Glossary · dissolve /XB'hFod/ desegin, urtu drinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn aFYoLW/ edateko txokolate Dutch /XJa/ holandar environmental /BmdOpLm'lCmWo/ ingurumen-, ingurune-

introductionapple /'DUo/ sagar

aunt /EmW/ izeba

bakery /'VMYLpi/ okindegi

bank /VDnY/ banketxe

basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ saskibaloi

bear /VCL/ hartz

beef /VAc/ txahal

boots /VIWg/ bota(k)

butcher’s /'VHaLh/ harategi

cabbage /'YDVBXj/ aza, azaburu

café /'YæcM/ kafetegi, kafe

cheese /aAh/ gazta

chemist’s /'YClBgWg/ botika

church /WiKa/ eliza

cinema /'gBmLlL/ zinema

cloudy /'YoPXi/ lainotsu

cool /YIo/ fresko

cousin /'YJhm/ lehengusu

cow /YP/ behi

cycling /'gOYoBn/ txirrindularitza

daughter /'XGWL/ alaba

deer /XBL/ orein

desert /'XChLW/ basamortu

dress /XpCg/ soineko

face /cMg/ aurpegi

fur /cK/ ile, ilaje; larru

giraffe /bL'pEc/ jirafa

gorilla /ZL'pBoL/ gorila

grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/ aitona-amonak

grape /ZpMU/ mahats

ham /kDl/ urdaiazpiko

hat /kDW/ txapel, kapela

hospital /'kFgUBWo/ erietxe

island /'OoLmX/ uharte

jacket /'bDYBW/ txaketa

jeans /bAmh/ galtza bakero(ak)

juice /bIg/ zuku

lamb /oDl/ arkume

lettuce /'oCWBg/ letxuga

library /'oOVpLpi/ liburutegi

melon /'lCoLm/ meloi

monkey /'lJnYi/ tximino

mouth /'lPe/ aho

mushroom /'lJipHl/ txanpiñoi

neck /mCY/ lepo

orange /'FpBmb/ laranja

paws /UGh/ hanka(k); atzamar(rak), erpe(ak)

pig /UBZ/ txerri

post office /'UNgW FcBg/ postetxe

rabbit /'pDVBW/ untxi

river /'pBdL/ ibai

rollerblading /'pNoLVoMXBn/ lerro-lerroko irristatze / patinaje

sandals /'gDmXoh/ sandalia(k)

sausage /'gFgBb/ saltxitxa

scarf /gYEc/ lepoko, bufanda

sheep /iAU/ ardi(ak)

shirt /iKW/ alkandora

shorts /iGWg/ galtza motz(ak)

skiing /'gYABn/ eski

snake /gmMY/ suge

snowboarding /'gmNVGXBn/ snowboard, elurretako surf

socks /gFYg/ galtzetin(ak)

stomach /'gWJlLY/ sabel, urdail

strawberry /'gWpGVLpi/ marrubi

stream /gWpAl/ erreka

sunny /'gJmi/ eguzkitsu (it’s ~: eguzki izan)

surfing /'gKcBn/ surf

sweet shop /'grAW iFU/ gozoki-denda

tail /WMo/ buztan, isats

tennis /'WCmBg/ tenis

tongue /WJn/ mingain

trainers /'WpMmLh/ kiroletako zapatila(k)

trousers /'WpPhLh/ galtza(k)

T-shirt /'WAiKW/ elastiko

volleyball /'dFoiVGo/ boleibol

warm /rGl/ bero, epel

yoghurt /'qFZLW/ jogurt

unit 1avocado /DdL'YEXN/ ahuakate

bacon /'VMYLm/ hirugihar

baked /VMYW/ erreta, labean eginda

biscuit /'VBgYBW/ galleta

broccoli /'VpFYLoi/ brokoli

butter /'VJWL/ gurin

cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/ azalore

cherry /'aCpi/ gerezi

chilli /'WiBoi/ pipermin

crisps /YpBgUg/ (poltsako) patata frijitu(ak)

decompose /XAYLl'UNh/ usteldu, galdu

delicious /XB'oBiLg/ zoragarri, oso gozo

develop /XB'dCoLU/ garatu, landu

1Action! ESO 3 Basque © B Burlington Books

Glossary

dissolve /XB'hFod/ desegin, urtu

drinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn aFYoLW/ edateko txokolate

Dutch /XJa/ holandar

environmental /BmdOpLm'lCmWo/ ingurumen-, ingurune-

fresh /cpCi/ fresko

fried /cpOX/ frijitu

frozen /'cpNhm/ izoztu

grilled /ZpBoX/ parrillan erreta / egina

jam /bDl/ marmelada

lemonade /oClL'mCBX/ limonada (Am. Eng.); limoizko edari / freskagarri (Br. Eng.)

lentils /'oCmWBoh/ dilista(k)

mashed potatoes /lDiW UL'WMWNh/ patata-pure

milkshake /'lBoYiMY/ irabiaki

move /lId/ lekuz aldatu

muesli /'lqIhoi/ muesli

nuts /mJWg/ fruitu lehor(rak)

oily /'Qoi/ oliotsu, koipetsu

omelette /'FloLW/ tortilla

order /'GXL/ eskatu

package /'UDYBb/ ontzi

prawns /UpGmh/ ganba(k)

quick /YrBY/ azkar

raspberry /'pEhVLpi/ mugurdi

raw /pG/ gordin

salmon /'gDlLm/ izokin

salty /'gGoWi/ gazi

serving /'gKdBn/ errazio, anoa

share /iS/ banatu, partekatu

shock /iFY/ shock, zartako

sour /'gPL/ garratz

spicy /'gUOgi/ min, pikante; espeziaz onduta

spinach /'gUBmBWi/ espinaka

steak /gWMY/ xerra

sweet /grAW/ gozo

take (time) /'WMY (WOl)/ (denbora asko) behar izan, luze jo

toast /WLHgW/ ogi txigortu

tonne /WJm/ tona

tuna /'WqImL/ hegalabur, atun

Yuck! /qJY/ Ze nazka!

unit 2advert /'DXdKW/ iragarki

advertising /'DXdLWOhBn/ publizitate

at work /LW 'rKY/ lanean

bright /VpOW/ kolore biziko

cartoon /YE'WIm/ marrazki bizidun; bineta, istoriotxo

cartoonist /YE'WImBgW/ komiki-marrazkigile, umorista grafiko

cheerful /'aRco/ alai

compete /YLl'UAW/ lehiatu

dark /XEY/ ilun

disappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/ etsigarri

drawing /'XpGBn/ marrazki

dull /XJo/ goibel, ilun

exciting /BY'gOWBn/ liluragarri; zirraragarri

extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ aparteko

gloomy /'ZoIli/ laiotz; triste

graffiti /ZpL'cAWi/ grafiti, grafito, pintada

graffiti artist /ZpL'cAWi EWBgW/ grafiti-artista, grafito-egile

hide /kOX/ ezkutatu

however /kP'CdL/ hala ere, nolanahi den

imaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/ irudimentsu

improve /Bl'UpId/ hobetu

invisible /Bm'dBhLVo/ ikusezin

light /oOW/ argi

(be) lying /(VA) 'oOBn/ etzanda (egon)

mermaid /'lKlCBX/ sirena

modern /'lFXm/ moderno

mosaic /lN'hMBY/ mosaiko

mural /'lqHLpLo/ horma-irudi

ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal, arrunt

painter /'UCBmWL/ pintore, margolari

painting /'UCBmWBn/ margolan, pintura

photograph /'cNWLZpEc/ argazki

photographer /cL'WFZpLcL/ argazkilari

potter /'UFWL/ eltzegile; zeramikari

pottery /'UFWLpi/ eltzegintza; zeramika

predator /'UpCXLWL/ harrapari

realistic /piL'oBgWBY/ errealista

sculptor /'gYJoUWL/ eskultore

sculpture /'gYJoUaL/ eskultura

shape /iMU/ forma, irudi, itxura

sketch /gYCa/ zirriborro, zirrimarra

special /'gUCio/ berezi

stand /gWæmX/ postu

surprising /gL'UpOhBn/ harrigarri

wearable /'rCLpLVo/ eramateko moduko, eraman daitekeen

unit 3agree /L'ZpA/ ados egon, bat etorri

amazing /L'lMhBn/ harrigarri, sinestezin

Glossary


attitude /'æWBWqIX/ jarrera

bat /VDW/ erraketa, pala (ping-pong); bate

blind /VoOmX/ itsu

brave /VpMd/ ausart

challenging /'aDoBmbBn/ desafiatzaile

course /YGg/ ibilbide, ibiltarte

crawl /YpGo/ herrestatu

elbow pads /'CoVLH UDXh/ ukondoko babes

fit /cBW/ sasoian, forman

goggles /'ZFZoh/ uretako betaurreko(ak)

golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/ golf-makila

hang /kæn/ eseki, esekita egon

helmet /'kColBW/ kasko

hike /kOY/ mendi-ibiliak egin

hop /kFU/ saltoka aritu

ice skates /'Og gYMWg/ izotzetako patin(ak)

jog /bFZ/ footing egin

kill /YBo/ hil, erail

kneepads /'mAUDXh/ belaunetako babes

leap /oAU/ salto egin

mouth guard /'lPe ZEX/ ahoko babes

mud /lJX/ lokatz, lohi, basa

net /mCW/ sare

pull /UHo/ tira egin

push /UHi/ bultza egin

rollerblades /'pNoLVoMXh/ lerroz lerroko (gurpildun) patin(ak)

skate /gYMW/ patinatu, irristatu

skateboard /'gYMWVGX/ monopatin

ski /gYA/ eskiatu

skip /gYBU/ salto egin; sokasaltoan salto egin

skis /gYAh/ eski(ak)

slide /goOX/ irristatu, irrist egin

snowboard /'gmNVGX/ snowboardeko taula

solve /gFod/ konpondu, ebatzi

speed /gUAX/ abiadura

surfboard /'gKcVGX/ surfeko taula

swimming cap /'grBlBn YDU/ bainu-txano

swing /grBn/ kulunkatu; (erraketa) mugitu

take place /WCBY 'UoMg/ gertatu, jazo, pasatu

tennis racket /'WCmBg pDYBW/ teniseko erraketa

tough /WJc/ gogor

trampoline /'WpDlULoAm/ ohe elastiko

trick /WpBY/ itzulipurdi

unbelievable /JmVB'oAdLVo/ sinestezin

water bottle /'rGWL VFWo/ ur-botila

unit 4backpack /'VDYUDY/ bizkar-zorro, motxila

boarding pass /'VGXBn UEg/ ontziratze-txartel

cave /YMd/ haitzulo

comb /YNl/ orrazi

complain /YLl'UoMm/ kexatu

deep /XAU/ sakon

die /XO/ hil, zendu

endless /'CmXoLg/ makina bat, hamaika

field /cAoX/ zelai, belardi

flat /coæW/ lau

flight /coOW/ hegaldi

follow /'cFoN/ jarraitu

get on /ZCW 'Fm/ (garraio batera) igo

glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaziar

ground /ZpPmX/ lur, zoru

hairbrush /'kCLVpJi/ (ilea orrazteko) eskuila

hand luggage /'kæmX oJZBb/ eskuko ekipaje

journey /'bKmi/ bidaia

leave /oAd/ -tik irten

main character /lCBm 'YDpLYWL/ protagonista

mind /lOmX/ adimen, buru (get something out of one’s ~: burutik zerbait kendu)

notice /'mNWBg/ konturatu

pack (a backpack) /UDY (L 'VDYUDY)/ (motxilan) gauzak sartu

passport /'UEgUGW/ pasaporte

path /UEe/ bidexka, bidezidor

phone charger /'cNm WiEbL/ telefono-kargatzaile

prevent /UpB'dCmW/ saihestu, ekidin; eragotzi

Pyrenees /UBpL'mAh/ Pirinioak

remove /pB'lId/ kendu, urrundu

rocky /'pFYi/ arrokatsu

sandy /'gDmXi/ hondartsu

security check /gB'YqHLpLWi aCY/ segurtasun-kontrol

shallow /'iDoN/ sakonera gutxiko

shampoo /iDl'UI/ xanpu

sleeping bag /'goAUBn VDZ/ lozaku

soap /gNU/ xaboi

steep /gWAU/ maldatsu

storm /gWGl/ ekaitz

suitcase /'gIWYMg/ maleta

sun cream /'gJm YpAl/ eguzkitako (babes) krema

swamp /grFlU/ zingira, urtegi

tent /WCmW/ kanpin-denda

tomb /WIl/ hilobi, ehortz-leku

toothbrush /'WIeVpJi/ hortzetako eskuila

Glossary


toothpaste /'WIeUCBgW/ hortzetako pasta

torch /WGa/ linterna

towel /'WPLo/ eskuoihal, toalla

travel guide /'Wpædo ZOX/ bidaiatzeko gidaliburu

wallet /'rFoBW/ diru-zorro

waterfall /'rGWLcGo/ ur-jauzi

X-ray /'CYgpM/ x izpiak

unit 5announcement of death /L'mPmglLmW Ld XCe/

(ohar) nekrologiko

archeologist /EYi'FoLXjBgW/ arkeologo

author /'GeL/ egile

banker /'VDnYL/ bankari

battle /'VDWo/ borroka, gerra

businessperson /'VBhmLgUKgLm/ enpresari

confused /YLm'cqIhX/ nahasirik, harrituta

cover /'YJdL/ lehen orrialde, azal

death /XCe/ heriotza

delighted /XB'oOWBX/ pozez zoratzen, liluraturik

dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista

detective /XB'WCYWBd/ ikertzaile

director /XL'pCYWL/ zuzendari

disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/ desengainatuta

disgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/ nazkatuta

electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ argiketari

embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ lotsatuta

exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ nekatuta, ahituta

fall in love /cGo Bm 'oJd/ maitemindu

farmer /'cElL/ nekazari, baserritar

furious /'cqHLpiLg/ haserre, sutan

guilty /'ZBoWi/ errudun

huntsman /'kJmWglLm/ ehiztari

jealous /'XjCoLg/ inbidiatsu; jeloskor

joke /bNY/ txantxa

judge /bJb/ epai

lawyer /'oGqL/ abokatu

magic /'lDbBY/ magia

magician /lL'XhjBim/ magiagile; azti

marry /'lDpi/ -kin ezkondu

media /'lAXBL/ komunikabide(ak)

optimistic /FUWB'lBgWBY/ baikor

pip /UBU/ hazi, pepita

play /UoM/ (-en papera) izan, antzeztu, interpretatu

plumber /'UoJlL/ iturgin

police officer /UL'oAg FcBgL/ polizia

powerful /'UPLco/ boteretsu

proud /UpPX/ harro

raincoat /'pMmYNW/ euritako

relaxed /pB'oæYgW/ erlaxatuta

reporter /pB'UGWL/ kazetari, berriemaile

sailor /'gMoL/ marinel

scared /gYCLX/ beldurtuta

secretary /'gCYpLWLpi/ idazkari

several /'gCdLpo/ hainbat, batzuk

shoot /iIW/ tiro egin

shout /iPW/ oihu egin

soldier /'gNobL/ soldadu

spy /gUO/ espia

stay /gWM/ jarraitu izaten

stormy /'gWGli/ ekaiztsu

sundial /'gJmXOLo/ eguzkitako erloju

umbrella /Jl'VpCoL/ aterki

upset /JU'gCW/ nahigabetuta, atsekabetuta

villain /'dBoLm/ gaizto, donge, maltzur

waiter /'rMWL/ zerbitzari

worried /'rJpiX/ kezkatuta

unit 6affordable /L'cGXLVo/ lorgarri, arrazoizko prezio

belt /VCoW/ gerriko

cap /YæU/ txano

casual /'YæjHLo/ informal, sport

century /'gCmaLpi/ mende

coat /YNW/ beroki

cold /YNoX/ hotzeri, katarro, burutik beherako

comfortable /'YJlcWLVo/ eroso

designer /XB'hOmL/ diseinuzko, markako

diplomat /XBUoL'lDW/ diplomatiko

disgusting /XBg'ZJgWBn/ nazkagarri

earrings /'BLpBnh/ belarritako(ak)

elegant /'CoBZLmW/ apain, dotore

fashionable /'cæimLVo/ moderno, modako

flip-flops /'coBUcoFUg/ txankleta(k)

formal /'cGlo/ formal; etiketazko

gloves /ZoJdh/ eskularru(ak)

handbag /'kæmXVæZ/ (esku) poltsa

high heels /kO 'kAoh/ takoidun zapata(k)

hot /kFW/ modako, onespen handiko

last /oEgW/ iraun

latest /'oMWBgW/ azkeneko, berrien

leggings /'oCZBnh/ leotardo(ak); maila(k)

loose /oIg/ lasai

matching /'læWiBn/ ondo datorren

Glossary


miniskirt /'lBmigYKW/ minigona

necklace /'mCYoLg/ iduneko, lepoko

old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ zaharkitu, modaz kanpo

outdated /PW'XMWBX/ zaharkitu, modaz kanpo

pass (law) /UEg (oG)/ (legea) onartu

Persian /'UKjLm/ persiar

practical /'UpDYWBYo/ praktiko

recycling bin /pA'gOYoBn VBm/ birziklapen-ontzi

ring /pBn/ eraztun

rubbish dump /'pJVBi XJlU/ zabortegi

sleeve /goAd/ mahuka, beso

slippers /'goBULh/ zapatila(k), txapin(ak)

spotlight /'gUFWoOW/ arreta-gune

sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/ eguzkitako betaurreko

tie /WO/ gorbata

tight /WOW/ estu

tracksuit /'WpDYgIW/ txandal

trendy /'WpCmXi/ moderno, modako

watch /rFa/ (eskumuturreko) erloju

unit 7ancient /'MmiLmW/ antzinako

astronaut /'DgWpLmGW/ astronauta

astronomer /L'gWpFmLlL/ astronomo

blood /VoJX/ odol

build /VBoX/ eraiki

crazy thing /'YpMhi eBn/ eromen

design /XB'hOm/ diseinatu

discover /XB'gYJdL/ aurkitu

dream /XpAl/ amets egin

Earth /Ke/ Lurra

earthquake /'KeYrMY/ lurrikara

examine /BZ'hDlBm/ ikertu, aztertu, ikuskatu

explore /BY'gUoG/ esploratu

god /ZFX/ jainko

gravity /'ZpDdLWi/ grabitate

Great Wall of China /ZpCBW rGo Ld 'WiOmL/ Txinako Harresi Handia

increase /'BmYpAg/ handitu, hazi

land /oDmX/ lur hartu; ilargiratu; erori

length /oCne/ iraupen

Mars /lEh/ Marte

Martian /'lEim/ Marteko

meteor /'lAWiL/ meteorito

miss /lBg/ galdu

moon /lIm/ ilargi

myth /lBe/ mito

name after /mMl 'EcWL/ bezala deitu, -en izena jarri

path /UEe/ ibilbide, jardunbide

plan /UoDm/ antolatu, antolaketa

planet /'UoDmBW/ planeta

planetarium /UoDmB'WSpiLl/ planetario

predict /UpB'XBYW/ aurresan, iragarri

protect /UpL'WCYW/ babestu

pull /UHo/ erakarri, erakarpen-indarra erabili

repair /pB'UCL/ konpondu

shine /iOm/ dir-dir egin

sky /gYO/ zeru

solar system /'gNoL gBgWLl/ eguzki-sistema

space colony /'gUMg YFoLmi/ kolonia / habitat berezi

spaceship /'gUMgiBU/ espazio-ontzi

spacesuit /'gUMggIW/ espazio-jantzi

stand in the sun /gWæmX Bm fL 'gJm/ eguzkitan egon

star /gWE/ izar

sun /gJm/ eguzki

sunlight /'gJmoOW/ eguzkiaren argitasun

take place /WCBY 'UoMg/ gertatu

telescope /'WCoBgYNU/ teleskopio

turn /WKm/ jiratu, bueltak eman

war /rG/ gerra

unit 8appear /L'UBL/ azaldu

Arctic /'EYWBY/ Artiko

basketball court /'VEgYBWVGo YGW/ saskibaloiko kantxa / pista

breathe /VpAf/ arnastu

bus stop /'VJg gWFU/ autobus-geltoki

car park /'YE UEY/ aparkaleku

city square /gBWi 'gYrS/ herriko plaza

clean up /YoAm 'JU/ garbitu

corner /'YGmL/ ertz

cut down /YJW 'XPm/ moztu

damage /'XDlBXj/ kaltetu

department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ biltoki handi(ak)

destroy /XB'gWpQ/ suntsitu

disappear /XBgL'UBL/ desagertu

dome /XNl/ kupula (formako barruti)

endangered /Bm'XMmbLX/ (galtzeko) arriskuan

factory /'cæYWpi/ fabrika, lantegi

football pitch /'cHWVGo UBWi/ futbol-zelai

global warming /ZoNVo 'rGlBn/ lurraren berotze

hole /kNo/ zulo

hotel /kN'WCo/ hotel

Glossary


huge /kqIb/ erraldoi, itzal

hurry /'kJpi/ azkar ibili

indoors /Bm'XGh/ leku estali batean, barruan

make ill /lMY 'Bo/ osasunari eragin

mask /lEgY/ maskara

melt /lCoW/ urtu

office /'FcBg/ bulego

outdoors /PW'XGh/ kanpoan, atari zabalean

pick up /UBY 'JU/ jaso, bildu

pollute /UL'oIW/ kutsatu

progress /'UpNZpCg/ aurrera egin, garatu

recycle /pA'gOYo/ birziklatu

reuse /pA'qIh/ berrerabili

rise /pOh/ igo, altxatu

roundabout /'pPmXLVPW/ biribilgune

survive /gL'dOd/ bizirik irten, biziraun; eutsi

swimming pool /'grBlBn UIo/ igerileku

theatre /'eBLWL/ antzerki

throw out /epN 'PW/ bota

tin /WBm/ lata, pote

traffic light /'WpDcBY oOW/ semaforo

train station /'WpMm gWMim/ tren-geltoki

use up /qIh 'JU/ gastatu, agortu

waste /rMgW/ alferrik galdu, xahutu

x times the safe level /CYg WOlh fL gMc 'oCdo/ x aldiz gomendaturiko neurri

zebra crossing /hCVpL 'YpFgBn/ zebra-bide

unit 9alarm clock /L'oEl YoFY/ iratzargailu

amazed /L'lMhX/ harrituta

battery /'VDWpi/ bateria

become ill /VB'YJl Bo/ gaixotu

bionics /VO'FmBYg/ bioniko

calendar /'YæoBmXL/ egutegi

camera /'YælLpL/ kamera

case /YMg/ zorro, azal

chief /aAc/ jauntxo, buruzagi, kazike

climb /YoOl/ eskalatu, igo

contact /'YFmWDYW/ harreman, kontaktu

contemporary /YLm'WClUpLpi/ garaikide

deaf /XCc/ gor

display /XB'gUoM/ pantaila

efficient /B'cBimW/ eraginkor

electronic /BoCY'WpFmBY/ elektroniko

enormous /B'mGlLg/ erraldoi

flash /coæi/ flash

GPS /bA UA 'Cg/ GPS

headset /'kCXgCW/ entzungailu(ak), aurikular(rak)

hi-tech /kO'WCY/ goi-teknologia

indispensable /BmXB'gUCmgLVo/ behar-beharrezko, nahitaezko

keypad /'YAUDX/ teklatu

memory card /'lClLpi YEX/ memoria-txartel

obsolete /'FVgLoAW/ zaharkitu

photo gallery /'cNWN ZDoLpi/ argazki-galeria

population /UFUqI'oMim/ biztanleria

portable /'UGWLVo/ eramangarri, mugikor

rainforest /'pMmcFpBgW/ oihan tropikal

record /'pCYGX/ grabatu

remarkable /pB'lEYLVo/ nabari, aipagarri, oso ongi

ringtone /'pBnWNm/ dei-soinu / doinu

screen protector /'gYpAm UpLWCYWL/ pantaila-babes

SIM card /gBl 'YEX/ SIM txartel

sophisticated /gL'cBgWBYMWBX/ sofistikatu

useful /'qIgco/ erabilgarri

useless /'qIgoLg/ alferrikako, erabilgaitz

video recorder /'dBXiLH pBYGXL/ bideo (kamera)

voicemail /'dQglMo/ ahots-postontzi

way of life /rM Ld 'oOc/ bizimodu, bizitzeko era

Wi-Fi /'rO cO/ wifi

Glossary


introduction

Formal and Informal IntroductionsMy name is (Mrs Green). /lO mMl Bh (lBgBh 'ZpAm)/ (Green andrea) izena dut.

Pleased to meet you, (Mrs Green). /UoAhX WL 'lAW qI (lBgBh ZpAm)/ Pozten naiz zu ezagutzeaz, (Green andrea).

Welcome to (Devonshire School). /'rCoYLl WL (XCdLmiL gYIo)/ Ongi etorri (Devonshire School-era).

Hi, I’m (Dylan). /kO Ol ('XBoLm)/ Kaixo, (Dylan) naiz.

Nice to meet you, (Dylan). /mOg WL 'lAW qI (XBoLm)/ Pozten naiz zu ezagutzeaz, (Dylan).

Come and meet my friends, (William). /YJl LmX lAW lO 'cpCmXh (rBoBLl)/ Etorri nire lagunak ezagutzera, (William).

(Megan, Emma), this is (William). /(lCZLm ClL) fBg Bh ('rBoBLl)/ (Megan, Emma), hau (William) da.

Classroom LanguagePlease be quiet. /UoAh VA 'YrOLW/ Isilik, mesedez.

Can you help me, please? /YLm qI 'kCoU lA UoAh/ Lagunduko al didazu, mesedez?

When is the (project) due? /rCm Bh fL ('UpFXjCYW) XqI/ Noizko da (lana / proiektua)?

Open your books to page (10). /NULm qG VHYg WL UCBb ('WCm)/ Ireki liburuak (10.) orrian.

Who knows the answer? /kI mNh fA 'EmgL/ Nork daki erantzuna?

You’re late. /qHL 'oCBW/ Berandu zatoz.

Can you repeat that, please? /YLm qI pB'UAW fæW UoAh/ Errepika dezakezu hori, mesedez?

Can I borrow a (pen), please? /YLm O VFpN L ('UCm) UoAh/ Har / Erabil dezaket (boligrafo bat), mesedez?

unit 1

Ordering FoodWould you like anything to (drink)? /rHX qI oOY CmieBn WL ('XpBnY)/ Zerbait (edan) nahi duzu?

Do you want (chips) or (salad) with that? /XI qI rFmW ('aBUg) G ('gDoLX) rBf fDW/ (Patata frijituak) ala (entsalada) nahi duzu horrekin?

Is that takeaway or to eat here? /Bh fDW 'WMYLrM G WI AW kBL/ Hori eramateko edo hemen jateko da?

What would you like? /rFW rHX qI 'oOY/ Zer nahi duzu?

Are you ready to order? /E qI pCXi WI 'GXL/ Zer hartuko duzun eskatzeko prest?

I want to eat here, please. /O rFmW WI AW 'kBL UoAh/ Hemen jan nahi dut, mesedez.

Yes, I am. /qCg O 'Dl/ Bai.

I’d prefer (salad). /OX UpBcK ('gDoLX)/ (Entsalada) nahiago nuke.

I love (chips). /O oJd ('aBUg)/ (Patata frijituak) ikaragarri gustatzen zaizkit.

I’d like (an omelette), please. /OX oOY (Dm 'FloLW) UoAh/ (Tortilla bat) nahiko nuke, mesedez.

Yes, I’d like (some lemonade). /qCg OX oOY (gLl oClL'mCBX)/ Bai, (limoizko freskagarri bat) nahi nuke.

Making SuggestionsWould you like (takeaway)? /rHX qI oOY ('WMYLrM)/ Eramateko (janaria) nahi zenuke?

How about (fish)? /kP LVPW ('cBi)/ Eta (zer iruditzen) (arraina)?

Do you feel like (Chinese food) (tonight)? /XI qI cAo oOY (WiO'mAh cIX) (WLmOW)/ (Janari txinatarra) nahi duzu (gaur gauean)?

(Italian food) is great! /(B'WDoBLm cIX) Bh ZpCBW/ (Janari italiarra) oso ona da!

I don’t really like (Chinese food). /O XNmW pALoi 'oOY (WiOmAh cIX)/ Ez zait gehiegi gustatzen (janari txinatarra).

(Fish) is OK, but I’d prefer (Italian food). /(cBi) Bh NYM VLW OX UpBcK (B'WDoBLm cIX)/ (Arraina) ondo dago, baina nahiago nuke (janari italiarra).

I’m always ready for (pizza). /Ol 'GorCBh pCXi cL (UAWgL)/ Beti nago (pizza) jateko prest.

Let’s try (the Italian restaurant on Oak Street). /oCWg WpO (fL B'WDoBLm pCgWpFmW Fm NY gWpAW)/ Proba dezagun (Oak Street-eko jatetxe italiarra).

That’s a great idea. /fDWg L 'ZpMW OXBL/ Ideia bikaina da hori.

Yes, (takeaway) is fine. /qCg (WMYLrM) Bh 'cOm/ Bai, (eramateko) ondo dago.

Speaking Glossary


unit 2

Asking for InformationWhen does the (festival) start? /rCm XJh fL (cCgWBdo) 'gWEW/ Noiz hasten da (jaialdia)?

What are the (festival) hours? /rFW E fL (cCgWBdo) 'PLh/ Zer ordutegi du (jaialdiak)?

What is there to see and do at the (festival)? /rFW Bh fCL WL gA LmX 'XI DW fL (cCgWBdo)/ Zer dago (jaialdian) ikusteko eta egiteko?

How much do tickets cost? /kP lJa XL 'WBYBWg YFgW/ Zenbat balio dute sarrerek?

Describing PicturesThe painting shows (a family in a bedroom). /fL UCBmWBn iLHh (L cDlLoi Bm L 'VCXpIl)/ Margolanean (familia bat

logela batean) ikus daiteke.

In the painting, we can see (some dancers). /Bm fL UCBmWBn rA Yæm gA (gLl 'XEmgLh)/ Margolanean (dantzari batzuk) ikus ditzakegu.

In the background, there are (some clothes). /Bm fL VæYZpPmX fCL L (gLl 'YoNfh)/ Atzealdean (arropa batzuk) daude.

There are also some (children’s toys) in the painting. /fCL L GogN gLl (WiBoXpLmh 'WQh) Bm fL UCBmWBn/ (Umeen jostailu) batzuk ere badaude argazkian.

A (girl) is wearing (a white hat). /L (ZKo) Bh rCLpBn (L 'rOW kDW)/ (Neska) batek (txapel zuri bat) darama.

unit 3

Responding to RequestsNo, I’m using them (this afternoon). /mN Ol 'qIhBn fCl (fBg EcWLmIm)/ Ez, (gaur arratsaldean) erabiliko ditut.

Sure. I’ll get them for you. /'iHL Oo ZCW fCl cG qI/ Noski. Ekarriko dizkizut.

Of course. It’s in the (garage). /Ld 'YGg BWg Bm fL ('ZDpEj)/ Jakina. (Garajean) dago.

OK. But I need them for (tomorrow). /NYM VLW O mAX fCl cG (WL'lFpN)/ Ondo da. Baina (bihar) behar ditut.

Sorry, but my (sister’s) got it. /gFpi VLW lO ('gBgWLh) ZFW BW/ Sentitzen dut, baina (nire ahizpak) dauka.

No problem. Just return it (next week). /mN 'UpFVoLl bJgW pB'WKm BW (mCYgW rAY)/ Arazorik ez dago. Besterik gabe, (datorren astean) itzul ezazu.

Can I borrow your (skateboard)? /YLm O VFpN qG ('gYMWVGX)/ Har / Erabil al dezaket zure (monopatina)?

Thanks. Can you lend me your (rollerblades), too? /'eDnYg YLm qI oCmX lA qG ('pNoLVoMXh) WI/ Eskerrik asko. Zure (lerroz lerroko patinak) ere utziko dizkidazu?

Can I use your (tennis racket)? /YLm O qIg qG ('WCmBg pDYBW)/ Zure (teniseko erraketa) erabil dezaket?

Oh, never mind. /N 'mCdL lOmX/ Ah, ez da ezer.

Comparing SportsIt’s a (water) sport. It’s more (dangerous) than (swimming) and it’s more (difficult) than (swimming), too. /BWg L ('rGWL)

gUGW BWg lG ('XMmbLpLg) fLm (grBlBn) LmX BWg lG ('XBcBYLoW) fLm (grBlBn) WI / (Uretako) kirola da. (Igeriketa) baino (arriskutsuagoa) da, eta (igeriketa) baino (zailagoa), baita ere.

It’s the (cheapest) and (easiest) sport in the world. /BWg fL ('aAUBgW) LmX (AhiBgW) gUGW Bm fL rKoX/ Munduko kirol (merkeena) eta (errazena) da.

It’s a (winter) sport, but it isn’t as (expensive) as (skiing). /BWg L ('rBmWL) gUGW VLW BW BhmW Dh (BYgUCmgBd) Dh (gYABn)/

(Neguko) kirola da, baina ez da (eskia) bezain (garestia).

It’s the most popular sport in my country. /BWg fL lNgW 'UFUqLoL gUGW Bm lO YJmWpi/ Nire herriko kirolik ezagunena da.

You need a (helmet) to do it, but it’s (safer) than (rollerblading). /qI mAX L ('kColBW) WL XI BW VLW BWg (gMcL) fLm

(pNoLVoMXBn)/ (Kaskoa) behar da praktikatzeko, baina (lerroz lerroko patinajea) baino (seguruagoa) da.

Speaking Glossary


unit 4

At the AirportCan I see your passport, please? /YLm O gA qG 'UEgUGW UoAh/ Zure pasaportea ikus dezaket, mesedez?

How many suitcases have you got? /kP lCmi 'gIWYMgBh kDd qI ZFW/ Zenbat maleta dituzu?

Is the flight on time? /Bh fL coOW Fm 'WOl/ Hegazkina bere orduan aterako da?

You’re in seat (10A). /qHL Bm gAW ('WCm M)/ (10A) jarlekuan zara.

Here’s your boarding pass. /kBLh qG 'VGXBn UEg/ Hemen duzu zure ontziratze-txartela.

I’m on the (6 o’clock) flight to (Tenerife). /Ol Fm fL ('gBYg LYoFY) coOW WL (WCmLpAc)/ (6etako) (Teneriferako) hegaldian bidaiatuko dut.

Have a nice flight. /kLd L mOg 'coOW/ Hegaldi ona izan ezazu.

What’s the gate number? /rFWg fL 'ZMW mJlVL/ Zein da atearen zenbakia?

Talking About a TripWhere did (Paul) go? /'rCL XBX (UGo) ZLH/ Nora joan zen (Paul)?

Who did (he) go with? /kI XBX (kA) 'ZLH rBf/ Norekin joan zen?

How did (they) get there? /kP XBX (fM) 'ZCW fCL/ Nola iritsi ziren hara?

How long did it take (them)? /kP oFn XBX BW 'WMY (fCl)/ Zenbat denbora behar izan zuten?

What did (they) do there? /rFW XBX (fM) 'XI fS/ Zer egin zuten?

What was it like? /rFW rLh BW 'oOY/ Nola joan zen gauza?

unit 5

Talking About Films and TV ProgrammesWhat’s it called? /rFWg BW 'YGoX/ Nola du izena?

What’s it about? /rFWg BW L'VPW/ Zeri buruzkoa da?

Who are the main characters? /kI E fL lCBm 'YDpLYWLh/ Nor dira pertsonaia nagusiak?

Did you like it? /XBX qI 'oOY BW/ Gustatu zitzaizun?

What type of film is it? /rFW WOU Ld 'cBol Bh BW/ Zer motatako pelikula da?

Describing Past EventsWhat happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Zer gertatu zen?

Where did it happen? /rCL XBX BW 'kæULm/ Non gertatu zen?

What was (the girl) doing? /rFW rLh (fL ZKo) 'XIBn/ Zer ari zen egiten (neska)?

What did (she) look like? /rFW XBX (iA) 'oHY oOY/ Zer itxura zuen?

How do you think (she) felt? /kP XL qI eBnY (iA) 'cCoW/ Nola uste duzu sentitu zela?

unit 6

Expressing OpinionsI think those (earrings) are (beautiful). /O eBnY fNh (BLpBnh) E ('VqIWBco)/ Uste dut (belarritako horiek) (zoragarriak)

direla.

I don’t like that (tie). I think it’s too (dark). /O XNmW oOY fDW ('WO) O eBnY BWg WI ('XEY)/ Ez zait (gorbata) hori gustatzen. (Ilunegia) dela uste dut.

In my opinion, this (coat) is (extraordinary). /Bm lO L'UBmqLm fBg (YNW) Bh (BYgWpGXLmpi)/ Nire iritziz, (beroki hau) (aparta) da.

I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Ados nago.

Well, I disagree. /rCo O 'XBgLZpA/ Beno, ez nago ados.

You’re right. /qHL 'pOW/ Arrazoi duzu.

Speaking Glossary


Giving AdviceMy advice is to (wear trainers) for (school). /lO LX'dOg Bh WL (rCL WpMmLh) cL (gYIo)/ Nire aholkua (eskolarako)

(kiroletako oinetakoak eramatea) da.

It’s a good idea to (wear a coat) in (winter). /BWg L 'ZHX OXR WL (rCL L YNW) Bm (rBmWL)/ Ideia ona da (lberokia eramatea) (neguan).

It isn’t a good idea to (buy tight shoes). /BW 'BhmW L ZHX OXR WL (VO WOW iIh)/ Ez da ideia ona (zapata estuak erostea).

You should definitely (wear trendy clothes). /qI iLX 'XCcBmLWoi (rCL WpCmXi YoNfh)/ Zalantzarik gabe (arropa modernoa jantzi behar zenuke).

You shouldn’t (buy uncomfortable clothing). /qI 'iHXmW (VO JmYJlcWLVo YoNfBn)/ Ez zenuke (arropa deserosoa erosi) behar.

In my experience, (casual) clothes are best for (school). /Bm 'lO BYgUBLpiLmg (YæjHLo) YoNfh E VCgW cL (gYIo)/ Nire esperientziaren arabera, arropa (informala) da (eskolarako) onena.

unit 7

Talking About PlansWhere are you going (this weekend)? /'rCL E qI ZNBn (fBg rAYCmX)/ Nora zoaz (aste-bukaera honetan)?

Who is going with you? /'kI Bh ZLHBn rBf qI/ Nor doa zurekin?

How are you going to get there? /kP E qI ZLHBn WL 'ZCW fCL/ Nola iritsiko zarete hara?

What are you going to do there? /rFW L qI ZLHBn WL 'XI fS/ Zer egingo duzue han?

What time are you going? /rFW WOl L qI 'ZLHBn/ Zer ordutan zoazte?

Making PredictionsWhere will people live in (20 years)? /'rCL rBo UAUo oBd Bm (WrCmWi qRh)/ Non biziko da jendea (20 urte) barru?

Do you think children will go to school? /XI qI eBnY WiBoXpLm rBo ZLH WL 'gYIo/ Umeak eskolara joango direla uste duzu?

How long do you think people will live? /kP oFn XI qI eBnY UAUo rBo 'oBd/ Zenbat denbora uste duzu biziko dela jendea?

Will people have (pets)? /rBo UAUo kDd ('UCWg)/ Jendeak (maskotak) edukiko ditu?

How will people get from place to place? /kP rBo UAUo ZCW cpLl 'UoMg WL UoMg/ Nola joango da jendea leku batetik bestera?

I predict they’ll (study at home). /O UpBXBYW fMo (gWJXi LW 'kNl)/ (Etxean ikasiko dutela) sumatzen dut.

Maybe they’ll (build houses in trees). /lMVi fMo (VBoX kPgBh Bm 'WpAh)/ Agian (zuhaitzetan eraikiko dituzte etxeak).

Probably about (100 years). /UpFVLVoi LVPW (L kJmXpLX 'qRh)/ Baliteke (100 urte) inguru.

unit 8

Giving Directionsturn right /WKm 'pOW/ hartu eskuinera

go straight /ZLH 'gWpMW/ jarrai zuzen

cross the street /YpFg fL 'gWpAW/ gurutzatu kalea

turn left /WKm 'oCcW/ jira egin / hartu ezkerrera

Excuse me. I'm lost. Can you help me? /BY'gYqIg lA Ol 'oFgW YLm qI 'kCoU lA/ Barkatu, galduta nago. Lagunduko didazu?

Certainly. Where do you want to go? /'gKWmoi rCL XL qI rFmW WL 'ZLH/ Jakina. Nora joan nahi duzu?

How do I get there? /kP XI O 'ZCW fCL/ Nola irits naiteke bertara?

You’ll see the (theatre) on the (left), opposite the (department store). /qIo gA fL (eBLWL) Fm fL ('oCcW) FULhBW fL

(XB'UEWlLmW gWG)/ (Antzokia) ikusiko duzu (ezkerrera), (biltoki handien) pare-parean.

Speaking Glossary


Talking About ExperiencesHave you ever (picked up someone else's rubbish)? /kDd qI CdL (UBYW JU gJlrJm CogBh 'pJVBi)/ Inoiz jaso duzu (beste

norbaiten zaborra)?

Have you (walked to school) recently? /kDd qI (rGYW WL gYIo) 'pAgLmWoi/ Azkenaldian (joan zara oinez eskolara)?

Have you (had lunch) yet? /kDd qI (kDX 'oJma) qCW/ (Bazkaldu) duzu jada?

Have you (lived in the same house) since (you were born)? /kDd qI (oBdX Bm fL gMl kPg) gBmg (qI rL 'VGm)/ (Etxe berean bizi) izan zara (jaio zinenetik)?

Have you ever been to (the theatre)? /kDd qI CdL VAm WL (fL 'eBLWL)/ Inoiz izan zara (antzerkian)?

Have you (used your mobile phone) yet today? /kDd qI (qIhX qG lNVOo 'cNm) qCW WLXM/ (Erabili duzu mugikorra) gaur jada?

unit 9

Agreeing and DisagreeingI think you’re wrong. /O eBnY qHL 'pFn/ Oker zaudela / Arrazoirik ez duzula uste dut.

That’s true. /fDWg 'WpI/ Hori egia da.

I disagree. /O 'XBgLZpA/ Ez nator bat.

You’re right. /qHL 'pOW/ Arrazoi duzu.

I don’t think so. /O XNmW 'eBnY gN/ Ez dut uste.

I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Ados nago. / Bat nator.

Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Seguru. / Dudarik ez.

That’s a good point. /fDWg L 'ZHX UQmW/ Horretan arrazoi duzu.

No way! /mN 'rM/ Ezta pentsatu ere!

Not necessarily. /mFW mCgL'gCpLoi/ Ez nahitaez.

Talking About InventionsWho was it invented by? /'kI rLh BW BmdCmWBX VO/ Nork asmatu zuen?

When was it invented? /'rCm rFh BW BmdCmWBX/ Noiz asmatu zen?

Where was it invented? /'rCL rFh BW BmdCmWBX/ Non asmatu zen?

What was it used for? /rFW rLh BW 'qIhX cG/ Zertarako erabili zen?

Why was it special? /rO rLh BW 'gUCio/ Zergatik izan zen berezia?

Speaking Glossary


to be, have got

There is / There are

Present Simple

To be aditzak “izan / egon” eta batzuetan “eduki” esangura du. Orainaldian hiru forma ditu: am, is eta are. Horiek laburbildu egiten dira pertsona-izenordain subjektuarekin hitz egiterakoan. Ezezkoa osatzeko not partikula gehitzen zaie hiru forma horiei, edo n’t laburbildua is eta are formei. Galderetan aditza subjektuaren aurretik joaten da. Erantzun motzak pertsona-izenordain subjektuarekin eta to be aditzarekin osatzen dira, baiezkoak laburbiltzeke joango dira, eta ezezkoak not partikularekin laburbilduta.

Are they at the bank? No, they aren’t. They’re at the cinema. (Banketxean daude? Ez, zineman.)

Have got aditzak “eduki” esan nahi du, eta norbaitek edo zerbaitek duena adierazteko edo berorien ezaugarriak azaltzeko erabiltzen da. Baiezkoan bi forma ditu: have got eta has got. Ezezko formari not edo forma laburbildua n’t (haven’t / hasn’t) gehitzen zaio. Galderak osatzeko Have / Has + subjektua + got hurrenkera erabiltzen da. Erantzun motzetan pertsona-izenordain subjektua eta have / haven’t ala has / hasn’t erabiltzen dira, got gabe.

Have you got a pig? No, I haven’t, but I’ve got a rabbit. (Txerri bat daukazu? Ez, baina untxi bat dut.)

There is eta There are esamoldeek “dago” eta “daude” esangura dute. There is izen zenbakarri singularren edo zenbakaitzen aurrean joaten da. There are izen zenbakarri pluralen aurretik.

There is a snake in the desert. (Suge bat dago basamortuan.) There is cheese in the sandwich. (Gazta dago sandwichean.) There are books in the library. (Liburuak daude liburutegian.)

Ezezkoa osatzen da is eta are aditzei not partikula edo forma laburtua gehituz.

There are not / aren’t T-shirts in the shop. (Ez dago elastikorik dendan.)

Galderak aditzarekin hasten dira, Is / Are kokatuz there aurretik. Erantzun motzetan ohiko hurrenkerara itzultzen gara, eta ezezko erantzunetan forma laburbilduak erabiltzen dira.

Is there beef on the menu? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. (Txahalik badago kartan? Bai. / Ez.)

Present Simple aditz-denbora erabiltzen da ohiturak eta egia orokorrak adierazteko, gustu, iritzi eta ordutegiei buruz hitz egiteko. Maiz, honako denbora-esamolde hauekin erabiltzen da: every day (egunero), at night (gauean), on + asteko eguna pluralean, etab. Esaldiaren hasieran edo bukaeran ager daitezke guztiak; bukaeran, hala ere, sarriago ikusiko ditugu. Maiztasun-adberbio hauek ere sarri erabiltzen dira: always (beti), usually (normalean), often (maiz), sometimes (batzuetan), rarely (gutxitan) eta never (inoiz ez).

I always play tennis with my brother. (Beti jokatzen dut tenisean nire anaiarekin.) Surfing is a water sport. (Surfa uretako kirola da.) I love strawberries. (Marrubiak ikaragarri gustatzen zaizkit.) The post office opens at 9.00. (Postetxea 9.00etan zabaltzen dute.)

Baiezko era aditzaren oinarrizko forma bezalakoxea da, to gabeko infinitiboa, singularreko 3. pertsonan izan ezik, honi -s gehitzen baitiogu, eta, batzuetan, aditzaren bukaeraren arabera, -es:

• ss, sh, ch edo x batez bukatutakoei: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes teach ➝ teaches mix ➝ mixes

• o batez bukatutakoei: do ➝ does go ➝ goes

• Kontsonantea + y bukaeradunei y kendu eta i jarriko zaie, -es gehitu aurretik: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries

Ezezko era aditzaren aurretik don’t / doesn’t kokatuz osatzen da.

I don’t play basketball. (Ez dut saskibaloian jokatzen.)

Galderak Do / Does + subjektua + aditza hurrenkera jarraituz osatzen dira. Erantzun motzetan, pertsona-izenordain subjektua + do / does ala don’t / doesn’t erabiliko dugu, erantzunaren arabera.

Do you like skiing? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Surfa gustatzen zaizu? Bai. / Ez.)

Galderak galdetzailea badu, hori kokatuko dugu lehenik do / does aurretik.

Where do you buy medicine? (Non erosten dituzu botikak?)


introduction

Grammar Appendix

Grammar Appendix

Present Continuous

Present Continuous aditz-aldiak adierazten du hitz egiteko unean nahiz une horren inguruan gertatzen ari dena. Sarritan, honako denbora-esamolde hauekin ikusiko dugu: at the moment (une honetan), now (orain), right now (oraintxe bertan), today (gaur), etab. Esamolde horiek guztiak esaldiaren hasieran nola bukaeran ager daitezke, bukaeran ohikoagoak izan arren.

Barry is swimming in the river. (Barry ibaian igeri egiten ari da.)

Baiezko era to be aditzaren orainaldiarekin + -ing bukaera daraman aditz batekin osatzen da. Honako kasu hauetan, -ing bukaera gehitzerakoan, ortografia-arau hauek jarraitu behar dira:

• e mutuaz amaituek e hori galtzen dute: arrive ➝ arriving

• Silababakarrekoek,amaieranbokala+kontsonanteadutenek,kontsonantehoribikoiztendute: put ➝ putting

• Bisilabadunek,bigarrenaazentuduna,azkenkontsonanteabikoiztendute: refer ➝ referring begin ➝ beginning

• l batez amaitzen diren bi silabadunek, hizki hori bikoizten dute: travel ➝ travelling

• ie amaiera dutenei, ie amaiera y bilakatuko zaie: die ➝ dying

Ezezko era osatzeko not partikula gehitzen zaie am, is eta are aditzei, edo n’t laburbildua is eta are formei.

Your sister isn’t wearing the red dress. (Zure arrebak ez darama soineko gorria.)

Galderak osatzeko, to be aditza + subjektua + -ing amaieradun aditz bat erabiliko ditugu. Baiezko erantzun motzetan, pertsona-izenordain subjektua eta jarraian am, is edo are erabiliko ditugu; ezezkoetan, ordea, is eta are laburbiduta joaten dira not partikularekin.

Is he playing tennis at the moment? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. (Tenisean jokatzen ari al da une honetan? Bai. / Ez.)

Galdera galdetzaile batez osatua badago, hori joango da lehenik, eta gero am / is / are.

What is he doing now? (Zer ari da egiten orain?)

Check Yourself! 1 Choose the correct answer.

1. It has got / is / am cloudy today.

2. I have got / has got / am six cousins.

3. You have got / Have you got / Are you a new jacket?

4. The chemist’s aren’t / are / isn’t on Green Street.

5. They are / Are they / They aren’t at the cinema?

6. A bear hasn’t got / haven’t got / have got a long tail.

7. There are / There is / Are there five oranges in my bag.

8. There is / Are there / Is there a café near your house?

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple. 1. He usually (wear) jeans and a T-shirt.

2. they often (meet) at this café?

3. Rob (not like) cabbage.

4. I (play) tennis twice a week.

5. Tyler always (ride) her bike to school?

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous. 1. I (go) rollerblading right now.

2. you (watch) a film at the moment?

3. Look at the monkey. It (jump) from tree to tree.

4. I (not use) my calculator right now. You can use it.

5. Where Dad (work) now? Answers, see page 32


Grammar Appendix

Kuantifikatzaileak

1 Complete the chart with the words below. Use a / an or some.

avocado•omelette•carrot•flour•icecream•sugar spinach•bacon•biscuit•water•olive•cherry

Kuantifikatzaileak kopuru zehaztugabeei buruz hitz egiteko erabiltzen dira.

• a / an (bat) izen zenbakarri singularren aurrean erabiltzen da, hiztunak ezagutzen ez duen izena denean. Ondoren daraman izen hori bokalez hasten bada, an erabiliko da.

I have got a biscuit. (Galleta bat dut.) There is an avocado. (Ahuakate bat dago.)

• some (batzuk, pixka bat [edo ez da itzultzen]) izen zenbakarri pluralekin eta zenbakaitzekin erabiltzen da.

We’ve got some apples. (Sagarrak / Sagar batzuk ditugu.) There is some coffee. (Kafea / Kafe pixka bat dago.)

• any izen zenbakarri pluralekin eta zenbakaitzekin erabiltzen da. Ezezko esaldietan “batere, ezer” esangura du, edo ez da itzultzen. Galderetan “-rik” itzultzen da.

There aren’t any sausages. (Ez dago saltxitxarik.) Have you got any tuna? (Atunik baduzu?)

• a lot of (asko, pila) izen zenbakarri pluralekin eta zenbakaitzekin erabiltzen da.

I eat a lot of oranges. (Laranja asko jaten ditut.) There is a lot of food. (Janari asko dago.)

• many (asko) izen zenbakarri pluralekin erabiltzen da.

There are many tomatoes in the fridge. (Tomate asko daude hozkailuan.)

• much (asko) ezezko esaldietan nahiz galderetan eta izen zenbakaitzekin bakarrik erabiltzen da.

I haven’t got much time. (Ez daukat denbora asko.)

• How much? (Zenbat?) izen zenbakarri pluralen aurrean erabiltzen da. To be aditzarekin erabiltzen denean, prezioa galdetzeko balio du.

How much fruit do you want? (Zenbat fruta nahi duzu?) How much is a kilo of apples? (Zenbat balio du sagar kilo batek?)

• How many? (Zenbat?) izen zenbakarri pluralekin bakarrik joaten da.

How many tomatoes do you need for the salad? (Zenbat tomate behar dituzu entsaladarako?)

The artikuluak kuantifikatzaileen antzeko erabilera du. The artikuluak -a, -ak, -ek esangura du, eta izen zenbakarriekin eta zenbakaitzekin erabiltzen da; hiztunarentzat ezaguna den izen baten aurrean erabiltzen da.

I’ve got some pizzas. The pizzas are from the supermarket. (Pizza batzuk ditut. Pizzak supermerkatukoak dira.)

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

Singular Plural

an avocado some avocados


unit 1

Grammar Appendix

a lot of

2 Choose the correct answer.

1. There is a fantastic film at the cinema. I want to see film.

a. some b. the c. any

2. There isn’t sugar in my coffee.

a. a b. an c. any

3. I want to eat croissant and some hot chocolate.

a. a b. an c. some

4. There is muesli. Do you want some?

a. many b. a lot of c. much

5. I want water, please.

a. a b. an c. some

6. This is a popular film. people want to see it.

a. Much b. Many c. Any

3 Complete the sentences with the words below. Use each word once.

a•an•alotof•some•much•any•many

1. There is chocolate ice cream – two boxes!

2. Are there calories in a cheeseburger with bacon?

3. There’s new café on Oxford Street.

4. I always have orange juice in the morning.

5. I don’t want olives on my pizza.

6. There is umbrella in the cupboard.

7. Don’t use all the milk. There isn’t milk in the fridge.

4 Complete the questions with How much or How many.

1. sugar do you want in your coffee?

2. calories are there in a chocolate bar?

3. time do you need?

4. money have you got?

5. people are there on the bus?

Check Yourself!Choose the correct answers.

1. How much / How many milk do you buy every week?

2. There aren’t some / any tomatoes in the salad.

3. There isn’t much / many time before the exam.

4. How much / How many cucumbers do you need for the salad?

5. There are a lot of / much nuts in the cake.

6. He’s got a / the new smartphone.

7. There is any / some butter on the toast.

8. I'm having an / a omelette for breakfast.

Answers, see page 32


Grammar Appendix

Present Simple eta Present Continuous aditz-denboren arteko aldea

Present Simple ohiko ekintzez hitz egiteko erabiltzen da; Present Continuous, kontrara, hitz egiteko unean gertatzen ari dena deskribatzeko.

I usually make pottery, but now I’m making a sculpture. (Normalean zeramika egiten dut, baina gaur eskultura bat egiten ari naiz.)

Denbora-esamoldeek lagunduko dute aditz-denbora bat bestearengandik bereizten.

Aditz “estatikoak”

Aditz estatikoak erabiltzen dira gustuak, sentimenduak eta desioak, buruko ekintzak, jabetza eta pertzepzioa adierazteko. Egoerak adierazten dituzte, eta ez ekintzak; horregatik, ez dira Present Continuous aldiarekin erabiltzen.

She likes art. (Hari artea gustatzen zaio.)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple.

1. I often (draw) pictures of hands.

2. My parents (not understand) modern art.

3. Julia (study) art twice a week.

4. He (not want) to go to the art exhibition.

5. you (like) painting?

6. Jim (take) photographs for newspapers?

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous.

1. Look! They (paint) a mural on that wall.

2. Shhh! I (watch) my favourite TV programme.

3. she (use) the computer at the moment?

4. You (not listen) to me now.

5. you (draw) sketches in the art lesson now?

6. He (not study) right now, so he can help us.


1. Do you eat / Are you eating dinner together every evening?

2. Right now she is sitting / sits next to me in class.

3. I often am losing / lose my pencils.

4. Hilda and I don’t speak / aren’t speaking at the moment.

5. Many people don’t think / aren’t thinking graffiti is art.

6. Are you reading / Do you read any good books at the moment?

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. He (not like) Alice’s paintings.

2. Right now, I (wait) for you at the museum.

3. The sculptor (work) now.

4. She usually (use) bright colours.

5. At the moment, the students (not sit) in the classroom.

6. I (not need) the dictionary right now.


unit 2

Grammar Appendix

5 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. you / use / the camera / right now

2. why / Dave / sit / at my desk / today

3. what / they / do / at the moment

4. you / like / Dalí’s paintings

5. when / the museum / open / on Sundays

6. who / Mum / talk to / right now

7. how / you / know / my name

8. where / the art teacher / usually / keep / the paintbrushes

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences below with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. Right now, we (do) a photography project in art class.

2. Mr Larson (not own) this art gallery.

3. you (make) a mosaic now?

4. they always (study) art on Tuesday?

5. Right now, they (not watch) TV.

6. Myra often (go) to the museum?

7. That graffiti artist (paint) a picture on the wall of our school now.

8. Mark usually (paint) in his studio, but at the moment he (sketch) in the garden.



Grammar Appendix

Konparatiboa eta superlatiboa

1 Complete the sentences with the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets.

1. Skateboarding is (dangerous) walking.

2. Russia is (big) Canada.

3. A train is (fast) a bus.

4. Running is (safe) rollerblading.

5. Trainers are (expensive) a T-shirt.

2 Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets.

1. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is (tall) building in the world.

2. (expensive) trainers in the world cost $50,000.

3. (fast) car in the world can go 430 kilometres an hour.

4. August is usually (hot) month of the year.

5. The Ironman is one of (difficult) races in the world.

3 Write sentences with as … as or not as … as and the words below. Use the correct form of the verb to be.

1. The snowboard and the skateboard cost £70 each.

The snowboard / expensive / skateboard

2. New York is bigger than Amsterdam.

Amsterdam / big / New York

3. Both an ostrich and a zebra can run 80 kilometres an hour.

zebra / fast / ostrich

4. Broccoli is healthier than crisps.

crisps / healthy / broccoli

The snowboard is as expensive as the

skateboard.

Nagusitasun konparaketa erabiltzen da bi gauza, animalia edo pertsona erkatzeko, batak bestea ezaugarriren batean gainditzen duela adieraziz. Egoki osatzeko, kontuan izan behar dugu darabilgun adjektiboaren luzera:

• Adjektibomotzei(silababakarrekoeiedoy bukaera duten bikoei) -er bukaera gehituko diegu, eta ondoren than partikula eramango du.

Skis are longer than snowboards. (Eskiak snowboardeko taulak baino luzeagoak dira.)

• Adjektiboluzeakberdingelditzendira,bainaaurretikmore eta ondoren than eramango dute. Tennis is more exciting than volleyball. (Tenisa boleibola baino zirraragarriagoa da.)

Berdintasun konparaketa honela eratzen da, (not) as + adjektiboa + as, eta “(ez) bezain + adjektiboa” itzultzen da.

Elbow pads are as cheap as kneepads. (Ukondoko babesak belaunetako babesak bezain merkeak dira.)Rafael Nadal is not as tall as Pau Gasol. (Rafael Nadal ez da Pau Gasol bezain altua.)

Superlatiboko forma erabiltzen da pertsona, gauza edo animalia bi baino gehiago erkatzeko eta bat besteetatik nabarmentzen dela adierazteko. Hemen ere kontuan izan behar dugu adjektiboaren luzera:

• Motzabada(silababatekoaedoy amaieradun bikoa) -est amaiera gehituko diogu, eta aurretik the artikulua.

You’re the tallest person in the team. (Taldeko pertsonarik altuena zara.)

• Adjektiboluzeekezdutealdaketarikizaten,bainaaurretikthe most eramaten dute. Football is the most popular sport in the UK. (Futbola da Erresuma Batuko kirolik ezagunena.)

-er / -est amaiera gehitzeko ortografia-arauak:

- e mutuaz amaitzen bada, -r edo -st bakarrik gehitzen zaio: wide ➝ wider, nice ➝ nicest

- Silaba bakarrekoa izanda, bokala + kontsonantea baditu amaieran, kontsonante hori bikoiztu egiten da: big ➝ bigger, fat ➝ fattest - Kontsonantea + y amaieradun 2 silabakoa bada, y hori i batez ordezten da:

heavy ➝ heavier, pretty ➝ prettiest, baina shy ➝ shyer, shyest

Adjektibo irregularren konparatibozko eta superlatibozko formak buruz ikasi behar dira.good ➝ better ➝ the best (ona, hobe, onen); bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (txar, okerrago, okerren)


unit 3

Grammar Appendix

too … / (not) … enough

Too adjektiboen aurrean joaten da, adjektiboak adierazten duen ezaugarria gehiegizkoa dela azalduz. Euskaraz adjektiboak bukaeran daraman “-egi” esangura du.

Mike is too lazy to play sport. (Mike alferregia da kirola egiteko.)It’s too hot to play tennis. (Bero handiegia egiten du tenisean jolasteko.)

Kontrara, enough adjektiboen ondoren kokatzen da, eta “aski” edo “nahiko” esangura du.

She’s tall enough to play basketball. (Saskibaloian jolasteko aski altua da.)

Eta not + adjektiboa + enough egiturak “ez behar bezainbeste” adiera du.

David is not tall enough to play volleyball. (David ez da behar bezain altua saskibaloian jokatzeko.)

He didn’t consider me good enough for his football team. (Bere futbol talderako ez nintzela behar bezain ona zeritzon.)

4 Complete the sentences with too … / (not) … enough and the adjectives in brackets.

1. I want to be a doctor, but my marks at school are . (good)

2. I don’t like Indian food. It’s for me. (spicy)

3. Annie is 18. She is (old) to get a driving licence.

4. I don’t like romance movies. They are (sentimental) for me.

5. This book is 500 pages. It’s (long) for me.

6. These shoes are size 37 and I wear size 38. They are (big) for me.

Check Yourself!1. Norman is 1.70 metres tall. Sam is 1.72 metres

tall.

a. Norman is shorter than Sam.

b. Norman is as tall as Sam.

c. Norman is taller than Sam.

2. Mark and John play basketball better than the other students.

a. They are the worst players in the class.

b. They are not as good as the other students.

c. They are the best players in the class.

3. These trainers are size 41 and I wear size 40.

a. These trainers are too small for me.

b. These trainers are not big enough for me.

c. These trainers are too big for me.

4. The red shoes are prettier than the pink ones.

a. The red shoes are uglier than the pink ones.

b. The pink shoes aren’t as pretty as the red ones.

c. The pink shoes are the prettiest.

5. Mark is the tallest boy in our class.

a. Everyone in the class is taller than Mark.

b. Everyone in the class is shorter than Mark.

c. Everyone in the class is as tall as Mark.

6. This bag is too small for a laptop.

a. The bag is big enough for a laptop.

b. The bag is too big for a laptop.

c. The bag isn’t big enough for a laptop.

7. Gina’s Café has always got a lot of customers. The Metro Café is always empty.

a. Gina’s Café is the most popular café in town.

b. The Metro Café is as popular as Gina’s.

c. Gina’s Café is more popular than the Metro.

8. I think that apples are the most delicious fruit.

a. Apples are more delicious than bananas.

b. Apples aren’t as delicious as bananas.

c. Bananas are as delicious as apples.


Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentence in bold.


Grammar Appendix

1 Complete the sentences below. Use the Past Simple.

1. We (go) on a tour of London.

2. Yesterday, I (take) some beautiful pictures in the park.

3. They (hike) up the Pennine Mountains.

4. Alice and I (not play) tennis yesterday.

5. We (not see) a film last week.

2 Write questions in the Past Simple.

1. when / they / live / in Australia

2. you / call / Sandra / last night

3. what / you / eat / for dinner / yesterday

4. where / she / get / those / cool boots

5. why / they / leave / early / this morning

Past Simple

Past Simple aldia erabiltzen da iraganeko une zehatz batean gertatutakoa adierazteko eta gertakizunak iraganean kontatzeko. Horregatik, ekintza noiz gertatu zen adieraziko duen denbora-esamolderen bat egoten da esaldian: ago (orain dela) denbora-esamoldearen amaieran, yesterday (atzo), last month (joan den hilean), etab. Guztiak perpausaren hasieran nahiz bukaeran jar daitezke, baina ohikoagoak dira bukaeran.

I went to New York last month. (New Yorkera joan nintzen joan den hilean.)

Aditz erregularren Past Simple aldia aditzari -ed erantsiz osatzen da. Horretarako, ordea, arreta jarri behar zaie ortografia-arau hauei:

• Aditzae mutuaz amaitzen bada, -d gehituko diogu soilik: invite ➝ invited dance ➝ danced

• Kontsonantea + y amaieraduna bada, y hori i bilakatzen da: try ➝ tried cry ➝ cried

• Aditzasilababakarrekoabadaetabokala + w edo x ez den kontsonantea baditu amaieran, kontsonante hau bikoiztu egiten da:

plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped pero fix ➝ fixed

• Bisilabakoabadaetabigarrenaazentuduna,azkenkontsonanteabikoiztenda: prefer ➝ preferred pero listen ➝ listened

• l batez amaitzen bada, hizki hori bikoizten da: travel ➝ travelled

Aditz irregularrak desberdinak dira, eta buruz ikasi behar dira lehenaldiko formak (ikus 33-34 orriak).

Ezezko era aditzaren aurretik didn’t ezarriz osatzen da, eta berdina da singularreko nahiz pluraleko pertsona guztientzat.

Julie didn’t bring her passport. (Juliek ez zuen bere pasaportea ekarri.)

Galderak osatzeko, Did + subjektua + aditzoina da hurrenkera. Erantzun motzetan pertsona-izenordain subjektua + did / didn’t erabiliko dugu, erantzunaren arabera.

Did you live in Paris? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Parisen bizi izan zinen? Bai. / Ez.)

Galdetzailez osatutako galderetan, galdetzailea kokatuko da lehenik, eta did ondoren.

Where did you meet her? (Non ezagutu zenuen bera?)

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple.

1. Yesterday, we (sail) from Cyprus to Rhodes.

2. they (help) you on Saturday?

3. Alex (not play) in the game because he was ill.

4. She (send) me a text message ten minutes ago.

5. Where she (find) that ugly dog?

6. you (remember) to take your passport?

7. I (not take) my phone charger.

8. Last year, I (buy) a beautiful jacket in Italy.



unit 4

Grammar Appendix

There was / There were

There is eta There are egituren lehenaldiko formak dira. Horrenbestez, “zegoen” eta “zeuden” esangura dute. Bata singularra da eta bestea pluralerako forma.

There was egiturak gauza bat zegoela adierazten du, eta gauza hori izen zenbakarri singularra edo zenbakaitza izan daiteke.

There was a swamp in the forest. (Zingira bat zegoen basoan.)There was some sun cream in the bag. (Eguzkitako krema zegoen poltsan.)

There were aldaerak, berriz, bi gauza edo gehiago zeudela adierazten du, eta, horrenbestez, izen zenbakarri pluralekin erabiltzen da.There were caves in the forest. (Haitzuloak zeuden basoan.)

Ezezko formak osatzeko not partikula gehitzen da, edo n’t laburbildua (wasn’t / weren’t).There weren’t any clothes in the suitcase. (Ez zegoen arroparik maletan.)

Galderak osatzeko Was / Were erabiliko da lehenbizi, eta there ondoren. Erantzun motzetan, betiko hurrenkerara joko dugu, eta ezezkoak badira forma laburtuak erabiliko ditugu.

Were there any waterfalls in the river? Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t.(Ur-jauzirik bazegoen ibaian? Bai. / Ez.)

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of There was or There were.

1. I saw many interesting animals in Kenya. lions, elephants, zebras and giraffes.

2. a good tent at the shop, but it was very expensive.

3. The stadium was full. any empty seats.

4. any tuna, so I made you a cheese sandwich.

5. a lot of people at the photography exhibition in the park?


1. There was / There were an excellent film at the cinema last week.

2. There was / There were some interesting people at the party.

3. Was there / Were there oranges at the supermarket?

4. There wasn’t / There weren’t many people at the football match.

5. There was / There were a lot of work to do before the party.

6. There was / Was there a travel guide about Thailand in the bookshop?

7. There weren’t / There wasn’t any buses yesterday because of the snowstorm.

8. There were / There was a lot of children at the park on Saturday.



Grammar Appendix

Past Continuous

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1. They (play) football in the park at 3.00.

2. We (eat) breakfast on Saturday morning.

3. I (not watch) the news at 8.00.

4. The electrician (work) in our flat all morning.

5. The girls (use) the tennis court yesterday afternoon.

2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Continuous.

1. they / jog / in the park at 5.00

2. why / he / cry

3. you / sit / next to Dana / during the exam

4. what / they / do / outside the school / last night

5. why / the detective / take pictures of our shoes

Past Continuous aldia erabiltzen da lehenaldiko une zehatz batean gertatzen ari zena kontatzeko eta lehenaldiko ekintza luze eta aldibereko bi edo gehiago deskribatzeko, horiek while edo as bitartez lotuta doazelarik.

Maiz, honako denbora-esamolde hauekin lagunduta joaten da: ago (orain dela) denbora-esamoldearen amaieran, at + ordua, last night (bart), yesterday morning / afternoon (atzo goizean / arratsaldean), etab. Esaldiaren hasieran nahiz bukaeran ager daitezke, baina gehiagotan ikusiko ditugu bukaeran.

Baiezko era was / were + -ing bukaera daraman aditzarekin eratzen da.

I was watching a documentary yesterday afternoon. (Dokumental bat ikusten ari nintzen atzo arratsaldean.)

We were watching TV while she was reading a book. (Telebista ikusten ari ginen, bera liburua irakurtzen ari zen bitartean.)

Ezezko era osatzeko, not partikula edo n’t laburtua ezarriko dugu was / were (wasn’t eta weren’t) aditzen ondoren.

The police officers weren’t examining the house last night. (Poliziak ez ziren ari etxea aztertzen atzo gauean.)

Galderetarako, Was / Were + subjektua + -ing daraman aditza dugu hurrenkera. Erantzun laburretan, pertsona-izenordain subjektua jartzen da, eta was / were edo wasn’t / weren’t.

Was he wearing black clothes? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. (Arropa beltza al zeraman? Bai. / Ez.)

Galderak galdetzailea badarama, berori doa aurrena, eta jarraian was / were.

What were you doing at ten o'clock? (Zer ari zinen egiten hamarrak puntuan?)

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1. I (walk) the dog when it started to rain.

2. Alice (sleep) when the fire started?

3. He (not use) the phone when the accident happened.

4. What you (do) at 9.00 last night?

5. David and I (chat) online at midnight.

6. Alexis and Alan (have) dinner at 8.00?

7. Nellie (not wear) her school uniform when I saw her.

8. The detective (take) pictures when he saw something strange.



unit 5

Grammar Appendix

Past Simple eta Past Continuous aditz-denboren arteko aldea


1. Matt drove / was driving a red car when I saw him.

2. While Oliver was tidying his room, he found / was finding some money.

3. I saw a strange man while I walked / was walking in the park.

4. The men were working on our street when I was leaving / left home.

5. While we were working / worked in the garden, they were making dinner.

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

1. While they (wait) for the train, they bought magazines.

2. it (snow) when you arrived in New York City?

3. Mathew (call) while we were having dinner.

4. I was shopping when I (lose) my wallet.

5. The students (not read) the article when the headmaster came in.

Past Simple aditz-denborak adierazten du ekintza esaldian zehazturiko denboran hasi eta bukatu zela; Past Continuous izenekoak, kontrara, iraganean gertatzen ari ziren ekintza luzeak deskribatzen ditu.

She watched a James Bond film last night. (James Bonden pelikula bat ikusi zuen atzo gauean.)He was reading a book yesterday afternoon. (Liburu bat irakurtzen ari zen atzo arratsaldean.)

Ekintza luze bat gertatzen ari zen bitartean, zerbait gertatu zela adierazteko, bi aditz-aldiak elkarrekin ikusiko ditugu. Ekintza laburrenarekin when erabiltzen da, eta aditza Past Simple aldian; aldiz, ekintza luzearekin while edo as juntagailuak eta Past Continuous aditz-aldia.

When the police arrived, the thief was escaping through the window. (Polizia iritsi zenean, lapurra leihotik ihes egiten ari zen.)

The police arrived while the thief was escaping through the window. (Polizia iritsi zen, lapurra leihotik ihes egiten ari zela.)

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

1. We (eat) dinner when Alex (send) me a text message.

2. Grace (fall) while she (ride) her bike?

3. The monkeys (play) while we (watch) them.

4. We (see) a good film while we (fly) to Sydney.

5. When they (leave) the house, the baby (not sleep).

6. you (walk) to school when you (get) my message?

7. While Kim and Jackie (make) pottery, Dean (paint).

8. While I (sleep) on the train, someone (take) my backpack.



Grammar Appendix

Moduzko aditzak

1 Complete the sentences below with should or shouldn’t.

1. Students wear high heels at school.

2. Everyone drink a lot of water on a hot day.

3. Max doesn’t know anything about computers. He give people advice.

4. You wear flip-flops at a wedding.

5. That dress is beautiful. You wear it for the party.

Aditz laguntzaileak dira; horrenbestez, oinarrizko forman doan (to gabeko infinitiboa) aditza daramate ondoan. Ez dira jokatzen, beraz, ez zaio 3. pertsona singularrari -s gehituko. Ezezko era osatzeko, aski da moduzko aditzari not partikula edo n’t laburtua gehitzea, eta galderak osatzeko moduzko aditza + subjektua + aditza oinarrizko forma dugu egitura.

• Should erabiltzen da aholkuak eman eta eskatzeko eta gure ustez egin behar litzatekeena edo behar ez litzatekeena adierazteko.

He should wear his new coat. (Bere beroki berria jantzi behar luke.)

• Must modalak “behar izan” esangura du, eta zerbait egitea beharrezkoa edo komenigarria dela adierazten du. You must wear formal clothes. (Arropa formala eraman behar duzu.)

• Mustn’t aldaerak debekua adierazten du, zerbait ez dagoela baimendua eta, baita ere, zerbait ezin dela egin, ez delako komenigarria edo zuzena egitea.

Girls mustn’t wear miniskirts at school. (Neskek ezin dute minigonarik eraman ikastetxera.)

• Can aditzak “jakin” esangura du, zerbait egiteko abildadeaz edo gaitasunaz ari garenean, eta “ahal izan”, posibilitateaz edo baimenaz ari garenean.

My sister can play the piano very well. (Nire ahizpak oso ondo daki pianoa jotzen.) You can find the gloves in many colours. (Kolore askotan topa ditzakezu eskularruak.)

• Could aditza can moduzkoaren lehenaldia da. Abildadea eta posibilitatea iraganean adierazten ditu. She could swim when she was four years old. (Bazekien igeri egiten lau urte zituela.) I couldn’t buy a tracksuit yesterday. (Ezin izan nuen txandalik erosi atzo gauean.) Galderetan ere erabiltzen da baimena edo mesedeak eskatzeko, baina can erabiltzea baino era jasoagoa da. Could you lend me your earrings for the party? (Utziko zenizkidake zure belarritakoak festarako?)

• Have to aditzak “behar izan” esan nahi du, eta, must bezalatsu, zerbait egiteko obligazioa edo beharra adierazten du. Euren arteko desberdintasuna da have to jokatu egiten dela; horregatik, 3. pertsona singularra desberdina da (has to) eta, gainera, must moduzkoak ez dituen aditz-denboretan erabiltzen da.

He has to finish his homework this afternoon. (Gaur arratsaldean bukatu behar ditu etxeko lanak.) It was late and they had to leave. (Berandu zen eta joan beharra zuten.)

Ezezko era osatzeko, don’t / doesn’t have to + aditza oinarrizko forman ezarriko dugu, eta “ez izan zertan”, “ez beharrik izan” esangura du.

You don’t have to dress like that. (Ez daukazu zertan horrela jantzi behar.)

Gogoan izan have to aditzak must moduzkoaren esanahi bera duela; baina don’t have to eta mustn’t ez dira baliokideak.

You don’t have to go. (Ez daukazu joan beharrik / zertan joan.)[ez da beharrezkoa] You mustn’t go. (Ezin zara joan.) [debekatua dago]

Galderak osatzeko hurrenkera honakoa da: Do / Does + subjektua + have to + aditza oinarrizko forman; eta erantzun motzetan, berriz, pertsona-izenordain subjektua + do / does ala don’t / doesn’t.

Do I have to wear a tie? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Gorbata eraman behar al dut? Bai. / Ez.)


1. You must / mustn’t close the window. It’s raining.

2. The mobile phone must / mustn’t get wet.

3. The plane is going to arrive soon. We must / mustn’t be late.

4. Lessons start at 8.00, so students must / mustn’t be at school by 8.00.

5. You can wear my earrings but you must / mustn’t return them tomorrow.


unit 6

Grammar Appendix

3 Complete the sentences with can, can’t, could or couldn’t.

1. My dad was an excellent athlete. When he was my age, he run a marathon.

2. Look! you see the deer?

3. My brother is very fast. He run 10 kilometres in 30 minutes.

4. Jenny is only four years old. She read or write.

5. I call you yesterday because I lost my phone.

4 Write the sentences with the correct form of have to.

1. you / buy / special shoes / for basketball

2. I / get up / early / on school days

3. we / not buy / a new atlas / for the geography lesson

4. tonight / Myra / be / home / by 9.00

5. it’s a formal event so men / wear / a jacket and tie


1. you finish this today?

a. Can b. Should c. Must

2. You climb the hill in those high heels. You can fall.

a. should b. couldn’t c. shouldn’t

3. be 18 to have a driving licence?

a. Can you b. Do you have to c. Could you

4. I’m sorry. I come yesterday because I was ill.

a. shouldn’t b. couldn’t c. can’t

5. go to the party or study for the exam? What do you think?

a. Do I have to b. Can I c. Should I

6. Shh! Mum is sleeping. You make any noise.

a. mustn’t b. must c. can

7. I go now. The last bus is in 10 minutes.

a. could b. must c. shouldn’t

8. You help me. I can do it alone.

a. should b. don’t have to c. have to



Grammar Appendix

Etorkizuna

1 Complete the sentences with will or won’t.

1. One day, people visit Mars.

2. I have to study for a maths test tomorrow, so I have time to play football.

3. I’m sure he get the prize.

4. I look elegant enough in this dress?

5. It’ll be great. You be disappointed.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use be going to.

1. We (not fly) to Australia this summer.

2. On Friday, I (buy) a dress.

3. you (go) to the concert in the park?

4. This summer, we (visit) our uncle in Florida.

5. Next week, Alex (build) a tree house in the garden.

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Continuous with future meaning.

travel•come•sing•return•notrun

1. What time you to the party tomorrow?

2. I from my trip tomorrow night.

3. We to New York this summer.

4. He in the marathon next week because he broke his leg.

5. she in concert on Saturday?


1. Alice wants to be a doctor, but she won’t get into / will get into medical school because her marks aren’t very good.

2. We are going to go / Are we going to go on a bike trip next week?

3. He won’t like / will like the soup. It’s too salty.

4. She isn’t sailing / is sailing tomorrow because it’ll be stormy.

5. You are watching / Are you watching the game on Saturday?

6. Charles enjoys exploring the sky with his telescope. One day he will discover / won’t discover a new star.

7. I am not going to climb / am going to climb the mountain because it’s too steep.

8. You are going to learn / Are you going to learn how to play the violin?


• Will etorkizuneko ekintzak eta gertaerak iragartzeko erabiltzen da, gure ustez gertatuko dena iragartzeko, eta bat-bateko erabakiak, hitz egiteko unean hartutakoak, antolatuta ez zeudenak adierazteko.

Baiezko eran, subjektuarekin laburbiltzen da (’ll), eta ezezkoan, berriz, not partikularekin (won’t). Galderetan subjektuaren aurrean joaten da, eta erantzun motzetan pertsona-izenordain subjektua + will ala won’t hurrenkera erabiliko dugu.

Tourists will travel in space in the future. (Turistek espazioan zehar bidaiatuko dute etorkizunean.) Will astronauts reach Mars soon? No, they won’t. (Astronautak laster iritsiko al dira Martera?)

• Be going to egiturak “aditzoina + -t(z)era noa” edo “aditzoina + etorkizuneko -ko + aditz laguntzailea” bezalako egiturak ditu baliokide euskaraz. Gure egitasmoei eta erabakiei buruz hitz egiteko eta zer gertatuko den adierazteko erabiltzen da, horretarako zantzuak baditugulako.

He is going to use a telescope. (Teleskopioa erabiliko du.) Is she going to have a baby? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. (Haurra izango al du? Bai. / Ez.)

• Present Continuous aldiak etorkizun zentzua du, etorkizun hurbilean ziurtasun osoz gertatuko diren egitasmoak iragartzen ditu, aldez aurretik finkatuak izan baitira. Denbora-esamolde batez lagunduta joan behar du beti, Present Continuous arruntarekin nahas ez dadin.

We’re going to the planetarium this Saturday. (Planetariora goaz / joango gara larunbat honetan.)

• Etorkizunekoegiturekinhonakodenbora-esamoldehauekaurkitukoditugumaiz:soon (laster), later (geroago), tomorrow (bihar), tonight (gaur gauean), next week / year (datorren astean / urtean), in an hour (ordubete barru), etab. Perpausaren hasieran nahiz bukaeran erabil daitezke guztiak; ohikoagoak dira, hala ere, bukaeran.


unit 7

Grammar Appendix

Lehenengo baldintza

4 Match A and B to form sentences.

A B

1. If the plane lands at 7.00, a. many people will want to live there.

2. Sam will build it b. if we design it.

3. If they build a colony on the moon, c. she will enjoy it.

4. The teacher will be angry d. we will be in London by 9.00.

5. If she watches that film, e. if we don’t do our homework.

5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1. If it rains, we (not go) to the beach.

2. I’ll call you if I (need) your help.

3. She (not be) happy if you forget her birthday.

4. If he (not study), he will fail the exam.

5. If it is very cold, it (snow).

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1. If you (play) with that, it (break).

2. If we (look) at the Earth from space, we (see) the Great Wall of China.

3. We (visit) the space exhibition if tickets (not be) too expensive.

4. If your bike (break) again, I (not repair) it.

5. I (understand) the instructions if someone (explain) them to me.

6. If you (jump) from the wall, you (hurt) yourself.

7. If his dog (die), he (be) very upset.

8. I (bring) a cake to the party if Alex (make) a pizza.


Adierazitako baldintza betez gero, zer ondorio izango diren adierazteko erabiltzen da.

Baiezkoa osatzen da if + Present Simple aditz-aldia baldintzazko perpausean, eta ondorioa will partikulaz osatutako etorkizunarekin.

We’ll go to the cinema if you finish your homework soon. (Zinemara joango gara, etxeko lanak bukatzen badituzu laster.)

Baldintzaren perpausa badoa lehenik, koma idatziko dugu nagusiaren eta menpekoaren artean.

If you finish your homework soon, we’ll go to the cinema. (Etxeko lanak laster bukatzen badituzu, zinemara joango gara.)

Ezezko era osatzeko, orainaldiko aditza ezeztatuko dugu, etorkizunean doana edo biak.

If you don’t repair the computer, I’ll use the tablet. (Ordenagailua konpontzen ez baduzu, tableta erabiliko dut.)If you repair the computer, I won’t use the tablet. (Ordenagailua konpontzen baduzu, ez dut tableta erabiliko.)If you don’t repair the computer, I won’t use it. (Ordenagailua konpontzen ez baduzu, ez dut erabiliko.)


Grammar Appendix

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Simple aldia honako hauetarako erabiltzen da:

• Oraindik ondorioak dituzten lehenaldiko ekintzak adierazteko.

We have bought new clothes. (Arropa berria erosi dugu.)

• Denboran zehar gertatutako ekintzak adierazteko, noiz zehazki adierazteke.

Mary has helped many people. (Maryk jende askori lagundu dio.)

• Lehenaldian hasi eta oraindik badirauten ekintzak adierazteko. Kasu honetan, for eta since partikulekin lagunduta joaten da, eta, batzuetan, orainaldian itzultzen da.

I haven’t stayed at a hotel since last summer. (Ez naiz hotel batean egon joan den udaz geroztik.)

• Ekintza burutu berriak. Orduan, just partikula kokatzen da subjektuaren eta partizipioaren artean.

I have just arrived at the bus stop. (Oraintxe iritsi berri naiz autobus-geltokira.)

Aditz-denbora hori have / has + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin osatzen da (-ed bukaeraduna erregularra bada; irregularra bada, 33-34 orrialdeetako zerrenda ikus dezakezu). Gogoan izan have laburtuta ’ve dela, eta has laburtuta ’s.

Ezezko era osatzeko not partikula edo n’t laburtua gehituko diegu have / has (haven’t / hasn’t) laguntzaileei.

I haven’t recycled anything this month. (Ez dut ezer birziklatu hil honetan.)

Galderak osatzeko, Have / Has + subjektua + aditz baten partizipioa erabiliko dugu. Eta erantzun motzetan pertsona-izenordain subjektua soilik + have / has edo haven’t / hasn’t.

Have you ridden your bike to school? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. (Bizikletaz joan zara eskolara? Bai. / Ez.)

Present Perfect Simple aditz-denborarekin honako denbora-esamolde eta adberbio hauek ikusiko ditugu: already (jada), always (beti), never (inoiz ez), ever (inoiz, egundaino [galderetan], inoiz ez [ezezkoetan]), just (oraintxe), recently (orain dela gutxi), yet (oraindik [ezezkoetan]; jada [galderetan]), for (denbora iraupena + -ean) eta since (-z geroztik). Yet, for eta since izan ezik, beste guztiak have / has eta partizipioaren artean joaten dira. Yet esaldiaren amaieran kokatzen da, recently ere amaieran kokatzen da, for ondoren denbora iraupena daramala erabiltzen da, eta since ekintza hasi zen unearen aurrean kokatzen da.

We have never cut down a tree. (Inoiz ez dugu zuhaitz bat moztu.) Have you arrived at the train station yet? (Iritsi zara tren-geltokira jada?)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1. My dad (work) at that factory for 10 years.

2. That play (be) at the theatre since Christmas.

3. I (not shop) at the new department store yet.

4. you ever (stay) at a hotel?

5. I never (meet) anyone famous.

6. Marcus (finish) cleaning up the kitchen?

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

notreturn•notcall•eat•be•feed•notsleep

1. I’m not hungry. I already dinner.

2. Alex is very tired. He for two nights.

3. Emma will call you later. She from the swimming pool yet.

4. anyone the dog today?

5. I’m worried about Jane. She since Saturday.

6. you to China?


unit 8

Grammar Appendix

Present Perfect Simple eta Past Simple aditz-denboren arteko aldea

Present Perfect Simple denborak adierazten du lehenaldian gertatutako ekintzek orainarekin lotura gordetzen dutela. Past Simple aditz-denborak adierazitako ekintzek, aldiz, ez diote orainaldiari eragiten.

Present Perfect Simple aldiarekin erabiltzen diren denbora-esamoldeek ez dute adierazten ekintza noiz gertatu zen zehazki. Kontrara, Past Simple aldiarekin doazenek ekintza gertatu zeneko unea zehazten dute.

My parents have gone to the theatre. (Nire gurasoak antzerkira joan dira.)My parents went to the theatre last night. (Nire gurasoak antzerkira joan ziren atzo gauean.)

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

1. I (buy) a new handbag last week.

2. Jasmine (not do) her science project yet.

3. My grandmother never (send) a text message.

4. They (not explore) that area last year.

5. you ever (draw) a cartoon?

6. he (go) to the department store yesterday?


1. We have waited for Jane in the town square for / since half an hour.

2. We should go to the vet. The dog hasn’t eaten for / since yesterday.

3. I haven’t seen Alex for / since he moved to Leeds.

4. I have stood at this bus stop for / since an hour.

5. We haven’t been to the swimming pool for / since school started.

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1. They (cut down) the big tree next to the train station.

2. Max and Sam (play) in the same basketball team since they were 10.

3. anyone (see) my phone?

4. Andrea and I (not be) to the shopping centre since October.

5. you (read) the book for our English lesson?

6. Maxine already (arrive) at the office?

7. Albert couldn’t come because he (feel) ill since Saturday.

8. Researchers (study) the problems of big cities for many years.


EXTRA!


Grammar Appendix

Boz pasiboa orainaldian eta lehenaldian

Boz pasiboarekin aditzaren ekintza nabarmendu nahi da, eta ez ekintza gauzatu duen subjektua, hori ez delako garrantzitsua, bistakoa delako edo ezezaguna. Ingelesez asko erabiltzen da boz pasiboa, baina itzultzerakoan beste aukera batzuetara jo behar dugu (adibidez, subjektu inpertsonaletara, egitura aktiboetara…), euskaraz ez baita batere arrunta.

Baiezkoa osatzeko, to be erabiliko dugu orainaldian edo lehenaldian + aditz nagusiaren partizipioa (-ed erregularra bada, eta irregularra bada ikus 33-34 orrialdeak).

A battery is needed to use the mobile phone. (Bateria behar da telefono mugikorra erabiltzeko.)I was given a new camera yesterday. (Kamera berri bat eman zidaten atzo.)

Ezezko era osatzeko, not partikula edo n’t laburbildua gehituko diogu to be aditzari, eta jarraian partizipioa erantsiko diogu.

A whiteboard wasn’t used in my classroom. (Nire gelan ez zuten arbel zuririk erabili.)

Ekintza nork gauzatu duen edo zuen esan nahi bada, esaldiaren bukaeran egingo da, aurretik by daramala.This bridge was built by the Romans. (Zubi hau erromatarrek eraiki zuten.)This tower is used as a museum. (Dorre hau museo gisa erabiltzen da.)

Galderetan to be erabiliko da + subjektua + aditz nagusiaren partizipioa. Erantzun motzetan, pertsona-izenordain subjektua joango da lehenik, eta, gero, to be laguntzailea dagokion denboran; laburbiltzeke, baiezko kasuetan, eta not partikularekin laburbildua ezezkoetan.

Is a calculator permitted in exams? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. (Kalkulagailua erabiltzen uzten dute azterketetan? Bai. / Ez.)

Ekintza nork egin duen edo egin zuen aipatu nahi bada, esaldiaren bukaeran egingo da, aurretik by daramala.

Tablets are used by many teens. (Tabletak nerabe askok erabiltzen dituzte.)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. The battery (put) in this part of the camera.

2. Today, GPS systems (find) in mobile phones and tablets.

3. This computer (not use) every day.

4. Headsets (wear) in the library, so students can listen to music or lectures.

5. This product (produce) in our factory.

6. Mobile phones (not allow) at our school.

7. Ice cream (make) with sugar and cream.

8. Batteries (not sell) at the bookshop.

2 Write questions. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. tigers / find / in Africa

2. Chinese / teach / at this school

3. mobile phones / make / in Korea

4. who / invite / to the party

5. three languages / speak / in Switzerland

6. the time and date / show / on your telephone display

7. why / the boxes / send by train

8. where / the information / write


unit 9

Grammar Appendix

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.

1. The London Eye (design) by seven architects.

2. The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (paint) by Leonardo da Vinci.

3. The telescope (not invent) by Galileo, but by Hans Lippershey in 1608.

4. Computers (not use) in homes till the 1980s.

5. Hamlet (not write) by Dickens, but by Shakespeare.

6. Commercial CDs (develop) in 1982.

7. The first website (create) by CERN labs in Geneva.

8. These products (not make) by our company.

4 Complete the questions. Use the Past Simple Passive. The words in bold will help you.

1. Which ?

The computer manual was written in English, Spanish, French and German.

2. When ?

The London Eye was opened on 31st December, 1999.

3. Where ?

The television was invented in the UK.

4. Who ?

The Hobbit was written by J. R. R. Tolkien.

5. When ?

The animals were fed this morning.

6. Why ?

The documents were thrown out because they were old.

7. When ?

Australia was discovered in 1606.

languages was the computer manual written in

Check Yourself!1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. Electronic items (not sell) at this shop.

2. The windows (wash) once a week.

3. The dog (feed) once a day.

4. The food (not cook) in this kitchen.

5. the cakes (make) at the bakery?

6. the work (do) by computer?

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.

1. These shoes (make) in Italy.

2. The dishwasher (not use) yesterday.

3. When the skateboard (invent)?

4. the bottles (put) into the recycling bin?

5. Pompeii (destroy) in 79 AD.

6. The boxes (not reuse). They were thrown out.



Introduction, page 12, to be, have got, There is / There are, Present Simple, Present Continuous

1 1. is 5. Are they 2. have got 6. hasn’t got 3. Have you got 7. There are 4. isn’t 8. Is there

2 1. wears 4. play 2. Do … meet 5. Does … ride 3. doesn’t like

3 1. am going 4. am not using 2. Are … watching 5. is … working 3. is jumping

Unit 1, page 14, Kuantifikatzaileak

1. How much 5. a lot of2. any 6. a3. much 7. some4. How many 8. an

Unit 2, page 16, Present Simple eta Present Continuous aditz-denboren arteko aldea

1. are doing 5. aren’t watching2. doesn’t own 6. Does … go3. Are … making 7. is painting4. Do … study 8. paints, is sketching

Unit 3, page 18, Konparatiboa eta superlatiboa; too … / (not) … enough

1. a 3. c 5. b 7. c2. c 4. b 6. c 8. a

Unit 4, page 20, Past Simple

1. sailed 5. did … find2. Did … help 6. Did … remember3. didn’t play 7. didn’t take4. sent 8. bought

Unit 4, page 21, There was / There were

1. There was 5. There was2. There were 6. Was there3. Were there 7. There weren’t4. There weren’t 8. There were

Unit 5, page 22, Past Continuous

1. was walking 5. were chatting2. Was … sleeping 6. Were … having3. wasn’t using 7. wasn’t wearing4. were … doing 8. was taking

Unit 5, page 23, Past Simple eta Past Continuous aditz-denboren arteko aldea

1. were eating, sent2. Did … fall, was riding3. were playing, were watching4. saw, were flying5. left, wasn’t sleeping6. Were … walking, got7. were making, was painting8. was sleeping, took

Unit 6, page 24, Moduzko aditzak

1. a 3. b 5. c 7. b2. c 4. b 6. a 8. b

Unit 7, page 26, Etorkizuna

1. won’t get into 5. Are you watching2. Are we going to go 6. will discover3. won’t like 7. am not going to climb4. isn’t sailing 8. Are you going to learn

Unit 7, page 27, Lehenengo baldintza

1. play, will break 5. will understand, 2. look, will see explains3. will visit, aren’t 6. jump, will hurt4. breaks, won’t repair 7. dies, will be 8. will bring, makes

Unit 8, page 28, Present Perfect Simple

1. have cut down 5. Have … read2. have played 6. Has … arrived3. Has … seen 7. has felt4. haven’t been 8. have studied

Unit 9, page 30, Boz pasiboa orainaldian eta lehenaldian

1 1. aren’t sold 2. are washed 3. is fed 4. isn’t cooked 5. Are … made 6. Is … done

2 1. were made 2. wasn’t used 3. was … invented 4. Were … put 5. was destroyed 6. weren’t reused


Grammar Appendix check yourself! answer key

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EUSKARA

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ izan, egonbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ jobecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ bihurtu, bilakatubegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ hasibend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ tolestubet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apustu eginbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ kosk eginbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ odola jarioblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ putz eginbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ apurtubring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ ekarribuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ eraikiburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ errebuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ erosicatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ harrapatu, hartuchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ aukeratucome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ etorricost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ kostatucut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ moztudig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ aitzurtu, zuloa egindo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ egindraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ marraztudream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ amets egindrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ edandrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ gidatueat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ janfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ erorifeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ elikatu, jaten emanfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentitufight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ borrokatufind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ aurkitufly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ hegan eginforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ ahaztuforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ barkatufreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ izoztuget /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ lortu, iritsigive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ emango /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ joangrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ hazihang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ esekihave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ edukihear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ entzunhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ ezkutatuhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ johold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ eutsihurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ zauritu, min emankeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gorde, mantenduknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ jakin, ezagutulay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ jarri, hedatulead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ zuzendu, gidatu


irregular Verb List

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EUSKARA

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ ikasileave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ utzi, irtenlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestatulet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ baimena eman, utzilie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ etzanlie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ gezurra esanlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ piztulose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ galdumake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ eginmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ esan nahimeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ elkar ezagutu, bildupay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ ordainduput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ jarri, ipiniread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ irakurriride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ gainean ibiliring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ deitu (telefonotik)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ jaso, altxaturun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ korrika eginsay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ esansee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ikusisell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ saldusend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ bidaliset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ ezarri, ipinishake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ astindushine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ distiratushoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ tiro eginshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ erakutsishut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ itxising /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ abestusink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ urperatu, hondoratusit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ eserisleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ lo eginsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ usainduspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYLm/ hitz eginspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ letreiatuspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastatu, igaro (denbora)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ zutik egonsteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ lapurtustick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ itsatsisweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ erraztatuswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ igeri egintake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ hartu; eramanteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ irakatsitear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ urratu, zartatutell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ esan, kontatuthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ pentsatuthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ jaurti, botaunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ ulertuwake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ esnatuwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ jantzita eraman, jantziwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ irabaziwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ idatzi

Irregular Verb List


TESTUAREN HELBURUAPurpose of writingIdazten hasi aurretik, jakin beharra duzu zer helbururekin zoazen idaztera, hizkuntza egokia aukera dezazun: informala lagun bati idazteko korreo elektronikoa bada, eta formalagoa informazio-testua bada.

IDATZI AURRETIKBrainstorming1. Egin ezazu gaiarekin lotutako ideien zerrenda edo galdera-mapa (what?, who?, when?, where?, why?).

2. Irakur itzazu eta ezabatu garrantzi gutxi dutela uste duzun haiek.

3. Antolatu itzazu gainerakoak, aurkeztu nahi dituzun hurrenkeran.

PARAGRAFOAREN EGITURAParagraph structureParagrafo batek hiru zati ditu:

• Lehen esaldia (opening sentence), ideia nagusia aurkezten duena.

• Paragrafoaren gorputza (body of paragraph), informazio garrantzitsua emanez, ideia nagusia zabaltzen duena.

• Azken esaldia (closing sentence), ideia nagusia laburbiltzen duena eta beste hitz batzuekin errepikatzen.

Opening sentence: Yosemite National Park in California is a popular tourist destination. This amazing park has got green forests and valleys, steep hills, blue lakes, streams and waterfalls. Yosemite is most famous for its giant sequoia trees. Many people visit Yosemite National Park and enjoy its beautiful scenery.

Body of paragraph:

Closing sentence:

IDEIAK ANTOLATU(Organising your ideas)

TESTUAREN ANTOLAKETA(Text organisation)

TESTUAREN BANAKETA PARAGRAFOTANParagraphingParagrafoak idazterakoan, honela antolatuko ditugu:

Paragraph 1: gaiari buruzko informazio orokorra emango digu.

Paragraph 2: xehetasunak ematen ditu, edo gaia garatzen du.

Paragraph 3: ondorioa jasotzen du eta, batzuetan, iritzia ere bai.

Paragraph 1: My favourite restaurant is Little Italy at 51 Rose Street in Longville. This great Italian restaurant is open every day from noon till midnight. It’s got delicious food and a wonderful atmosphere.

Paragraph 2: I love the fresh pasta with tomato and mushroom sauce. There are many types of pizza and the Neapolitan pizza is especially popular. You can also get a great cup of coffee and some amazing tiramisu for dessert.

Paragraph 3: I really recommend Little Italy for a wonderful meal. It’s the perfect place to hang out with friends.


Writing Guide

LETRA LARRIACapital lettersLetra larriz idazten dira:

• esaldi bateko lehen hitza

We play football.

• pertsona-izenak eta tituluak

He is Mr Tom Brown.

• herri, hiri, herrialde, herritartasun eta hizkuntzak Dover, Paris, France, German

• egunak, hilabeteak eta jai-egunak

Wednesday, April, Christmas

• liburu-, pelikula- eta abesti-izenen hitz garrantzitsuak

Muhammed Ali: His Life and Times 12 Years a Slave Dancing Queen

• I pertsona-izenordaina

My friends and I love computer games.

PUNTUAZIOAPunctuation• Puntua (.) baiezko eta ezezko esaldien bukaeran erabiltzen da. My favourite sport is basketball. I don’t play tennis.

• Galdera-ikurra (?) galderen amaieran bakarrik kokatzen da. Do you like cycling?

• Harridura-ikurra (!) esaldi-amaieran bakarrik doa; emozioak eta sentimenduak adierazteko eta zerbait bereziki nabarmentzeko erabiltzen da.

What a great game!

• Komak (,) hitzak edo ideiak banantzen ditu. Normalean, ez dira and juntagailuaren aurrean erabiltzen. I can play football, basketball and volleyball.

DENBORA-PREPOSIZIOAKPrepositions of timePreposizio desberdinak erabiltzen dira adierazi nahi dugunaren arabera:

at two o’clock in the morning from 6.00 to 8.00 on Monday at Christmas in 2010 from September to June on 12th January in May

Salbuespenak:

at the weekend at night

HITZ-ORDENA: SUBJEKTUA – ADITZAWord order: Subject – VerbEsaldi bateko subjektua aditzaren aurrean kokatzen da.

Tom studies art. They paint murals. s v s v

Baina galderetan, aditzaren ondoren doa.

Is Helen a cartoonist? Are you at the art gallery? v s v s

IDATZITAKOA ERREPASATU(Checking your writing)

Writing Guide


HITZ-ORDENA: DENBORA-ESAMOLDEAKWord order: Time expressionsDenbora-esamoldeak esaldiaren hasieran ala amaieran joan daitezke; amaieran joatea, ordea, ohikoagoa da.

We drove to the lake yesterday. time expr.

Hasieran doazenean, koma erabiltzen da, esaldi nagusitik banantzeko.

Yesterday, we drove to the lake. time expr.

HITZ-ORDENA: ADJEKTIBOAKWord order: Adjectives• Adjektiboak, normalean, izenen aurrean doaz.

bright colours modern art adj n adj n

To be aditzaren ondoren ere bai.

The sculpture is extraordinary. The painting is realistic. v adj v adj

Eta aditz estatikoen ondoren.

The mural looks modern. v adj

• Adjektibo bat baino gehiago baditugu, honakoa da hurrenkera: iritzia, tamaina, kolorea

She’s wearing a trendy, big blue watch. o s c

HITZ-ORDENA: ADBERBIOAKWord order: AdverbsModu-adberbioak aditzaren ondoren joaten dira.

He paints beautifully. v adv

JUNTAGAILUAKLinking words• and: bi perpaus edo ideia lotzen ditu.

He was a great detective and a successful writer.

• or: aukera desberdinak lotzen ditu.

Was he a soldier or a sailor?

• but: bi ideia desberdin adierazten ditu.

I felt exhausted but happy.

HELBURUZKO LOKAILUAKConnectors of purposeHelburuzko lokailuak, adibidez, to, in order to eta so that bezalakoak, esaldi nagusian adierazitako xedea edo asmoa azaltzeko erabiltzen dira.

I wear a mouth guard to protect my teeth. You must practise in order to participate in the race. You wear kneepads so that you won’t hurt your knees.

Writing Guide


SEKUENTZIA-LOKAILUAKConnectors of sequenceGertakari-segida kontatu nahi denean, hitz hauek erabiltzen dira, gertatu ziren ordena adierazteko:

• first (lehenik, lehenik eta behin) • after that (gero) • at first (hasieran)

• then (gero, ondoren) • later (beranduago, gero) • at last (azkenean ere)

• next (jarraian) • finally (bukatzeko, azkenean)

First, gertatu zen lehenengo gauza adierazteko erabiltzen da, eta finally azkenekoa.

Yesterday, we spent the day at the lake. First, we hiked on the path around the lake. Then, we went swimming. After that, we had a picnic. Finally, at 6.00, we went home.

EMENDIOZKO JUNTAGAILUAKConnectors of additionEmendiozko juntagailuak erabiltzen dira antzekoak diren ideiak lotzeko eta informazioa gehitzeko, arruntena and izanik. Adberbio batzuk ere bete dezakete funtzio hori: also, in addition eta as well as.

It is going to land on Mars and examine the planet. I read a book about the solar system. I also went to the planetarium. Yesterday, I studied many hours for the science test. In addition, I wrote an essay. We will have flying cars as well as robots.

KAUSA ETA ONDORIO JUNTAGAILUAKConnectors of cause and effect• Kausazkoak: because eta since juntagailuek zergatia adierazten dute.

The air is polluted because there are many factories. I often take the train since the train station is near my house.

• Ondoriozkoak: so eta therefore juntagailuek, berriz, ondorioa adierazten dute.

It was hot, so we went swimming. We couldn’t get theatre tickets. Therefore, we went to the cinema.

Writing Guide

IH-011-271 38Action! ESO 3 Basque © B Burlington Books

Documents

Glossary · dissolve /XB'hFod/ desegin, urtu drinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn aFYoLW/ edateko txokolate Dutch /XJa/ holandar environmental /BmdOpLm'lCmWo/ ingurumen-, ingurune-