳硬度）。通常的测试压痕硬度的有

布氏硬度值、洛氏硬度值、美国材料试验协会硬度值、维氏硬度值，硬度计硬度、

努氏硬度和芬德硬度。ASTM E 140 给出了不同种类的材料的不同硬度值。硬度通

常可以很好的体现材料的拉伸和撕裂特性。 Hooke's Law—Stress is directly proportional to Strain. Hooke's law assumes perfectly elastic behavior. It does not take into account plastic or dynamic loss properties. 虎克定律—应力与应变成正比，虎克定律假定完全的弹性特性，而不考虑塑性和动

力损失。 High load melt flow index(Hlmfi)—Melt flow index using a higher than the usual(2.16kg)weight.For PE,it is usually 10kg. 高负荷熔体流动指数(Hlmfi)—比常规负荷（2.16 kg)重的熔体流动指数。对于 PE 通

常是 10kg. Impact Energy—Energy required to fracture a part subjected to shock loading as in an Impact Test. Alternate terms are impact value, impact strength, impact resistance, and energy absorption. 冲击能—冲击试验中，试样受冲击负荷而破裂所需要的能量，其替代术语有冲击值、

冲击强度、抗冲击力和能量吸收。 Impact Strength—Energy required to fracture a specimen subjected to shock loading, as in an impact test. Alternate terms are impact energy, impact value, impact resistance and energy absorption. It is an indication of the Toughness of the material. 冲击强度—冲击试验中，试样受冲击负荷而破裂所需要的能量，其替代术语有冲击

能、冲击值，抗冲击力和能量吸收。是材料韧性的反映。 Impact Test—A method for determining behavior of material subjected to shock loading in bending, tension, or torsion. The quantity usually measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen in a single blow, as in the Charpy Impact Test, Izod Impact Test, and Tension Impact Test. Impact tests also are performed by subjecting specimens to multiple blows of increasing intensity, as in the drop ball impact test, and repeated blow impact test. Impact resilience and scleroscope hardness are determined in nondestructive


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impact tests. 冲击试验—测定材料在弯曲、拉伸或扭转试验中，受冲击负荷的特性的方法，通常

是测量试样受诸如简支梁冲击试验、悬臂梁冲击试验和拉伸冲击试验中单摆冲击时

吸收的能量。冲击试验也有使试样受强度不断增加的多次冲击的，如落锤冲击试验

和重复打击冲击试验。冲击恢复力和回跳硬度是在无破坏性的冲击试验中测得的。 K Kink Test—Method for determining ductility of metal wire. 扭曲试验—测定金属丝柔性的试验方法。 K-Value of PVC—A measure of the molecular weight of PVC based on measurements of viscosity of a PVC solution.It ranges usually between 35 and 80.Low K-Value imply low molecular weight (which is eassy to process but has inferior properties) and high K-Value imply high molecular weight,(which is difficult to process,but has outstanding properties) 聚氯乙烯的 K 值—基于测量 PVC 黏度的 PVC 分子量的测定，其范围为 35-80。低

K 值表示低分子量（容易操作，但是性能低），高 K 值表示高分子量（难于操作，

但是性能优越）。 L LASE—Load At Specified Elongation. 规定延长下的负荷。 Linear Density—Mass per unit length. 线密度—单位长度的质量。 Load Protect—See Specimen Protect 加载保护—见试样保护。 Load-Deflection Diagram—Plot of load versus corresponding deflection. 力—变形图—力与相应变形的曲线图。 Lead screw—Used to transfer the motor drive to the crosshead 滚珠丝杠—用来把电机驱动力传递到横梁。 Limit Switches—Magnetic or electrically operated switches fitted to the vertical column of a machine that disables the drive system of a machine when the crosshead movement activates them. The switches are user defined and prevent damage to test specimens, load cells and grips due to operator error。限位开关—磁性或电力控制的开关。当横梁移动激活限位开关时，它能够自动关闭

机器的驱动系统。限位开关由用户自己定义，以防止因操作错误对试样、传感器、

夹具的破坏。 Load Calibration—A procedure to change the characteristics of a load sensing device to


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return it to normal operating tolerances 负荷校准—改变负荷传感装置的特性，使其返回正常的工作误差的过程。 Load Verification—A procedure to confirm that the load sensing device is operating within normal tolerances 负荷检定—确认负荷传感设备在正常误差下工作的过程。 Load cell—Load measuring device fitted to the crosshead, which provides an electrical representation of an applied physical force. 负荷传感器—安装在移动横梁上的负荷测量装置，提供实际施加的物理力的电信

号。 LVDT—A Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer is a device for measuring small amounts of movement in one plane 线性电压位移传感器—测量一个平面微小移动的装置。 M Maximum Fiber Stress—Maximum tensile or compressive stress in a homogeneous flexure or Torsion Test specimen. For a specimen loaded as a simple beam at its midpoint, maximum fiber stress occurs at mid-span and may be calculated by the formula (for rectangular specimens):

where S is maximum fiber stress; P, load; L, span; b, width of the beam; and d, depth of the beam. For a circular cross section member loaded in torsion, maximum fiber stress may be calculated by the following formula:

where T is twisting moment; r, original outer radius and J, polar moment of inertia of original cross section. 大纤维强度—均匀的弯曲或扭转试样内部的大拉伸或压缩应力。对于在中点加

载的简支梁试样，大纤维强度会出现在中部，其计算公式为（矩形试样）：

，其中 S 是大纤维强度，P 是负荷，L 是跨距，b 是试样的宽度，d是试样的深度。对于扭转试验中的圆形横截面试样，大纤维强度的计算公式为：

其中 T 是转矩，r 是原始外径，J 是原始横截面的惯性极限力矩。 Mean Stress—Algebraic difference between maximum and minimum Stress in one cycle of fluctuating loading, as in a fatigue test. Tensile Stress is considered positive and compressive Stress negative.


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平均应力—疲劳试验中，变动负荷一个周期内，大应力和小应力的代数差。拉

伸应力被认为是正的，压缩应力被认为是负的。 Minimum Bend Radius—Minimum radius to which a sheet or wire can be bent to a specified angle without failure. 小弯曲半径—金属片或金属丝能弯曲到指定的角度而不断裂的小半径。

Modulus—Alternate term for Modulus of Elasticity。模量—弹性模量的替代术语。 Modulus in Bending—Ratio of maximum fiber stress to maximum strain, within elastic limit of Stress-Strain Diagram obtained in flexure test. Alternate term is flexural modulus of elasticity. 弯曲模量—弯曲试验得出的应力-应变图表的弹性极限范围内，大纤维强度与大

应变的比率。另一个替代术语为弯曲弹性模量。 Modulus of Elasticity—Rate of change of strain as a function of stress. The slope of the straight line portion of a stress-strain diagram. Tangent modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain diagram at any point. Secant modulus of elasticity is stress divided by strain at any given value of stress or strain. It also is called stress-strain ratio.

Tangent and secant modulus of elasticity are equal, up to the proportional limit of a material. Depending on the type of loading represented by the stress-strain diagram, modulus of elasticity may be reported as: compressive modulus of elasticity (or modulus of elasticity in compression); flexural modulus of elasticity (or modulus of elasticity in flexure); shear modulus of elasticity (or modulus of elasticity in shear); tensile modulus of elasticity (or modulus of elasticity in tension); or torsional modulus of elasticity (or modulus of elasticity in torsion). Modulus of elasticity may be determined by dynamic testing, where it can be derived from complex modulus. Modulus used alone generally refers to tensile modulus of elasticity. Shear modulus is almost always equal to torsional modulus and both are called modulus of rigidity. Modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are approximately equal and are known as Young's Modulus. Modulus of rigidity is related to Young's Modulus by the equation:

where E is Young's Modulus (psi), G is modulus of rigidity (psi) and r is Poisson's ratio.


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Modulus of elasticity also is called elastic modulus and coefficient of elasticity. 弹性模量—应力作用时应变的变化率，即是应力-应变曲线直线部分的斜率。应力-应变曲线任意一点的斜率是切线弹性模量。应力除以任何给定应力或应变值的那点

的应变即是割线弹性模量。也叫应力-应变比。切线和割线弹性模量都等于材料的比

例极限。依据应力-应变曲线图所体现的负荷的类型，弹性模量可能会被报告为：压

缩弹性模量；弯曲弹性模量；剪切弹性模量；拉伸弹性模量；扭转弹性模量。弹性

模量可以从动态试验中测得，源自于合成模量。单独使用模量基本是指拉伸弹性模

量。剪切模量与扭转模量总是相等的，且都叫刚性模量。拉伸中的弹性模量和压缩

中的弹性模量也大体上是相等的，也叫杨氏模量。刚性模量与杨氏模量的关系式为：

，其中 E 是杨氏模量（单位：psi），G 是刚性模量（单位：psi），

r 是泊松比。弹性模量也叫弹性模数和弹性系数。 Modulus of Rigidity—Rate of change of strain as a function of stress in a specimen subjected to shear or torsion loading. It is the modulus of elasticity determined in a Torsion Test. Alternate terms are modulus of elasticity in torsion and modulus of elasticity in shear. Apparent modulus of rigidity is a measure of the stiffness of plastics measured in a Torsion Test (ASTM D-1043). It is "apparent" because the specimen may be deflected past its proportional limit and the value calculated may not represent the true modulus of elasticity within the elastic limit of the material. 刚性模量—试样受剪切或扭转负荷应力作用时，应变的变化率。是扭转试验中测定

的弹性模量。扭转中的弹性模量和剪切中的弹性模量是其两个替代术语(ASTM D-1043)。刚性模量只是表观上的，因为在材料的弹性极限内，试样可能偏离比例极

限，并且计算出来的数据也不能代表真实的弹性模量。 Modulus of Rupture—Ultimate strength determined in a flexure or torsion test. In a flexure test, modulus of rupture in bending is the maximum fiber stress at failure. In a torsion test, modulus of rupture in torsion is the maximum shear stress in the extreme fiber of a circular member at failure. Alternate terms are flexural strength and Torsional Strength. 断裂模量—弯曲或扭转试验中测得的极限强度。在弯曲试验中，断裂模量是断裂时

的大纤维强度。在扭转试验中，断裂模量是断裂时的大剪切应力。弯曲强度和

扭转强度是另外两个替代术语。 Modulus of Strain Hardening—Alternate term for rate of Strain hardening. 应变硬化模量—应变硬化的另一个替代术语。 Modulus of Toughness—The work done on a unit volume of material as a simple tensile force is gradually increased from zero to the value causing rupture is defined as the Modulus of Toughness. This may be calculated as the entire area under the stress-strain curve from the origin to rupture. Toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in the plastic range of the material. 韧性模量—材料单位体积上，单一拉力逐渐从 0 增加到使其破裂的值被定义为韧性


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模量，其值为计算应力-应变曲线内从原点到破裂整个部分的面积。材料的韧度是材

料在塑性范围内吸收能量的能力。 Melt flow index(Also called Melt index or Melt flow rate) —The number of grams of polymer that can be pushed out of a capillary die of standard dimensions (Diameter:2.095mm.Length:8.0mm)under the action of standard weight (2.16kg for PE,at 190℃.)in 10 minutes (ASTM standard 1238).The usual melt index range is from less than 1.0(called fractional)to more than 25(up to 100 for injection moulding).For PP it is usually called melt flow rate and the standard temperature is 230℃. 熔体流动指数（也叫熔融指数或熔体流动率）—10 分钟内（ASTM 1238），聚合体

在标准重量（PE 是 2.16kg,温度为 190℃）从标准尺寸（直径 2.095mm，长度 8.0mm）

的毛细管状硬膜中挤出的重量数。通常，熔体流动指数的范围从小于 1.0（叫部分

熔体流动指数）到大于 25（注射成形的模为 100）。对于 PP，通常叫熔体流动率，

标准温度为 230℃。 Melt strength—A measure of the extensional viscosity of polymer melts.It represents the maximum tension that can be applied to the melt without rupture or tearing.Usually a capillary viscometer is used to extrude a polymer strand and the strand is pulled till rupture 熔体强度—熔融聚合体拉伸粘度的测量，是指能施加于熔体且使熔体不破裂或被撕

裂的大拉力。通常，毛细管黏度计被用来挤出聚合体成线状，直到线状体断裂。 Melting point—The temperature at which,the structure of a crystalline polymer is destroyed to yield a liquid.HDPE it is about 135℃,for LDPE it is about 110℃.It is not scientifically correct to talk about the melting point of an amorphous polymer like PS,because it has no crystalline structure.However,in extrusion practice it is often practical to use the glass transition temperature plus 50℃ to define an equivalent melting point of such amorphous polymers.For PS this would be 100℃+50℃=150℃(see GLASS TRANXITION). 熔融点—晶体聚合体的组织被破坏并形成液体的温度，高密度聚乙烯大约是 135℃,低密度聚乙烯大约是 110℃。没有科学的方法测定诸如 PS 等无定形聚合体的熔融

点，因为其没有晶体结构。然而，在实际中，通常把玻璃态转化温度加上 50℃定义

为无定形聚合体的熔融点。对于 PS，即 100℃+50℃=150℃。（见玻璃态转化温度） Machine Console—A user interface panel, fitted to a Universal Testing machine that enables the operator to enter information to define a test set up and enter data via a alpha-numeric keypad. 机器控制台—一个用户操作面板，是万能试验机上使用户通过键盘输入试验设定信

息和输入数据的面板。 N Necking—Localized reduction of cross-sectional area of a specimen under tensile load. It is disregarded in calculating engineering stress but is taken into account in determining True Stress.


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颈缩—试样在拉伸负荷下局部横截面积的减小，在计算时不考虑工程应力，但是要

考虑测定真实应力。 Nominal Stress—Stress calculated on the basis of the net cross section of a specimen without taking into account the effect of geometric discontinuities such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 公称应力—基于试样的横截面积而不考虑试样的几何不连续性的影响如孔、槽、折

等计算出来的应力。 Newtonian fluids—Fluids,which exhibit constant viscosity’s independent of the shear rate.Water,glycerine,oil and other small molecule fluids are Newtonian. 牛顿流体—不受剪切速率影响，始终表现出恒定黏度的液体。水、丙三醇、石油及

其他小分子液体都属于牛顿液体。 O Offset Yield Strength—Arbitrary approximation of elastic limit. It is the stress that corresponds to the point of intersection of a Stress-Strain Diagram and a line parallel to the straight line portion of the diagram. Offset refers to the distance between the origin of the Stress-Strain Diagram, and the point of intersection of the parallel line and the 0 stress axis. Offset is expressed in terms of strain (often 0.2%). 偏置屈服强度—任意近似的弹性极限，是应力-应变曲线交点处相应的应力，且是应

力-应变曲线直线部分的平行线。偏置是指应力-应变曲线的原点和直线的交点以及

0 应力轴的距离。偏置是以应变的术语来表示的（通常是 0.2%）。 Operating Stress—Stress imposed on a part in service. 工作应力—强加于零件上的应力。 Overstressing—Application of high fluctuating loads at the beginning of a fatigue test and lower loads toward the end. It is a means for speeding up a fatigue test. 过应力—在疲劳试验中，开始对试样施加一个高频变动的负荷，然后把负荷降低一

点，直到试验结束，是一个加速疲劳试验的方法。 P Peel Resistance—Torque required to separate an adhesive and adhered in the Climbing Drum Peel Test (ASTM D-1781). It is a measure of bond strength. 抗剥离力—滚筒剥离试验中，把粘接物分开所需要的扭转力(ASTM D-1781)，是粘

结强度的量度。 Peel Strength—Measure of the strength of an adhesive bond. It is the average load per unit width of bond line required to part bonded materials where the angle of separation is 180 degrees and separation rate is 6 in/min. (ASTM D-903) 剥离强度—胶粘剂粘接强度的测量，是把粘接的材料分开所需要的每单位宽度的平

均负荷，剥离角度为 180 度，剥离速度为 6 英寸/秒(ASTM D-903)。


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Plastic Deformation—Deformation that remains after the load causing it is removed. It is the permanent part of the deformation beyond the elastic limit of a material. It also is called plastic Strain and plastic flow. 塑性变形—引起变形的负荷撤去后仍保持的变形，是超过材料弹性极限的永久变形

部分，也叫塑性应变和塑性流动。 Plastic Strain Ratio—Plastic Strain ratio, r, is the ratio of the true width Strain to the true thickness Strain. 塑性应变比—塑性应变比，r，是真实宽度应变与真实厚度应变的比率。 Plasticity—Tendency of a material to remain deformed, after reduction of the deforming stress, to a value equal to or less than its Yield Strength. 塑性—材料在变形应力撤去后，保持变形的趋向，数值上等于或小于其屈服强度。 Plasticity Number—Index of the compressibility of rubber at elevated temperatures. Equal to 100 times the height of a standard specimen, after a 3 to 10 minute compression by a 5 kg load. (ASTM D-926) 塑性值—橡胶在高温下的可压缩性指数，等于 5kg 负荷下压缩 3 到 10 分钟后，标

准试样高度的 100 倍(ASTM D-926)。 Poisson's Ratio—Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain in an axial loaded specimen. It is the constant that relates modulus of rigidity to Young's Modulus in the equation:

where E is Young's Modulus; G, modulus of rigidity; and r, Poisson's ratio. The formula is valid only within the elastic limit of a material. A method for determining Poisson's ratio is given in ASTM E-132. 泊松比—轴向负荷下试样侧向应变对轴向应变的比率，与刚性模量和杨氏模量有关

的公式为：其中 E 为杨氏模量，G 为刚性模量，r 为泊松比。

这个公式仅在材料的弹性段有效。ASTM E 132 给出了一个测定泊松比的方法。 Proof Stress—Stress that will cause a specified permanent deformation. 规定应力—产生规定永久变形的应力。 Proportional Limit—Highest stress at which stress is directly proportional to strain. It is the highest stress at which the curve in a Stress-Strain Diagram is a straight line. Proportional limit is equal to elastic limit for many metals.


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比例极限—应力与应变成正比时的高应力，此时的应力-应变是一条直线。许多金

属的比例极限是等于弹性极限的。 Preload—Preload is a user- defined force that is applied to the test piece before any measurements begin. For example, if a pre-load of 10N is selected, then measurement will not begin until the force on the test piece has achieved 10N.By having a pre-load, problems associated with determining zero-load on the test piece are eliminated. 预载—预载是用户定义的，在任何测量器具工作之前加载于试样的力。例如，如果

选定预载为 10N，则试样所受的力达到 10N 时，测量装置才开始工作。由于预载，

确定试样 0 负荷的问题被忽略了。 Preload Speed—Preload Speed is the speed at which the crosshead moves until the onset of preload。预载速度—预载速度是达到预载负荷前的横梁的移动速度。 R Rate of Strain Hardening—Rate of change of True Stress as a function of true strain in a material undergoing plastic deformation. An alternate term is modulus of strain hardening. 应变硬化比率—材料在真实应变作用下经历塑性变形时，真实应力变化的比率。另

一个替代术语是应变硬化模量。 Recovery—Index of a material's ability to recover from deformation in the compressibility and Recovery Test (ASTM F-36), the deformation under load test (ASTM D-621) and the plastometer test (ASTM D-926). 恢复—在压缩和恢复试验中，材料变形恢复的能力指数。


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Recovery Test—Method for measuring compressibility and recovery of gasket and seal materials. (ASTM F-36) 恢复试验—垫圈和密封材料可压缩性和恢复的试验方法(ASTM F-36)。 Reduction of Area—Measure of the ductility of metals obtained in a Tensile Test. It is the difference between original cross sectional area of a specimen and the area of its smallest cross section after testing. It is usually ex-pressed as % decrease in original cross section. The smallest cross section can be measured at or after fracture. For metals, it usually is measured after fracture and for plastics and elastomers, it is measured at fracture. 截面收缩—拉伸试验中金属的延展性的测量。它是试样的原始横截面积和试验后的

小横截面积之差，通常用原始横截面积减小的百分比来表示。小横截面积可以

在断裂时或断裂后测量。金属材料通常在断裂后测量，塑料和弹性体在断裂时测量。 Relative Modulus—Ratio of the modulus of a rubber at a given temperature to its modulus at 73° F. 相对模量—橡胶在指定温度下的模量与其在 73° F 下的模量的比率， Relaxation—Rate of reduction of stress in a material due to creep. An alternate term is Stress Relaxation. 松弛—材料由于蠕变而产生的应力衰减率，另一个替代术语是应力松弛。 Residual Elongation—Measure of ductility of plastics. It is the elongation of a plastic specimen measured 1 minute after rupture in a Tensile Test. 残余伸长—塑料延展性的测量，是在拉伸试验中，塑料试样在断裂一分钟后测得的

伸长。 Rupture Resistance—Indication of ability of rubber to withstand tensile loading. It is the load required to rupture a rubber specimen under conditions set out in ASTM D-530. 抗断裂力—橡胶承受拉伸负荷的能力，即在 ASTM D 530 所规定的条件下，使橡胶

试样破裂所需要的负荷。 Rupture Strength—Nominal stress developed in a material at rupture. It is not necessarily equal to Ultimate Strength. And, since necking is not taken into account in determining rupture strength, it seldom indicates true stress at rupture. 断裂强度—材料在破裂时产生的公称应力，不等于极限强度，并且由于在测定断裂

强度时不考虑颈缩，所以基本不能表现出断裂时的真实应力。 S Secant Modulus of Elasticity—Ratio of stress to strain at any point on curve in a Stress-Strain Diagram. It is the slope of a line from the origin to any point on a stress-strain curve. 割线弹性模量—应力-应变曲线任意一点处的应力对应变的比率，是应力-应变曲线

起点到任意一点的斜率。


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Shear Modulus of Elasticity—Tangent or secant modulus of elasticity of a material subjected to shear loading. Alternate terms are modulus of rigidity and modulus of elasticity in shear. Also, shear modulus of elasticity usually is equal to Torsional Modulus of Elasticity. A method for determining shear modulus of elasticity of structural materials by means of a twisting test is given in ASTM E-143. A method for determining shear modulus of structural adhesives is given in ASTM E-229. 剪切弹性模量—材料受剪切负荷的切线或割线弹性模量，替代术语有刚性模量和剪

切弹性模量。同时，剪切弹性模量通常等于扭转弹性模量。ASTM E 143 给出了通

过扭转试验测量结构材料剪切弹性模量的方法，ASTM E-229 给出了测量结构胶粘

剪切模量的方法。 Shear Strength—Maximum shear stress that can be sustained by a material before rupture. It is the Ultimate Strength of a material subjected to shear loading. It can be determined in a torsion test where it is equal to torsional strength. The shear strength of a plastic is the maximum load required to shear a specimen in such a manner that the resulting pieces are completely clear of each other. 剪切强度—材料破裂前能够承受的大剪切应力，是材料受剪切负荷的极限强度，

可在扭转试验中测得，且等于扭转强度。塑料的剪切强度是使试样完全撕裂所需要

的大负荷。 S-N Diagram—Plot of stress (S) against the number of cycles (N) required to cause failure of similar specimens in a fatigue test. Data for each curve on an S-N diagram are obtained by determining fatigue life of a number of specimens subjected to various amounts of fluctuating stress. The stress axis can represent Stress Amplitude, maximum stress or minimum stress. S-N 图表—疲劳试验中，应力（S）与引起类似试样破裂所需要的周期数（N）的图

表。S-N 图表中每条曲线的数据的获得，都是通过测量试样在不同的应力波动下的

疲劳寿命数得到的。应力轴能够描绘应力幅度、大应力或小应力。 Splitting Resistance—Measure of the ability of felt to withstand tearing. It is the load required to rupture a slit felt specimen by gripping lips of the cut in jaws and pulling them apart (ASTM D-461). An alternate term is Tear Resistance. 抗爆裂力—测量毡布抗撕裂的能力，是把毡布试样的切口夹住并把其拉开所需要的

负荷（ASTM D 461）.另一个替代术语是撕裂抵抗力。 Springback—Degree to which a material returns to its original shape after deformation. In plastics and elastomers, it is also called recovery. 回弹—材料变形后恢复到原始形状的程度，对于塑料和弹性体，也叫恢复。 Stiffness—Measure of resistance of plastics to bending. It includes both plastic and elastic behavior, so it is an apparent value of elastic modulus rather than a true value. (ASTM D-747) 刚度—塑料抗弯曲的测量，包括塑性和弹性特性，因此是弹性模量的表观值而不是

真实值。


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Strain—Change per unit length in a linear dimension of a part or specimen, usually expressed in % Strain, as used with most mechanical tests, is based on original length of the specimen. 应变—零件或试样线性尺度内单位长度的变化，通常用百分比来表示。在大多数机

械试验中，是基于试样的原始长度的。 Strain Energy—Measure of energy absorption characteristics of a material under load up to fracture. It is equal to the area under the stress-strain curve, and is a measure of the Toughness of a material. 应变能—材料加载负荷直到断裂能量吸收特性的测量，等于应力-应变曲线以下的面

积，也是对材料韧性的测量。 Strain Hardening Exponent—Measure of increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation. It is related to True Stress and true strain by the equation: s = s0d h where s is True Stress, s0 is True Stress at unit strain, d is true strain and h is strain hardening exponent. 应变硬化指数—因塑性变形引起的硬度和强度增加的测量，与真实应力和真实应变

的关系式为：s = s0d h，其中 s 是真实应力，s0 是单位应变的真实应力，d 是真实应

变，s 是应变硬化指数。 Strain Rate—Time rate of elongation. 应变比率—伸长的时间比率。 Strain Relaxation—Alternate term for creep of rubber 应变松弛—橡胶蠕变的另一个替代术语。 Strength Reduction Ratio—Alternate term for fatigue notch factor. 强度衰减率—疲劳缺口系数的另一个替代术语。 Stress—Load on a specimen divided by the area through which it acts. As used with most mechanical tests, stress is based on original cross-sectional area without taking into account changes in area due to applied load. This sometimes is called conventional or engineering stress. True Stress is equal to the load divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area through which it acts. 应力—试样所受的负荷除以其作用的面积，如大多数机械试验中，应力是基于原始

横截面积的，而不考虑加载负荷后面积的变化，这有时叫常规或工程应力。真实应

力等于负荷除以其作用的瞬时横截面积。 Stress Amplitude—One-half the range of fluctuating stress developed in a specimen in a fatigue test. Stress amplitude often is used to construct an S-N diagram. 应力幅度—疲劳试验中，试样脉动应力的一半，通常被用来建 S-N 图表。


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Stress Concentration Factor—Ratio of the greatest stress in the area of a notch or other stress raiser to the corresponding nominal stress. It is a theoretical indication of the effect of stress concentrators on mechanical behavior. Stress concentration factor usually is higher than the empirical fatigue notch factor or Strength Reduction Ratio, because it does not take into account stress relief due to local plastic deformation. 应力集中因子—缺口或其他应力集中区的大应力与相应的公称应力的比值。是机

械特性中应力集中作用的理论值。应力集中因子通常大于实际疲劳缺口因子或强度

衰减率，因为它不考虑因局部塑性变形引起的应力的减少。 Stress Ratio—Ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress in one cycle of loading in a fatigue test. Tensile stresses are considered positive and compressive stresses negative. 应力比—疲劳试验中，一个力加载周期内，小应力和大应力的比率。拉伸应力

被认为是正的，压缩应力被认为是负的。 Stress Relaxation—Decrease in stress in a material subjected to prolonged constant strain at a constant temperature. Stress relaxation behavior is determined in a creep test. Data often is presented in the form of a stress vs. time plot. Stress relaxation rate is the slope of the curve at any point. 应力松弛—常温下材料在恒力拉伸下应力的下降。应力松弛特性是在蠕变试验中测

定的。数据通常是以应力-时间图表的形式出现。应力松弛比率是曲线任何一点的斜

率。 Stress Rupture Strength—Alternate term for Creep Strength. 应力断裂强度—蠕变强度的替代术语。 Stress-Strain Diagram—Graph of stress as a function of strain. It can be constructed from data obtained in any mechanical test where load is applied to a material, and continuous measurements of stress and strain are made simultaneously. It is constructed for compression, tension and torsion tests. An example is shown below. 应力-应变图表—应力和应变的作用曲线，从任何机械试验得到的数据都可以建立这

个图表，在这个试验中，需要有负荷作用于材料，同时要有测量和记录应力和应变

的设备。主要为压缩、拉伸和扭转建立。见下面的例子。


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Stress-Strain Ratio—Stress divided by strain at any load or deflection. Below the elastic limit of a material, it is equal to Tangent Modulus of Elasticity. An alternate term is the secant modulus of elasticity. 应力-应变比率—在任何负荷或偏转下，应力除以应变。在金属的弹性极限下，等于

切线弹性模量。另一个替代术语是割线弹性模量。 Stripping Strength—Alternate term for Peel Strength. 剥离强度—另一个剥离强度的替代术语。 Software Console—Software interface between the universal testing machine and data analysis software.This console enables the machine to be driven from a computer. 软件控制台—万能试验机与数据分析软件之间的软件界面。这个控制台使电脑能够

控制机器。 Strain Gauge—An electrical device which when attached to a deforming material will exhibit a change in the ratio of it’s electrical input, to it’s electrical output. Typically used for minute amounts of movement. 应变片—一个电气设备，当连接到变形中的试样上，会显示输入电压与输出电压的

比率，通常用于很小的移动。 Shear flow—The sliding of imaginary fluid slices parallel to each other,like a deck of cards.Shearing occurs whenever fluids flow through tubes and channels.The velocity is zero right at the wall surface and maximum at the center.So the fluid is being sheared as it flows through a tube or channel. 剪切流—假想流体相互平行流动。当流体通过管或通道时剪切发生。在管壁的速度

为 0，在中间达到大。因此，流体通过管或通道时就被剪切了。 Shear rate—The velocity gradient i.e.velocity/gap measured in reciprocal seconds,s-1.In screw extruder channels the shear rate can usually reach 100s-1 or more.In flow through extrusion dies it might reach 500s-1 or more while in injection moulding more than 5000s-1 剪切比率—速度的斜率，即速度/间隙，时间的倒数，s-1 。在螺纹挤出通道中，剪

切比率通常可以达到 100s-1 或更高，在挤出模具中可达到 500s-1 或更高，在注射模

具中则可超过 5000s-1 。 Shear stress—A tangential force divided by the area (FORCE/AREA) on which it is applied.The shear stress is equal to the viscosity multiplied by the shear rate (measured in units of pressure i.e.MPa or psi).At the die lips under usual production conditions the shear stress may reach values of 0.2MPa or more.The usually accepted value for the onset of sharkskin in capillaries is 0.14MPa.With additives the critical shear stress value might be pushed up to 0.5MPa 剪切应力—切线力除以其作用的面积（力/面积）。剪切应力等于黏度乘以剪切比率

（以压力为单位即 MPa 或 psi）。在一般产品的模具口，剪切应力可达到 0.2 MPa 或


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更高。鲨鱼皮现象在毛细管中的可接受剪切应力为 0.14MPa，如有添加剂，严格的

剪切应力值可能会达到 0.5MPa。 Shear thinning—The reduction of the viscosity as the shear rate increases,which is exhibited by polymeric liquids.Shear thinning is due to molecular chain alignments in the direction of flow and disentanglements. 剪切变稀—聚合物液体当剪切比率增加时黏度的减少。剪切变稀是分子链在流动方

向的排列和结节被解开而形成的。 Shear viscosity—The ordinary viscosity that is the ratio of shear stress to the shear rate. 剪切黏度—通常的黏度是剪切应力与剪切比率的比。 T Tangent Modulus of Elasticity—The instantaneous rate of change of stress as a function of strain. It is the slope at any point on a Stress-Strain Diagram. 切线弹性模量—应变作用时，应力的瞬时变化率，是应力-应变曲线任何一点的斜率。 Tear Length—Measure of the drawability of sheet metal. Two small parallel slots are cut in the edge of the sheet to form a tab which is gripped and torn from the sheet. The variation in length of tabs torn in different directions is an indication of crystal orientation in the sheet (tabs torn in the direction of orientation are longer). The degree of orientation is an indication of difficulty to be expected in drawing the sheet to uniform shapes. 撕裂长度—衡量金属片的可拉性。两个平行的小槽被刻在金属片的边缘，小槽中间

的部分被夹紧，从金属片上撕掉，不同方向的撕裂长度的变化显示出金属片的晶体

取向（小槽中间部分顺着金属片方向的撕裂长度更长一些）。方向的角度表明很难

把金属片撕裂成统一的形状。 Tear Resistance—Measure of the ability of sheet or film materials to resist tearing. For paper, it is the force required to tear a single ply of paper after the tear has been started. 撕裂抵抗力—薄片或薄膜试样抗撕裂能力的量度。对于纸张，在撕裂开始后，撕裂

单层纸张所需要的力。 Tearing Strength—Tensile force required to rupture a pre-slit woven fabric specimen under the conditions outlined in ASTM D-2261 and ASTM D-2262. Edge tearing strength of paper is the force required to tear a specimen folded over a V-notch and loaded in a Tensile Test machine. 撕裂强度—在 ASTM D 2261 和 ASTM D 2262 所列环境下，使被预撕开织物破裂所

需要的拉力，纸张的边缘撕裂强度是指把纸张试样折叠成 V 型槽口，然后放在拉力

试验机上加载拉力使其撕裂所需要的力。 Tenacity—The tensile stress expressed as force per unit Linear Density of an unstrained specimen.


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韧度—拉伸应力，由试样单位线密度上的力来表示。 Tensile Impact Test—Method for determining energy required to fracture a specimen under shock tensile loading (ASTM D-1822). Also known as Tension Impact Test. 拉冲试验—测量试样在拉冲负荷下破裂所需要的能量（ASTM D 1822）。 Tensile Modulus of Elasticity—Tangent or secant modulus of elasticity of a material subjected to tensile loading. Alternate terms are Young's Modulus and modulus of elasticity in tension. It can be measured in a tensile test or in a dynamic test where it is related to resonant frequency on a cylindrical rod by the equation:

where E is modulus of elasticity; 1, length of the rod; p, density; f, resonant frequency; k, radius of gyration of the rod about an axis normal to the rod axis and plane of motion (d/4 for cylindrical rods) and j, a constant dependent on the mode of vibration. Tensile modulus of elasticity is approximately equal to compressive modulus of elasticity within the proportional limit. 拉伸弹性模量—材料受拉伸负荷后的切线或割线弹性模量，杨氏模量和弹性模量是

另外两个替代术语。可以从拉伸试验或动力试验（与圆柱杆的共振频率有关）中测

得，公式如：其中，E 是弹性模量，l 是杆的长度，p 是密度，f是共振频率，k 是轴的旋转半径，j 是由震动类型而定的常数。在比例极限内，拉伸

弹性模量大致等于压缩弹性模量。 Tensile Strength—Ultimate strength of a material subjected to tensile loading. It is the maximum stress developed in a material in a Tensile Test. 拉伸强度—材料受拉伸负荷的极限强度，是拉伸试验中材料产生的大应力。 Tension Set—Extent to which vulcanized rubber is permanently deformed after being stretched a specified amount for a short time. It is expressed as a % of the original length or distance between gage marks (ASTM D-412). 拉伸变形—硫化橡胶短时间被拉伸到一定量后发生永久变形的长度，以原始长度或

标距点之间的距离的百分比来表示（参见 ASTM D 412）。 Tension Test—Method for determining behavior of materials under axial stretch loading. Data from test are used to determine elastic limit, elongation, modulus of elasticity, proportional limit, reduction in area, tensile strength, yield point, Yield Strength and other tensile properties. Tension tests at elevated temperatures provide creep data. 拉伸试验—测量材料在轴向拉伸负荷下特性的方法，试验中所得到的数据被用来确

定弹性极限、延伸、弹性模量、比例极限、缩小面、拉伸强度、屈服点、屈服强度

和其他拉伸特性。高温下的拉伸试验可以提供蠕变数据。


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Tex—The unit of Linear Density equal to the mass in grams per 1000 m of fiber, yarn, or other textile strand. 特克斯—线密度的单位，等于 1000 米长的纤维、纱线或其他纺织线绳的质量（以

克表示）。 Time for Rupture—Time required to rupture specimen under constant stress and temperature in a creep test. 断裂时间—蠕变试验中，在持续应力和温度下试样破裂所需要的时间。 Torsion Test—Method for determining behavior of materials subjected to twisting loads. Data from torsion test is used to construct a stress-strain diagram and to determine elastic limit，torsion modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture in torsion, and Torsional Strength. Shear properties are often determined in a torsion test. (ASTM E-143) 扭转试验—测量试样受扭转负荷的特性的方法，从扭转试验得到的数据被用来建立

应力-应变图，以测定扭转弹性极限、弹性模量，扭转中的断裂模量和扭转强度。剪

切特性通常在扭转试验中测定（ASTM E 143）。 Torsional Deformation—Angular displacement of specimen caused by a specified torque in torsion test. It is equal to the angular twist (radians) divided by the gage length (in.). 扭转变形—扭转试验中，试样因规定扭矩而发生的角度位移，等于扭转角度（弧度）

除以标距（英寸）。 Torsional Modulus of Elasticity—Modulus of Elasticity of material subjected to twist loading. It is approximately equal to shear modulus and also is called modulus of rigidity. 扭转弹性模量—材料受扭转负荷后的弹性模量，大约等于剪切模量，也叫刚性模量。 Torsional Strain—Strain corresponding to a specified torque in the torsion test. It is equal to Torsional Deformation multiplied by the radius of the specimen. 扭转应变—扭转试验中，特定扭矩相应的应变，等于扭转变形量乘以试样半径。 Torsional Strength—Measure of the ability of a material to withstand a twisting load. It is the Ultimate Strength of a material subjected to torsional loading, and is the maximum torsional stress that a material sustains before rupture. Alternate terms are modulus of rupture and shear strength. 扭转强度—衡量材料抗扭曲负荷的能力，是材料受扭曲负荷后的极限强度，也是材

料在破裂前所能承受的大扭转应力。断裂模量和剪切强度是其另外的两个替代术

语。 Torsional Stress—Shear stress developed in a material subjected to a specified torque in torsion test. It is calculated by the equation:

where T is torque, r is the distance from the axis of twist to the outermost fiber of the


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specimen, and J is the polar moment of inertia. 扭转应力—扭转试验中，材料因受规定扭矩而产生的剪切应力，计算公式为：

其中 T 为扭矩，r 是扭转轴到试样外面的纤维的距离，J 是极惯性矩。 Toughness—Toughness is the resistance of a material to fracture or break. It is usually measured in units of energy. 韧性—韧性是材料抗破碎或破裂的能力，通常用能量单位来衡量。 True Strain—Instantaneous percentage of change in length of specimen in mechanical test. It is equal to the natural logarithm of the ratio of length at any instant to original length. 真实应变—机械试验中试样长度瞬时变化的百分比，等于任何瞬时长度与原始长度

百分比的自然对数。 True Stress—Applied load divided by actual area of the cross section through which load operates. It takes into account the change in cross section that occurs with changing load. 真实应力—实际负荷除以负荷所作用实际横截面积，横截面积随负荷的改变而产生

的变化要被考虑。 Tension—Typically a direction of force applied to a sample to increase its length. 拉伸—施加于试样使其长度增加的力。 Thickness and Width—Used where the cross sectional shape of the test piece is rectangular. 厚度和宽度—用于横截面积形状是矩形的试样。 Tubular—Used where the cross sectional shape of the test piece is round, with a hole in the middle. 管状体—用于横截面积是圆形，且中间有孔的试样。 U Ultimate Elongation—Alternate term for elongation of material at rupture under tensile loading. 终伸长—材料在拉伸负荷下断裂伸长的另一个术语。

Ultimate Strength—Highest engineering stress developed in material before rupture. Normally, changes in area due to changing load and Necking are disregarded in determining ultimate strength. 极限强度—材料破裂前产生的大工程应力，通常，在测定极限强度时，因负荷和

面积的改变而引起的变化是被忽略的。


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W Wet Strength—Breaking strength of paper saturated with water. Also, the strength of an adhesive bond after immersion in water. 湿强度—纸张渗透水之后的断裂强度，也是粘接剂浸水后的强度。 Weissenberg number—The product of a characteristic material time and shear rate. 韦森伯数—材料特征数与剪切比率的乘积。 Y Yield Point—Stress at which strain increases without accompanying increase in stress. Only a few materials (notably steel) have a yield point, and generally only under tension loading. 屈服点—应变增加而应力不增加时的应力，只有少数材料（特别是金属）才有屈服

点，并且通常只在拉伸负荷下出现。 Yield Point Elongation—In materials that exhibit a yield point, the Yield Point Elongation (YPE) is the difference between the elongation of the specimen at the start and at the finish of discontinuous yielding (the area in which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress). 屈服点伸长—材料有屈服点时，屈服点伸长（YPE）就是试样开始的长度与连续屈

服后的伸长（应力不增加，应变不断增加的部分）之间的差额。 Yield Strength—Indication of maximum stress that can be developed in a material without causing plastic deformation. It is the stress at which a material exhibits a specified permanent deformation and is a practical approximation of elastic limit. Offset yield strength is determined from a Stress-Strain Diagram. It is the stress corresponding to the intersection of the stress-strain curve, and a line parallel to its straight line portion offset by a specified strain. Offset for metals is usually specified as 0.2%, i.e., the intersection of the offset line and the 0-stress axis is at 0.2% strain. Offset for plastics is usually 2%. 屈服强度—材料不发生塑性变形所能承受的大应力，是材料展现出规定的永久变

形的应力，并且是弹性极限的实际近似值。偏置屈服强度是从应力-应变曲线图中测

定的，偏移规定应变且平行于其直线部分的一条直线与应力-应变曲线交点处相应的

应力。金属的偏置值通常是 0.2%，也就是说偏置直线与 0 应力轴的交点在应变在

0.2%处。塑料的偏置值通常是 2%。 Yield Strength Elongation—Strain corresponding to yield strength of material. 屈服强度伸长—对应于材料屈服强度的应变。 Yield Value—Stress in an adhesive joint at which a marked increase in deformation occurs without an increase in load. 屈服值—变形增加而负荷不增加时的应力。 Young's Modulus—Alternate term for modulus of Elasticity in tension or compression.


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杨氏模量—拉伸或压缩试验中弹性模量的另一个术语。 Z Zero shear viscosity—The asymptotic viscosity value at zero shear rate (i.e.the maximum value).As the shear rate increases the viscosity decreases due to alignments of molecular chains in the direction of flow and molecular chain disentanglements.The zero shear viscosity is proportional to the 3.4 power of the weight average molecular weight(i.e.□0=constant* Mw3.4for most common polymers). 零点剪切黏度—在 0 剪切比率点的黏度的渐进值（即大值）。由于分子链在流动

方向的排列和结节被解开，当剪切比率增加时，黏度降低。零点剪切黏度与平均分

子量的重量的 3.4 次方是成正比的（即对于大多数普通聚合体：□0=常量*Mw3.4）。

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GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTINGCA%D4%D1%E9%BB%FA%CA%F5%… · 2007-09-21 · describe flexure properties of cast iron and wood products. ... flexure or Torsion Test. ... Data obtained