Glossary of botanical names

COMMON NAME LATIN NAME PAGE

Almond Prunus amygdalus Stokes 380 wild Pnmus fasciculata A. Gray 380

Apple Malus pumila Mill. 325 Apricot Prunus armeniaca L. 380 Avocado Persea americana Mill. 53

Banana Musa L. sp. 83 Blackthorn (sloe) Prunus spinosa L. 380 Blueberry Vaccinium sp. 356

Carambola (Star fruit) Averrhoa carambola L. 169 Cherimoya Annona cherimola Mill. 167 Cherry Prunus avium L. 380

bird/hagberry Prunus padus L. 380 choke Prunus virginiana L. 380 dwarf Pnmus pumila L. 380 evergreen Prunus ilieifolia Walp. 380 Indian Prunus ehicasa Michx. 380

Custard apple Annona squamosa L. 167 Annona retieulata L. 167

Damson Pnmus institia L. 380

Feijoa Aeea se/lowiana Berg. 152

Grape Vitis vinifera L. 189 Grapefruit Citrus paradisi Macfad. 109 Guava Psidium guajava L. 109

llama Annona diversifieola Saff. 167

Kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson 235

Lemon Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. 109 Lime Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle 109 Lychee Litchi chinensis Sonn. 109

444 Glossary of botanical names

Mandarin (tangerine) Citrus reticulata Blanco 109 Mango Mangifera indica L. 255 Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana L. 152 Medlar Mespilus germanica L. 325 Muskmelon (cantaloupe, Cucumis melD L. 273

honeydew)

Nectarine Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 380

Olive Olea europea L. 379 Orange

sour Citrus aurantium L. 109 sweet Citrus sinensis L. Os beck 109

Papaya Carica papaya L. 302 Passion fruit Passiflora edulis Sims 152 Peach Prunus persica Stokes 379 Pear Pyrus communis L. 325 Persimmon Diospyros kaki L.f 152 Plum

beach Prunus maritima Wangenh. 380 European Prunus domestica L. 380

Pummelo (shaddock) Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck 109

Quince Cydonia oblonga L. 325

Rambutan Nephe/ium /appaceum L. 152 Raspberry Rubus idaeus L. 347

Soursop Annona muricata L. 152 Strawberry Fragaria ananassa Ouch. 352 Sweetsop (sugar apple) Annona squamosa L. 167

Tamarillo (tree tomato) Cyphomandra betaeea (Cav.) Sendt 152 Tomato Lycopersicon escu/entum Mill. 405

Lycopersicon chilense Dun. 407 Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. 406 Lycopersicon pCl"lIvianum (L.) Mill. 407

Watermelon Citrullus /anatus (Thunb.) Mansf. 274

Index

Abscisic acid 25 in banana 85 effect on avocado 55 effect on ci trus 119 in grape 197-200 in mandarins 109 in peach 382 in soft fruit 369

ACC in banana 85, 86 in cherry 393 effect on avocado 59 in mango 257 in melon 285 in papaya 312 in peach 381,390 in pome fruit 336 role in ethylene synthesis 28 in tomato 415,430

ACC malonyltransferase 111, 336 ACC oxidase

in apricot 392 in avocado 59 in banana 85,86 cDNA 25,75 in kiwifruit 246 in mango 257,258 in melon 277 in papaya 312 in peach 385,389,390 role in ethylene synthesis 27,41 in tomato 415-18,423-5,430

ACC synthase in apricot 392 in avocado 59 in banana 85 cDNA 25 in citrus 112

in mango 258 in peach 385, 390 in po me fruit 336, 339 role in ethylene synthesis 27,41 in tomato 415,418,423-5,430

Acetaldehyde 42,131,133,156-8, 280,281,332

Achenes 364-71 Acid phosphatase 69, 100, 168,313,

314 Aconitase 122, 125 Actinidin 247,250 Alcobaca mutant 421 Alcohol dehydrogenase 88,113,130,

133,219,264,333 Almond 392 Amino acids 134,201-5,263,392 Aminoethoxyvinylglycine 112,337,

368,371,416 Aminooxyacetic acid 416 Ammonia 202-5 Amylase

action 11, 33 in avocado 68 in banana 89 inhibitor 256 in mango 256,260 in papaya 307 in pome fruit 332, 333

Annona spp. 151, 153,166-9, 176 Anthocyanidins 15 Anthocyanins

biosynthesis 39,362 in cherry 392, 393 in citrus 117 in lychee 162 in grape 213-15 in mango 258

446

Anthocyanins (cant.) in pome fruit 330,331 role in colour 14 in strawberry 353,357,361-3,368 structure 15,362

Antisense technology 23,24,31,286, 416,426-34

see also Genetic engineering Apple

composition 329-32 enzymes 332-6 ethylene 328,336-8 growth 325 pectin esterification 18 respiration 327 storage 326

Apricot 391,392 Arabinans, see Arabinogalactans Arabinofuranosidase 219 Arabinogalactans 18,128,244,261 Arabinosidase 392 Arginosuccina te

lyase 204 synthetase 204

Aroma, see Volatiles Ascorbate

in banana 95,97 in cherry 393 in citrus 113, 123, 124 in grape 208 in guava 166 in kiwifruit 241,243 in lychee 161 in papaya 304,307,308 in pineapple 293,295,296 and polyphenoloxidase 265,266 in soursop 168 see also Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid oxidase 301 Aspartase 204 A TP 7, 8, 57, 58, 133 ATPase 361 Auxin 25

in citrus 118 effect on avocado 55 effect on banana 85 effect on kiwifruit 238 in grape 195,196

in mandarins 109 in peach 382 in pome fruit 337 role in abscission 111 in strawberry 364-7, 370, 371

Avocado

Index

cell wall changes 65-8 cyanide resistant respiration 8 ethylene 58-60 gene expression 70-5 lipids 60-5 maturity index 54 respiration 56-8 varieties 53

Banana cell wall changes 93-5 ethylene 85-6 lipids 99-100 organic acids 98 phenolics 95-8 pigments 90-3 respiration 84,86,88 starch metabolism 11,89,90 volatiles 98-9

Blackberry 356 Blackcurrant 347,354 Blueberry 356 Bromelain 301,302 Browning 68,95,159,335,336,396

Caffeic acid 42, 384 Calcium

in avocado 55 in peach 383 in pome fruit 327, 330 role in cell wall 20, 21 in strawberry 356, 359 in tomato 414,427,429

Cantaloupe, see Melon Carambola 153,169-71,176 Carboxylic ester hydrolase 335 ~-carotene

in banana 91 biosynthesis 48,50 in car am bola 171 in citrus 118, 121 in mango 259

Index

~-carotene (cant.) in melon 283,284 in papaya 318 in peach 384 role in colour 14,16 structure 525

Carotenoids in banana 91 biosynthesis 48,50 in carambola 170 in cherry 392 in citrus 117-22 in mango 259, 260 in melon 283, 284 in olive 396 in papaya 308 in pineapple 294 in pome fruit 330 role in colour 14,16,17 in soft fruit 356, 357

Catalase 168,301,314 Catechol oxidase 12,216,386,396 Cell wall 18-20,65,127-30,261,282,

283,329,330 Cellulase

action 22, 23 in avocado 65-8 in banana 95 cDNA 73,74,75 in citrus 129, 130 gene expression 70-3 in guava 165 in melon 282 in olive 396 in papaya 311,313 in peach 390 in pome fruit 334 in soursop 168 in strawberry 353,360

Cellulose 18 in citrus 127, 128 in grape 220 in guava 165 in kiwifruit 245 in pome fruit 329 in strawberry 356 in tomato 427

Chalcone isomerase 39,216

Cherimoya, see Annona spp. Cherry 380,392-4 Chitinase 75 Chlorophyll 14

in avocado 68 in banana 90-3 in cherry 392 in citrus 117-22 in kiwifruit 240 in mango 258, 259 in melon 283 in olive 396 in peach 384 in pineapple 294 in pome fruit 330,331 in strawberry 368 in tomato 411,412

Chlorophyll oxidase 92, 93 Chlorophyllase 120

447

Chi orogenic acid 42 Cinnamate-4-monooxygenase 216 Citrate 177,243,279,296,412

cleavage enzyme 263 lyase 122 synthase 133,263 see also Organic acids

Citrus fruit anatomy 115,116 cell walls 127-30 composition 121-7,130-5 growth 118,119 pigments 117, 118 postharvest handling 111-14 respiration 133, 134 see also individual types of

Custard apple, see Annona spp. Cyanide 172

resistant respiration 8, 57, 58, 86, 134

Cyanidin 13,98,330,384,393 Cytochrome

oxidase 133,338 P-450 76

Cytokinin 25,55,118,160,196,238, 369

2,4-D 113,114,119,124,196,366 Damson 380

448

Debranching enzyme 11 Decarboxymethylase 120 Delphinidin 15,98

E8 gene 75,433,434 Egg box 20-2 Ethanol 42, 124, 131, 133, 157, 158,

280,281 Ethephon 112,160,199,248,257,369,

370 Ethrel 291, 292 Ethylene 26-30,41

in avocado 56, 58, 60 in banana 85, 86 forming enzyme, see ACC oxidase in grape 198-200 in kiwifruit 245,246,248 in mango 257, 258 in melon 276-8 in papaya 304,306,312 in peach 381,382 in persimmon 154 in pineapple 294 in plum 392 in pome fruit 328,336-8 in strawberry 353,360,368,369 in tomato 415,416

Extensin, see Hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein

Farnesene 331,332 Feijoa 173-5 Ferulic acid 20,42, 296 Flavanone synthase 15, 16,39 Flavour, see Sugars; Organic acids;

Volatiles Folic acid 2 Fructokinase, see Hexokinase Fructosan 392 Fructose 278,279,395

1,6 bisphosphatase 36,86,198,261 2,6 bisphosphate 6,57,87,88,418 see also Sugars

Galactans, see Arabinogalactans Galactomannans 18 ~-galactanase, see Galactosidase

Galactosidase 22, 23 in almond 392 in citrus 129, 130 in grape 219 in melon 282 in papaya 311 in peach 386 in pome fruit 334

Gallic acid 42 Gene expression

Index

during avocado ripening 69-75 during tomato ripening 69,422-5,

431-4 in grape 221 in peach 389 in strawberry 370-2

Genetic engineering 429-31 see also Antisense technology

Geraniol 42, 260 Gibberellin 111,114

in citrus 118,119 effect on cherry 394 effect on kiwifruit 238 effect on lychee 160, 163 effect on persimmon 154 in grape 196-8 in mandarin 109 in soft fruit 369

Glucomannans 18 Gluconeogenesis 10, 125, 198, 212,

261 Glucopyranosidase 219 Glucose 395

6 phosphatase 198,261 6 phosphate dehydrogenase 33,

261,395 phosphate mutase 11,36,125 see also Sugars 395

Glucosidase 11,89 Glutamate

dehydrogenase 203,204 oxaloacetate transaminase 98 - pyruvate decarboxylase 98 synthetase 203,204

Glutamine cyclotransferase 313 synthetase 203,204

Index

Glycolysis 5,32,57,87, 124, 210 Grape

cell wall 219, 220 composition 201-19 ethylene 199,200 growth 193-5 maturity index 200 origin 189, 190 plant hormones 195-9 respiration 199, 200 storage 200

Grapefruit 110,113,114,117, 119, 121-8,131

Guava 152,153,163-6,176

Hemicellulose 18-22 in citrus 127, 128, 130 in grape 220 in guava 165 in kiwifruit 245 in melon 282 in pome fruit 329,330 in strawberry 256 in tomato 427

Hesperidin 131-3 Hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein

17,20,21,220,329 Hexokinase 11,125 Hydroxycinnamate:CoA-lyase 216

IAA see Auxin IAA oxidase 301 Invertase 12,36

in banana 90 in cherry 393 in citrus 125, 127 in grape 206 in melon 280 in papaya 313 in peach 384 in pome fruit 332 in strawberry 359

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 34,133,263 lyase 263

Isodityrosine 21 Isothiocyanate 312

a-Ketoglutaric acid 307 Kiwifruit

anatomy 237, 238 composition 239-43 enzymes 247,248 growth 237-9 maturity index 236,239 origin 235,236 regulation of ripening 247-9 storage 244

Laccase 12,216,266,386 Lactate dehydrogenase 88

449

Lemon 110,114,117,122-5,128-31 Lignin 127, 130 Lime 110,117,119,122-6,131 Limonene 42,131,132,265 Limonin 42,116,117,131-3 Linalool 42,131,132,169,218,308,332 Lipase 264 Lipid

in avocado 60-5 in banana 99, 100 biosynthesis 62, 63 in cherry 394 in citrus 135 in mango 263,264 in melon 284,285 in olive 395,396 in peach 384 in persimmon 156 in pineapple 301 in pome fruit 331,332,336

Lipogenesis 395,396 Lipolytic acylhydrolase 335 Lipoxygenase 13,132,219,264,284,

285,336,395,396 Lychee 152, 153, 159-63, 176 Lycopene 16,38,40,42,118,283,284,

411,422 Lysozyme 313

Magnesium dechelatase 120 Malate 6,161,206-12,333,383

dehydrogenase 133,198,211,263, 308

see also Organic acids

450

Malic enzyme 6,7,58,133,209-12, 263,333,418

Malonyl-ACC 59,246,381,382,393 Malvidin 15 Mandarin 108-10,117-25,131 Mango

composition 260-6 cultivars 25 ethylene 255,256 growth 256 maturity index 256 pigments 258-60 storage 255

Mangosteen 152,153, 176 Mannitol 395 Mannosidase 125,283,392 Medlar 325 Melon

composition 278-85 diseases 285,286 ethylene 276-8 growth 274,275 maturity index 276 origin 273,274 pigments 283,284 respiration 276, 278 transformation 286

Mitochondria 8 Monophenol monooxygenase, see

Polyphenoloxidase Muskmelon, see Melon Mutants 16,390,411,412,420-2

see also individual types of

~-N-acetyl hexosaminidase 283 NADH reductase 308 NAD(P)H dehydrogenases 7 Naphthaleneacetic acid

effect on citrus 119, 124 effect on guava 164 effect on lychee 160, 161, 163 effect on mandarin 109 effect on strawberry 366 as postharvest treatment 113

N aringin 131-3 Nectarine, see Peach Never ripe mutation 420,421 Nitrate reductase 314

Index

Non-ripening mutation 421,422 Norbornadiene 368,416

Oleuropein 396 Olive 395,396 Orange

composition 122-5, 128-31 cultivars 108, 109 pigments 117,120,121 respiration 113, 133

Organic acids 10 in banana 98 in citrus 122-5 in guava 166 in kiwifruit 241,242 in mango 263 in melon 280 in papaya 307 in persimmon 155 in pineapple 295 in pome fruit 329 in soft fruit 354, 355 in soursop 168 see also individual types of

Ornithine transcarbamoylase 204 ~-oxidation 63,264 Oxalic acid 98,170 Oxidative

pentose phosphate pathway 5,33, 210,261

phosphorylation 7,36

Papain 312,313 Papaya

composition 307-11 enzymes 311-14 ethylene 312 growth 302-5 origin 302 pigments 308 respiration 305 storage 305-6

Passion fruit 152,153,171,172,176 Peach

composition 382-4 enzymes 384-9 ethylene 381,382 gene expression 389,390

Index

Peach (cant.)

growth 380 mutants 390 respiration 381

Pear composition 329-32 enzymes 332-6 ethylene 328, 336-8 growth 325 respiration 327 storage 326

Pectin 17,18,20-2 in almond 392 in avocado 68 in banana 93, 94 in cherry 394 in citrus 127-30 in grape 220 in guava 165 in kiwifruit 244,245 in lychee 161 in mango 262 in melon 282 in olive 396 in papaya 311 in peach 383, 384, 387, 388 in persimmon 155 in pome fruit 329,330 in strawberry 355, 356 in tomato 17,427-30

Pectin acetylase 129 lyase 220

Pectinesterase 22,23,74 in avocado 65,66 in banana 93,94 in citrus 129 in grape 220 in guava 165 in mango 262 in melon 282 in olive 396 in papaya 311 in peach 386, 387 in persimmon 155 in pome fruit 334 in strawberry 359 in tomato 424-32

Pectinmethylesterase see Pectinesterase

Pelargonidin 15,359,362 Peonidin 15 Peroxidase

in avocado 69 in banana 97 in cherimoya 169 in lychee 162 in olive 397 in papaya 314 in peach 386 in pineapple 301

Persimmon 152-9 Petunidin 15 Phaseic acid 382 Phenols 12,13

in apricot 391 in banana 95-8 in cherry 399 in grape 193,212-15 in mango 265,266 in papaya 314 in peach 383,384 in pineapple 295,296,300 in pome fruit 334, 335 in soft fruit 357

451

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase 15,16, 39

in citrus 111, 120 in grape 216,217 in papaya 314 in pome fruit 334, 335 in strawberry 361-3,366

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase 211,212 carboxylase 58,87,209,333

Phosphofructokinase 5,6,32 in avocado 57 in banana 86-8 in citrus 124, 125 in pome fruit 333

Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 33,261

Phytoene synthase 418,422,423, 430-2

Pineapple composition 294-301

452

Pineapple (cont.) enzymes 301-2 ethylene 294 growth 291-3 maturity index 293 origin 291 pigments 294 respiration 294 storage 293

Plantain 83,91 Plum 380,390,391 Polyamines 26,55,112,119 Polygalacturonase

in abscission zones 74 action 22, 23 in almond 392 in avocado 65,66,68 in banana 93,95,97 cDNA 2 in cherry 394 in grape 220 in guava 165 inhibitor 116 in kiwifruit 247 in mango 262 in melon 282 in papaya 311 in peach 387-92 in persimmon 155 in pome fruit 334, 338 signal sequence 74 in soursop 168 in strawberry 359 in tomato 418,422-33

Polyphenoloxidase 12, 13 in avocado 68, 69 in banana 95 in cherimoya 168 in cherry 393 in grape 216-18 in lychee 162 in mango 265,266 in papaya 314 in peach 385,386 in pineapple 301 in pome fruit 335

Protoplast fusion 136, 137 Pummelo 110, 122

Index

Pyrophosphate linked phosphofructokinase 6, 32, 57, 86-8,125,333

Pyruvate decarboxylase 132,133 dehydrogenase 34,113,339 kinase 5,32,87

Quince 325 Quinic acid 241-3,329

Raffinose 279 Rambutan 175-7 Raspberry 347, 350, 352, 354, 356,

357,360 Respiration

in avocado 55-8 in banana 86-8 in citrus 113, 133, 134 climacteric 3, 4 in grape 199 in kiwifruit 245, 246 in melon 276, 278 non-climacteric 3,4 in papaya 304,306 in peach 381 in persimmon 154 in pineapple 294 in plum 392 in pome fruit 327 in strawberry 353,360,361 substrates 3

Rhamnogalacturonan 17,18,20 Rhamnopyranosidase 219 Ribonuclease 100 Ribulose 1,5, biophosphate

carboxylase 209 Ripening inhibitor 55,85,258,382

mutation 420,421,426

Scald 326,331 Silver 368,416 Softening, see Cell wall Sorbitol 329,354,383,390,393

dehydrogenase 332 oxidase 385

Sour orange 110,122,136 Sour sop, see Annona spp.

Index

Stachyose 279 Starch

in avocado 56,68 in banana 89 in citrus 126 in kiwifruit 240-2 in mango 260 metabolism 10,11,36,89,90 in muskmelon 279 in papaya 304, 307 in pineapple 297 in pome fruit 329, 332 in strawberry 353

Star fruit 152 Starch phosphorylase 11,36,68,89,

90,333 Storage techniques 2 Strawberry

anatomy 347 composition 354-8,364 effect of achenes 364-8 enzymes 358-61 ethylene 369,370 gene expression 370-2 growth 351-3 pigments 361,363

Succinate 161,175,263 dehydrogenase 34,263,333

Sucrose in apricot 392 in cherry 393 in citrus 126, 127 in mango 261 in melon 278,279 metabolism 12,36,90 in rambutan 175 in soft fruit 358 in tomato 413 see also Sugars

Sucrose phosphate synthase 12,36, 90,127,279,384

Sucrose synthase 12, 36, 125, 127, 384,385

Sugars 10 in carambola 170 in citrus 125 in grape 205,206 in guava 164,165

in kiwifruit 240-2 in lychee 161 in mango 260 in papaya 307 in peach 382-4 in persimmon 155 in pineapple 297 in plum 390 in pome fruit 329 in soft fruit 354, 359 in soursop 169 see also individual types of

Superoxide dismutase 69 Sweet sop, see Annona spp.

Tamarillo 152,171 Tangerine, see Mandarin

453

Tannins 97,98,158-9,166,183,215 Tartrate 10,206-8 Temperature 16,417,418 Texture, see Cell wall Tomato

anatomy 410 composition 412-15 ethylene 415-18 gene expression 69,422-5 gene regulation 431-4 genetic engineering 429-31 growth 409 mutants 420-2 origin 406 pigments 411-12 softening 425-9 species 406-8

Transfructosidase 392 Tricarboxylic acid pathway 5,6,34,57

UDP glucose flavonoid glucosyltransferase 216,361,363

UDP glucose phosphorylase 125

Wraison 195,199,200,211,212,216, 218

Vitamin A 2,155,172 Bl 172 C 2,123,155,164,165,172, 192

see also Ascorbate

454

Volatiles in Annona 168, 169 in apricot 392 in banana 98,99 biosynthesis 13 in cherry 392, 393 in citrus 130-2 in feijoa 174,175 in grape 218,219 in guava 166 in kiwifruit 243,244 in mango 264, 265 in mangosteen 173 in melon 280-2 in papaya 308-10

in passion fruit 172 in peach 384 in persimmon 156 in pineapple 296-300 in pome fruit 332, 335 in soft fruit 357, 358, 364 in tomato 414,415

Watermelon, see Melon

Xylan 128 Xylanase 65,311 Xylitol 354 Xyloglucan 18,68

Index