Globalisation

Globalisation

Wednesday 13 January 2016Making of the Modern World Lecture

Giorgio [email protected]

http://twistedsifter.com/2013/08/maps-that-will-help-you-make-sense-of-the-world/



Three issues for Today’s lecture

1. Definition of Globalisation

what is globalisation?

2. Does Globalisation have a history?

when did it begin ? Does it come in waves of phases?

3. Dimensions of the phenomenon:

economic, social, and what else?

1. Definitions of globalisation

“Globalization constitutes integration of National economies into the International economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by corporations and multinationals), short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of technology”

Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization (Oxford, 2006), p. 3.

“[Globalization] is a reality that now affects every part of the globe and every person on it, even though in widely differing local contexts.”.

Bruce Mazlish, “Comparing Global History to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28/3 (1998), p. 387.

“A progressive increase in the scale of social processes from a local or regional to a world level”

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002), pp. 48-9.

2. When did Globalisation Begin?

Social scientists (esp. sociologists of globalization) see it as a very recent phenomenon, something that might go back to the period following the major economic crisis of 1973-74, perhaps to 1945.


1. Pre-1500

Andre Gunder Frank in his well known Re-Orient (1998) argued that globalization was there well before 1500. This is because:

- Single world economy before 1500- trade (Silk roads and later European trade in Asia)- Centrality of China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming-Empire2.jpg

2. When did Globalisation Begin?2. In the Sixteenth Century

Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez claims that globalization begun in 1571 when the Spaniards settled down in Manila in the Philippines and opened up trade :

- Manila to Acapulco

- Importance of the Pacific

- Importance of Silver

Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo Giráldez, ‘Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century’, Journal of World History, 13, no. 2 (2002), pp. 391-427


3. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly

Christopher Baily claims i that globalization started with the collapse of 18th century regimes

This he defines as ‘modern globalisation’ and sees it as a process based on:

-colonialism and imperialism - and the concept of free trade.

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]


3. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly

Type of globalisation time featuresA. PROTO 1500-1750 - European exploration

- Role of silver- importance of slavery

B. MODERN 1750-1900 - Revolutions (political and economic)- colonialisms and imperialism- free trade

C. PRESENT 1950- - Business and corporations- Personal communication

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]

2. When did Globalisation Begin?4. 1820-1913: The Great Phase

Williamson and O’Rourke underline how he period from 1820 to 1870 in particular was:- age of ‘free trade’ - liberalization of the state –- Increased commodity trade Critiques:- issues of power forgotten

- gunboat diplomacy- colonial control

- Post 1870- Mass migration- infrastructure (railroads and steamships, and cables

Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Willamson, Globalization and History: the evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1999).

2. When did Globalisation Begin? Phases

5. 1914-1945: De-globalisation?

The interwar period saw:

- economic protectionism and autarky

- economic and monetary instability

- stagnation of the economies

- moribund empires, and the confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union

- lack of innovation

2. When did Globalisation Begin? Phases6. 1945-2013: Contemporary Globalisation

The key force of globalization after 1945 was the action of institutions and governments

And of markets after 1973:

- Liberal economic policies and regimes- Growth of world trade and financial

transactions- Advances in Information Technologies and easier access to information - Performance of services remotely - New business organizations:- A high degree of convergence in consumer culture

2. When did Globalisation Begin? Phases7. Post 2014: A second de-globalisation?

Is it possible that we are going towards de-globalisation once again?

- the 2008 financial crisis

- the US is overstretched

- great power rivalry (US-China) and a sclerosis of Europe

- global alliances not working; and rogue regimes

- revolutionary terrorism

Niall Ferguson, “Sinking Globalization,” Foreign Affairs, 84/2 (2005), pp. 64-77.

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communicationcities and geographies

Population and inequality

Things Trade and commodities

transport Resources and the environment

Actions Capitals Business and organisations

Economic crises

Values Ideas and ideologies

States and institutions

Human Rights

Post 1500 Post 1820 Post 1945








Economic crises



Human Rights


•First steamship cross the Atlantic 1838•Invention of the Telephone 1876•Edison’s incandescent electric light 1878•First Car 1885•First wireless message sent across the Atlantic 1901•First airplane by the Wright brothers 1903•First Radio Programme 1920•First Television broadcasting 1936•Nuclear Power to produce electricity 1951•First Videogame console 1972•First Cd-Rom 1982•World Wide Web 1990•DVD 1995


Communication, Technology and Transport








Economic crises



Human Rights



Global US Corporations and States

WallMart as big as Norway ($414 billion)Exxon Mobil Thailand ($318.85)Chevron Czech Republic ($192)Phillips Pakistan ($175)General Electric New Zealand ($140)General Motors Bangladesh ($104)Bank of America Vietnam ($103)Ford Morocco ($103)Proctor & Gamble Libya ($75)Microsoft Croatia ($60.5)Apple Ecuador ($59)Pepsi Oman ($56)Amazon Kenya ($32)McDonald's Latvia ($20.05Nike Paraguay ($18.48)Visa Zimbabwe ($7.4)Edison Congo ($13.3)








Economic crises



Human Rights


doubling in 1/2 billion in 1300 1 billion in 18002 billion in 1930 1303 billion in 1960 304 billion in 1974 145 billion in 1987 136 billion in 1999 127 billion in 2011 128 billion in 2023 129 billion in 2035 1210 billion in 2047 12


How large is the world population?








Economic crises



Human Rights

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945








Economic crises



Human Rights

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945








Economic crises



Human Rights

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945








Economic crises



Human Rights

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945

Three issues for Today’s lecture

1. Definition of Globalisation

what is globalisation? MULTIPLE DEFINITIONS

2. Does Globalisation have a history:

when did it begin ? Does it come in waves of phases?DIFFERENT STARTING POINTPHASES – NOT A CONTINOUS PROCESS

3. Dimensions of the phenomenon:

economic, social, and what else?ALL OF THEM BUT SOME FACTORS PREVAIL AT CERTAIN TIMES.- MOVEMENT

- INTEGRATION- GLOBAL ISSUES

Documents

Globalisation