Global Tourism 1

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Chapter 1

The meaning, scope andmeasurement of travel and

tourism

Giovanna Nigro

[email protected]


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Travel was born with the history of

manPurposes

Survival

Trade

Religion

Economic gain War

Migration


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In the Roman period

Travel pleasure

Seaside resorts developed


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Mass tourism began in England during the

Industrial revolution due to

The rise of

the middle

class

Cheap and relatively quick

means of transport

The 50s were marked

by a rapid growth of the

airline system leading to

The development

of a major new

industry

Provide new

new

employment

opportunities

Earn foreign

exchange


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The total tourism industry has

grown as a service industry

According to the World Travel and

Tourism Council travel and tourism is the

largest industry in the world in economic,

employment and tax contributions


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Actually, there is no universal definition

of the words tourist and tourism

Travel research requires a standard

definition to establish parameters for

research content

Standard definitions are useful to measure

tourism as an economic activity and tomeasure its impact on the local, state,

national or world economy


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The United Nation convened a conference on

Trade and Development which issues

guidelines for tourism statistics

Accurate statistical measurement of travel

and tourism are useful

- To assess its economic impacts

- To plan new tourist facilities

- To provide helpful marketing information


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Two different types of tourism

definitions

a) Conceptual: provides a theoretical framework

to identify the essential characteristics of toursim

An example is provide by Mathieson & Wall (1982)Tourism is the temporary movement of people

to destinations outside their normal places of

work and residence, the activities undertaking

during their stay in those destinations, and the

facilities created to cater to their needs


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b) Technical: provides data for statistical or

legislative purposes, provides a common

basis by which to collect data.

Technical definitions are characterized by 5

main elements

Purpose of trip

Distance travelled

Duration of the trip

Residence of

traveller

Mode of

transportation


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Purpose - pleasure

Business business tourism

Religion religion tourism

Culture cultural tourism Ecology eco-tourism


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Distance

In official estimates of tourism, distanaces

vary from 0 to 100 miles

Duration Most definitions of tourists include at least

one overnight


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Residence of traveller

Type of location

Mode of transportation Means of transport used to reach a

destination


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Need of a standard definition to be

adopted universally in order to measure

the wide phenomenon of tourism

1936. The Committee of Statistical Experts of the

League of Nations

a foreign tourist is one who visits a country other

than that in which he habitually lives for a period

of at least twenty-four hours


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1936. The WTO introduced the word visitor

including two different categories of

travellers

a) tourists: temporary visitors staying at leasttwenty-four hours in the country visited, and

whose purpose was for leisure, business, family,mission or meeting

b) excursionists: temporary visitors staying less

than twenty-four hours in the destination visited

and not staying overnight


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Even if the WTO and the UN tried to

create a uniform definition and a

uniform basis to collect standardizedtourism data, not all countries adhere

to standard definitions

C A U S I N G

The incomparability of tourism statistics


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Chapter 3

There s no business like old business:

tourism, the nostalgia industry of thefuture


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Today, tourism looks backwards, tries

to capture the past which is far better

and superior to the chaotic present and

uncertain future.

The past, with its history and genuine

traditions, is seen as an improvement

on the present


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Present is described as chaotic,

stressing and is opposed to a fairy-tale, relaxing past where the tourist

feels free to forget his daily routine

Nostalgia relates to and is rounded in

dissatisfaction with current socialarrangements


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In Britain there is a massive revivalin preserving the past . Coal

mining, cotton spinning and steam

engines have changed theirmeaning becoming the heritage

industry


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The theme of nostalgia and the return

to the past are developed through

a role inversion between the tourist, the

common man, and the famous person, so

that the tourist feels a king or a queen for

a day


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However, contemporary society

tends to obliterate divisions based onclass, gender and race.

For this REASON, it is necessaryto look back at a period where thedistinctions between lord and serf

were most pronounced

IT IS THE REALM OF THE PAST


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In HOTELS the atmosphere of the past is

well visible in the

Old fashioned furniture

Marble floors and bathrooms

Waiters dressed with traditional clothes A lot of pages of history

Silver services

Paintings and black and white pictures ofwealthy families of days gone by


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MUSEUMS COLLECTIONS OF

PAST TIMES

Everywhere and everything from the past

may be conserved, making it a spectacle,

a show. Museums become an emporium retailing

nostalgia, allowing the tourist to buy

souvenirs or memories from the past. There are specialized museums focusing

on one single character: a musician, a

writer, a poet.


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To sum up, in Urrys words, the

past has come to be much morehighly valued in comparison with

both the present and the future


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MACABRE SITES

Even if it sounds surprising, macabre sites attract alot of tourists

WHY DOES THE MACABRE ATTRACT?

The idea and feeling of nostalgia, around which thetourism industry builds marketing strategies, filtersout unpleasant experiences by first of all

concentrating upon them and then recognizing themas safe, dead and past.

ACTUALLY, THE TOURIST INDUSTRY SELLS

NOSTALGIA


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The past, the INDUSTRIAL past is

revalued for tourist and economicpurposes

Industrial sites and machinery are de-industrialized, they lose their gloomy

aspects to become sceneries or objects in

a museum.


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LANGUAGE

Nostalgia is not simply an antiquarian

feeling but also a matter of language

The nostalgia discourse builds a kind of

bridge between a glorious past and a

stunning future skipping the boring present


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The tourism industry aims at selling the

past to the future

In this way, tourists are encouraged to fillthe void of the present by identifying

themselves with the product, with the

holiday


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Global Tourism 1