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245
glossary
abrogation – the replacement of one passage of the Qur’an by another with which it disagrees
’adhā – a hardship or ailment`adhāb – punishmentaḥbār – scholars ahl al-kitāb – People of the Book`aisha – wife of Muhammad
who played a key role in the transmission of ḥadīth
al-ākhira – the hereafterallāh – god asbāb al-nuzūl – writings that
identify when particular sections of the Qur’an were revealed
aslama – verb that describes the act of submission
astrolabe – device invented by Muslims to determine the location of heavenly bodies in the sky
’awliyā’ – allies āya – a verse in the Qur’an; a sign
Badr – a battle that occurred in 624 c.e.
bānū isrā’īl – the children of Israelbasmala – the phrase that begins
every chapter of the Qur’an except the ninth one
dahr – fate, timeḍaraba – to beat, set an example, or
go on a journeydaraja – level, degree, or stepḍarī` - a dry desert plant found in
helldīn – religion diya – compensation, reparation
faḍḍala – to prefer or favorfāḥisha – an indecent or immoral
actfarḍ `ayn – an obligation incumbent
upon each individual Muslimfarḍ kifāya – an obligation
incumbent upon the Muslim community as a whole
al-fātiḥa – the opening chapter of the Qur’an
fatwa – a legal rulingfitna – persecution fiṭra – the natural condition of
humanityfurqān – distinction, criterionfurūj – euphemism for the sexual
organs
ghassāq – a dark and bitter drink of hell
ghislīn – an unappetizing food of hell
246 | glossary
ḥadīth – reports that describe what Muhammad said or did during his lifetime
ḥanīf – a morally upright person who is a strict monotheist
ḥijāb – a screen or separation; often used to describe the veil some Muslim women wear
Hijaz – western area of the arabian Peninsula where Mecca and Medina are located
hijra – the journey Muhammad made with a small group of followers from Mecca to Medina in 632 c.e.
houris – female companions found in heaven
hudūd – punishments
Iblīs – the angel who refused to bow down to adam in the garden
i`jāz – the inimitability of the Qur’an
ijtihād – to exercise the power of reason in order to arrive at a legal opinion
injīl – gospelintiqām – vengeance `iqāb - punishmental-islām – submission
jahada – to strive, put forth effort to achieve some goal
jahannam – hell jaḥīm – blazing flamesal-janna – the garden; a word that
describes heavenjilbāb - a loose-fitting article of
clothing that covers the upper part of the body
jinn – supernatural beings who interact with humanity in both negative and positive ways
jizya – a special tax imposed on non-Muslims
Ka`ba – the black cube in the center of the grand Mosque in Mecca
Khadija – Muhammad’s first wife who was one of the first people to convert to Islam
khālid – forever, eternally al-Khandaq – a battle that
occurred in 627 c.e.khimār – a head scarf or shawlkhuṭba – the sermon delivered on
Friday during the noon prayer service
kufr – unbelief
lex talionis – the law of retribution, sometimes known as “an eye for an eye”
mā’ ṣadīd - pusmaghāzī – literature that recounts
raids, battles, and wars in early Islamic history
maḥīḍ – menstruationmajūs - Magiansmasīḥ - messiahmathal – a parablemawt – death miḥrāb – the niche in the wall of a
mosque that gives the prayer orientation toward Mecca
milla – creed miʿrāj – Muhammad’s nighttime
journey through the seven heavens
glossary | 247
mīthāq – covenant muḥīṭ – something that is
all-encompassingmujāhidīn – those who struggle munāfiq – hypocritemuqarrabūn – those who are
brought near (to God) muṣḥaf – the written text of the
Qur’anmushrik – one who associates
someone or something with god
muslim – one who submits
nafs – arabic term with many meanings, including “self,” “mind,” “heart,” “person,” and “soul”
al-nār – the fire; a word that describes hell
naṣārā – christiansnaskh – abrogation night of Power – the night in the
month of ramadan when the Qur’an was first revealed
nushūz – antagonism
patrilineal – a system in which family lineage is traced through the father’s side
People of the house – term sometimes used to designate Muhammad’s family
polygyny – marriage to more than one woman at the same time
qānitāt – devout qatala – to kill qawwāmūna – to be a providerqiṣaṣ – vengeance qissīsūn – priestsqitāl – fighting
al-qur’ān – term for the Qur’an; literally, “the recitation”
Quraysh – the arabian tribe Muhammad belonged to
rafath – sexual intercourserahbānīya – monasticismriḍwān – pleasure, approvalruhbān – monks
sabīl allah – the way of allahsābiqūn – those who precede, go
beforesābi’ūn – sabians sakana – to find comfort in or to
rely uponṣaliḥāt – good deeds shayṭān - satanshirk – the sin of associating
something or someone with god
sīra – biographical writings about Muhammad’s life
sunna – how the Prophet Muhammad lived his life; literally, “way” or “path”
supersessionism – the idea that one religion replaces or supplants all previous faiths
sūra – a chapter in the Qur’an
tafsīr – commentary on the Qur’antaḥrīf – falsifying or tampering
with divine revelationtajwīd – the set of rules that
determine proper recitation of the Qur’an
ṭalāq – divorce tanzīl – the act of revelation;
literally, “sending down”taqwā – pietytawba – repentance, turning
248 | glossary
tawḥīd – the unity of godta’wīl – an interpretation that
chooses one among several possible meanings of a text
tawrāt – torah
Uḥud – a battle that occurred in 625 c.e.
umm al-kitāb – the source of all scriptures; literally, “the mother of the book”
umma – the worldwide community of Muslims
waḥdat al-wujūd – the unity of creation
yahūd – Jews al-yawm al-ākhir – the last dayyawm al-dīn – the day of judgment yawm al-qiyāma – the day of
resurrection
zabūr – Psalms zaqqūm – a tree found in hellzawj – a spouse or a couplezīna – adornment or decorationzinā – adultery ẓulm - injustice
Text1: This glossary PDF is formatted with audio files for many of the terms, requiring the user to click on that word in order to hear an audio pronunciation provided by the author.