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Global Studies Review
3200 B.C.-1700’s
Beginnings of Civilization
• Geography- study of humans and their interaction with the environment. Themes:1. Location (describes where something is)2. Place (features that make site unique)3. Regions (areas that share commons characteristics)4. Movement (looks at how + why people + things move)5. Human Environment Interaction
• Culture- a groups knowledge, beliefs, values and customs– Cultural Diffusion-spread of ideas from one society to
another.
Paleolithic Era
• 2.5 million B.C.-8000 B.C.
• hunting • gathering wild game• edible plants• living in nomadic groups• Old Stone Age
Neolithic Era
• 8000 B.C.- 3000 B.C.• farming crops• domestication of
animals• living in settlements and
villages• New Stone Age• Rise of cities and
civilizations
Features of a Civilization
• Cities
• Government
• Writing
• Religion
• Public Works
• Job Specialization
• Art & Architecture
• Social Classes
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Mesopotamia
Babylonians
Tigris & Euphrates Riverspresent day Iraq
• Mesopotamia• ancient Sumer • fertile crescent• Polytheistic• Ziggurats• Cuneiform• Wheel• Sail• plow
• Babylonians• advanced knowledge in
astronomy• Hanging Gardens• Hammurabi’s code (code
of laws “eye for an eye”)
Nile River
Egyptians
Nile RiverPresent day Egypt
• Polytheistic (many gods)
• pharoah (god/king)
• Hieroglyphics
• Papyrus
• Pyramids
• Mumification (Book of the Dead)
• Calendar (based on floods of Nile)
Indus and Ganges Rivers
Indus and Ganges Rivers
Indus-Pakistan
• Mohenjo Daro and Harappa Valley
• grid like pattern for city• plumbing• Organized government
Ganges-India
• Aryans– created caste system
• Based on occupation
– beginnings of Hinduism– (Vedas)– River sacred to Hindus
Huang He River
Ancient Chinese Civilization
Huang He and Yangtze Rivers
• China
• Shang Dynasty (1766 BC-1100BC)
• Mandate of Heaven- right to rule
• dynastic cycle-process of rule
• silk-bronze
• coin money
• Ancestor Worship
• Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC-221BC)
Other Civilizations
Phoenicians Hittites
Persians
Other Important
Civilizations
• Phoenicians (1500-300 BCE)– Lebanon– created alphabet– proficient sailors
• Hittites (1750-1180BCE)– Asia Minor– extracted iron from ore-able to create stronger weapons.
• Persians (550-330 BCE)– fertile crescent-present day Iran– barter economy
• zoroastrianism (religion)• Hebrews
– Israel– created monotheistic religion Judaism
Empires
• A collection of nations or people ruled by a single authority usually a monarch, but other systems of gov’t too
Empires of CHINA
1. Qin (221 BC-206 BC)– Shi Huang Di– Legalism (harsh)– Great Wall
2. Han (206 BC-220AD)– Gao Zu began Empire– Confucious gov’t
• Civil Service Exam• Filial Piety
– Emperor Wudi• Growth of Trade (Silk Road)
– Technology-Paper– Medicine-Anestetics
3. Sui (589-618 AD)
Grand Canal (1,000 ft links N-S China)
4. Tang(618-907 AD)– age of Buddhism– Footbinding– woodblock printing– Gunpowder– Paper Money– Magnetic compass
5. Song (960-1279 AD)– Moveable type– Porcelain
Shi Huang Di
More Asian Empires
• Mongols– Ghengis Khan(1206-1227)– conquered lands throughout China– Golden Horde (Tartars)
• Batu (grandson) controlled most of Russia
– Yuan dynasty (1279-1368)• Kublai Khan (grandson)
– Pax Mongolia: guarded trade routes (Silk Road)– Marco Polo
• Korea (name from Koryo Dynasty)
– -cultural bridge btwn. China and Japan
– Hermit Kingdom– Choson Dynasty
India• Maurya Empire (320 -185 BC)
– Chandragupta• United India• Strong government• Organized bureaucracy
– Ashoka• Expanded empire• Promoted Buddhism• Public works (roads + wells for travellers)
• Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)– Chandra
• Reunited northern India• Golden Age (peace, wealth, advancements)• Promoted Hinduism
Greece before Greece
Minoans
• Crete• 3,000BCE-1450 BCE• Knossus• King Minos-Labyrinth• Snake Goddess• Trade• Linear A• Arthur Evans
Mycenaeans
• 2200 BCE• Heinrich Schliemann • Linean B• Trojan War• Homer• Dark Ages
Ancient Greece (1750 B.C. -133 B.C.)
• Mediterranean Sea– Archipelago
• Main City States– Sparta
• military-discipline
– Athens• Democracy• Education• Intellectualism• Art• Drama• Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
A not so Greek
• Alexander the Great (359 BC- 326 BC)– not a “real greek”– conquered Greece, Persia, northern India,and
Egypt– Accomplishments
• Hellenistic civilization (Greek+Persian+Egyptian+Indian)• CULTURAL DIFFUSSION
Rome (509 B.C.-476 A.D.)• Central location helped create vast empire.• 756 BC Etruscans and Latiums established city of Rome: rule by Tyrants
• Republic 509 B.C.-31 B.C.– consuls,patricians,plebians controlled Roman affairs.– Twelve Tables (civil law)– Punic Wars-against Carthage, 3 wars, Hannibal, Rome won)
• Julius Caesar– great general– Dictator– popular for reforms– killed by rivals (“et tu Brute”)
• Empire 31 B.C.-476 A.D. Octavious/Augustus– Pax Romana (31B.C.-180A.D.)
• Roman Peace + stable gov’t
Roman Achievements
• Architecture– emphasis on grandeur
• Engineering– system of roads, bridges, harbors, and
aqueducts.
• Science– Ptolemy (earth center of universe) – Pliny the Elder(wrote many books on different
topics.
Roman Achievements
• Roman Law– Applied to all people-created stability-5
basic principles• People equal under the law• Accused can face accusers• Decisions based on fairness•Person is presumed innocent •Guilt must be clearly established
Fall of Rome
• Military Causes– Invasions from north– army lacked training and
discipline– hired mercenaries– Huns pushed Goths over
Empire’s boundaries
• Economic Causes– heavy taxes– middle class disappears– farmers left land-used
slave labor
• Political Causes– Gov’t too strict– Curruption– Empire divided.
• Social Causes– population decline
(disease and famine)– people became
selfish and lazy
Byzantine Empire395-1453 CE
• Extension of Roman Empire– (Greco-Roman heritage)
• Shaped developing cultures of Russia and Eastern Europe.
• Constantinople– capital of Eastern Empire– Protected by water + walls– Major trading power (Western Europe-Arab empire)
• Justinian and Theodora (527-565)– code of laws– Hagia Sophia– Tried to reunite east +west failed due to plague
• Orthodox Christianity
Middle East• Crossroads of the World (Europe, Africa, Asia)• Cultural diffusion-> Trade• Preserved ancient writings of Greeks and Romans• Islam• Abassid Empire 740s-900s)
– Shiite muslims– Trade increased
• Safavid Empire (1500-1722)– Persian muslims (shiite)
• Ottoman Empire (1300s-1919)– Controlled former area called Byzantine/Constantinople
• Shiite vs Sunni– Sunni: “people who follow the Sunna (way of the prophet)” caliph should
be good person– Shiite/Shia: caliphite must go to a descendent of Muhammad
Africa• Sahara desert-largest world barrier• Sahel-south of Sahara undergoing
desertification• Savanna-grasslands-supports farming and
herding• Animism-early religion-spirits present in
natural objects.• Oral history (griots)• Bantu Migrations (900s BCE)
– Migrations into South Africa
East Africa
• Influenced by Monsoons• Kush (Nubia)• Auxum (100-600 CE)
– Ethiopia– Christian– Traded w/ coins
• Ivory
• Gold
• People
• Swahili– Combination of Bantu +
Arabic language
West Africa• Land of Gold• Ghana (800s-1076 CE)
– Traded gold + salt
• Mali (1230s-1433 CE)– Sundiata (ruler + Epic
story)– Mansa Musa (1307)
• Devout Muslim: hajj = cultural diffussion
• Timbuktu: center fro education, religion, culture
– Ibn Battuta: wrote about travels in Africa
• Songhai (1460s)– Sunni Ali-great military
leader– Askia Muhammad-Golden
Age
Latin American Empires• Maya (300-900 CE)
– Yucatan Peninsula/Mexico– advancements in astronomy– Human Sacrifice
• Aztec (1200-1520 CE)– Central Mexico – conquered by Spanish (Cortes)– Human Sacrifice
• Incas(1438-1525 CE)– Andes mts./Peru– conquered by Spanish (Pizzaro)– road system + terrace farming
• All were polytheistic, highly complex,and well-organized
Empire of Japan
• Archipelago
• Ring of Fire
• borrowed culture from China
• terrace farming
• Shintoism (religion)
• Feudalism-land in exchange for military
• Bushido (code of conduct for samurai)
Europe
• Dark Ages (476 AD -800)– End of Roman Rule in western Europe– Rise of Tribes (Franks, Saxons, vikings)– no books– no learning/education
• Preserved by monks and muslims
– no government– no common language– no unity
Europe: Middle Ages (800-1300)
• 3 C’s (Clovis, Charles Martel, Charlemagne)• Feudalism
– fiefdom= system of loyalties– Manorialism-self sufficient estate– Chivalry-code of conduct
• Church-most powerful institution– political-economic-social organization– Holy Roman Empire
Europe Middle Ages• Agricultural Revolution (after 900)
– New inventions (harness for horses,3 field system, moldboard plow)
– More food =more people= more trade routes = fairs =towns• Crusades-Holy Wars (1095- 1270) resulted in increased:
– Trade, cultural diffusion, knowledge• Commercial Revolution(1500s)
– New business practices (checks, banks)– Capital = $ exchanged instead of bartering– end of feudalism– Important trade cities (Venice, Hanseatic League)
• 1348 Bubonic Plague=trade declined-church lost power-1/3 population died
• Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453– War between France and Britain over land
• Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648– Between German Princes and Holy Roman
Empire over religion– Treaty of Westphalia brought peace
Europe-> Renaissance (1300-
1650)
• Rebirth of Classics– Greek and Roman– Golden Age
• Begins in Italy b/c of:– Crusades– urban centers– wealthy merchants– humanism= focus on human achievements not just religion– Art focus=realism– Artists:
• Michelangelo, da Vinci-most famous
– Writers:• Machiavelli-The Prince (end justifies the means) rulers
should do anything to gain and keep power.• Johannes Gutenberg-printing press-#books increase,
vernacular, spread of ideas.
Europe->Reformation (1517)• Martin Luther-1517
– 95 Theses
– upset over selling indulgences.
• Henry VIII (1491-1547)
– challenged Pope over divorce issue
– Anglican church established (1534)
• John Calvin (1541-1564)
– predestination-born sinners
– Huguenots (French Calvinists)
• John Knox-Presbytarianism in Scotland (1510-1572)
• Counter Reformation
– Council of Trent (end abuses in Church)1545-1663
– Inquisition (Catholics on trial)
– Jesuits (remember practices of Jesus)
Europe: Exploration (1400-1700)• Search fo SPICES• God-Gold-Glory• Advances in sailing• Columbus• Magellan• Da Gama• Conquistadores
– Cortes (Aztecs)– Pizzaro (Incas)
• Destroyed Populations– Superior Technology– Disease– Slavery
• Columbian Exchange– Ideas, animals, plants
• Mercantilism– Power=wealth– Take raw materials
produce + sell exports
• Encomienda System– plantations– Class system
Europe: Absolute Monarchs(1500-1800)
• France (Bourbons)– ”Sun King”-Louis XIV– Built Versailles Palace
• Russia (Romanov)– Ivans’-> good and bad– Peter the Great
• Westernization• expansion
– Catherine the Great• modernization• expansion
• Prussia (Hohenzollerns)– Frederick II (the Great)– military hero
• Spain– Isabella and Ferdinand
• Inquisition
– Phillip II• Armada defeated by England
• England (limited monarchy)– Magna Carta (1215 King John)– Henry VIII (split with Pope)– Elizabeth I
• war w/Spain + religious toleration
– Oliver Cromwell • civil war/resentment
– William and Mary • Glorious Revolution-English Bill of
Rights 1689 limited power
• Austria-Hapsberg family– Maria Theresa (Holy Roman
Empire, very powerful)
Scientific Revolution
• 1543• Europe• Cause:
– Exploration +expansion of trade– Continuing study of ancient ideas– Geocentric (Church) vs Heliocentric (Copernicus)– Development of scientific method
• Effects:– People question Church (main authority)– Beginnings of modern science– Belief in progress & power of reason– New view of universe
Important Scientific Thinkers
• Copernicus• Brahe• Kepler• Galileo• Newton• Boyle• Bacon• Descartes
• Lavoisier• Leeuwnhoek• Linnaes• Harvey• Hooke• Vesalius
Enlightenment: 1600s -1700sPhilosophers used reason to find the truth, influenced
by the Scientific Revolution, promoted want for independence
• People:– Thomas Hobbes: people are bad, gov’t = order– John Locke: natural rights– Montesquieu: separation of powers– Rousseau: born good, gov’t = protection– Voltaire: against slavery– Diderot: Encyclopedie– Wollstonecraft & Smith: don’t forget the ladies– Smith: Laissez Faire (economy)
• Influenced Revolution around the world
Revolution
• The overthrow or replacement of a government or political system.
American Revolution
• 1776-1783• Where: North America (13 colonies)• Cause:
– British Colony– Mercantilism– “No taxation w/out representation”– Influenced by Enlightenment (Locke &
Montesquieu)
• Effects:– United States of America
French Revolution & Napoleon• 1789-1815• France• Cause:
– 3 Estates (3rd=high taxes + few rights)– Influenced by Enlightenment & American Revolution– 1789 3rd estate declares itself National Assembly;
Bastille stormed, Declaration of Rights of Man, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
– Effects– Reign of Terror-Robespierre-guillotine– Napoleon (1804-1814) many changes, expensive,
disaster in Russia (weather)– Congress of Vienna-restore balance of power
Latin American Independence• 1791-1835• Central + South America• Cause:
– Nationalism-influenced by American and French Revolution.
• Effects:– L’Ouverture (Haiti)– Bolivar (Liberator of Colombia, Venezuela, Peru,
Bolivia)– San Martin (Argentina)– Hidalgo & Morelos & O’Higgins (Mexico)– Lack of unity:Andes Mts & Amazon rain forest– Economic instability = Reliance on single crop economy
Industrial Revolution
• 1750-1850• Where:
– Britain-natural resources, harbor, navy, economic + political stability
• Cause:– Agricultural Rev-new inventions = food=People
– New Inventions=steam power, cottage-factories, mass production– Urbanization
• Effects:– Poor Working conditions-hours, pay, dangerous, child labor– Middle Class– Unions
• People & Ideas: Adam Smith (Laissez Faire), Charles Darwin (evolution, natural selection), Utopia (perfect society), Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto, workers unite and share equally-classless society)
Russian Revolution (1917)• Cause: cruel czars, losses in war, poverty
• 1905 (Bloody Sunday-marchers killed)
• March 1917 czar Nicholas abdicates
• Bolsheviks (Communists/Reds) take over-”peace,land & bread”.
• Lenin leads until 1924-USSR-NEP
• Stalin-totalitarian rule-Russification, 5 year plans, collective farms, secret police, forced famine, Great Purge, forced exiles, murders, millions killed died 1953
Chinese Revolution
• 1930s-1940s
• Cause: Nationalists (Guomindang w/leader Jiang Jeishi) vs. Communists (Mao Zedong)
• 1949 Communists were victorious– Mao Zedong– Great Leap Forward– Cultural Revolution “Little Red Book”
Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another
region /country• 1800-1914• Cause:
– resources, land + labor• Effects:
– Africa• lack of unity-not free until 1960s-boundary wars.
– Americas• Lead to USA policing region
– India• Sepoy Rebellion-rid foreigners-lost
– China• Opium Wars-British won, Boxer Rebellion -rid foreigners-lost
– Japan• Meiji Restoration-modernize
• Impact: – cultural diffusion– nationalism (#1)– destruction of traditional societies– improved standards of living– cause of WW I
Nationalism: pride in one’s country, want of self determination
• Germany: 1871 Otto Von Bismarck• Italy 1871: Guiseppe Garibaldi, Guiseppe Mazzini• Austria: 1869 Dual Monarchy becomes Austria-
Hungary• Turkey 1917 Kemal Ataturk• Israel: 1949 Balfour Declaration, Zionism• India:1948 Mohandas Gandhi• Africa: 1910-1079 Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela• Iran: 1925 Reza Khan
World War I (1914-1918)
• Cause: Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, assassination (Ferdinand) “Balkan Powder Keg”, alliances
• Central Powers=Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans) vs. Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, USA, Italy)
• Impact: several fronts, trenches, deadlier weapons-”Great war”
• Effects: Treaty of Versailles (unfair to Germany) League of Nations formed
World War II (1939-1945)• Cause: Germany + Italy = aggressive
• Impact: appeasement (give in), Germany invades Poland (starts war).
• Allies (B,F, USSR, US) vs Axis (G, I, J)
• Holocaust- genocide
• Pearl Harbor –involves US
• V-E Day May 1945
• Japan surrenders August 1945 after 2 A bombs dropped
• Effects: Nuremberg Trials, Japan loses military, Germany split, United Nations formed
Cold War (1946-1990)• USA vs USSR-hostilities-Democracy vs Communism• Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan-prevent communism,
strengthen democracy+capitalism• NATO vs Warsaw Pact=military alliances• Arms Race + Space Race• Korean War (n=c) (s=d)->no change• Vietnam War (n=c) (s=d) South=comm.• Cuba-Castro-missile crisis 1962-embargo on Cuba
w/US• End: détente (ease)
– Reagan for U.S.A. – Gorbachev (glasnost, perestroika), nationalism, fall of USSR– Yeltsin new president of Russia
Around the World• Poland
– -solidarity (union) Lech Walesa-No Communism
• Germany– Fall of Berlin Wall
• Ethnic/religious tensions– Bosnia– Ireland (Catholic vs Protestant)– Pakistan (Muslims) vs. India (Hindus)– Israel (Jews vs Palestinian Muslims)– Africa
• Apartheid (South Africa)• Somalia• Rwanda (Hutus vs Tutsi’s)• Darfur (Omar al-Bashir)
• Nuclear Warfare (North Korea, India, Pakistan)• Overpopulation (India, China-1 child policy)
• Urbanization:– Pollution (acid rain, deforestation, depletion of
ozone, desertification, global warming, endangered species)
• Green Revolution– fertilizers, farming techniques food.
• Computer Revolution (new technology)• Satellite Technology (Space)• Medical Advances-genetics, cloning, stem cells,
vaccines• Organizations: OPEC, OAS (Latin America), OAU
(Africa), ASEAN (Asia) EU (Europe)• Terrorism –hijackings, 9/11, suicide bombings