Global Health Impacts of Civil Aviation: From Near-Airport to

1

Technical Annexes to “Global Health Impacts of Civil Aviation:

From Near-Airport to Intercontinental Pollution”

Contents 1. WRF and CMAQ domains.......................................................................................................... 2

2. Non-aviation emission inventories for CMAQ simulations ....................................................... 2

North America .............................................................................................................................. 2

Europe ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Asia ............................................................................................................................................... 3

3. List of airports included in near-airport dispersion calculations ................................................ 4

4. CMAQ model validation ........................................................................................................... 38

5. WRF model validation .............................................................................................................. 41

6. Data for premature death estimates ........................................................................................... 44

7. Data for valuation calculations ................................................................................................. 51

8. Sensitivity of premature death estimates to alternative CRFs .................................................. 56

9. Sensitivity of the aviation-attributable premature death estimate in North America due to LTO

emissions to different scale approaches and BC emission calculation methods ...................... 57

10. Valuation results ....................................................................................................................... 58

Air Quality Costs ........................................................................................................................ 58

Climate Costs .............................................................................................................................. 59

Accident Costs ............................................................................................................................ 60

Noise Costs ................................................................................................................................. 65

11. Supplemental References .......................................................................................................... 68

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1. WRF and CMAQ domains

Figure S1 WRF and CMAQ domains for the North America, Europe and Asia regions that were modelled at high resolution using CMAQ with GEOS-Chem boundary conditions.

2. Non-aviation emission inventories for CMAQ simulations

North America

The background (non-aviation) emissions for the North America CMAQ domain are derived

from the 2005 EPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI) (U.S. EPA 2008). The data are

processed by the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions program version 2.6 (SMOKE 2010).

SMOKE applies chemical speciation profiles (in case of PM, NOX and Volatile Organic

Compounds), temporal profiles and spatial surrogates for allocation of emissions into model grid

cells. The spatial surrogates are compiled by the EPA to allocate area and line sources (which are

often specified as county totals) to CMAQ model grid cells (SMOKE 2010). Emissions are

distributed using area-weighting, and the emission allocation is done based on source

classification codes (SCCs).

Europe

Emissions in the UK are derived from the 2007 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

(NAEI) (Murrels et al 2010), which has a horizontal resolution of 1 km × 1 km. In the rest of

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Europe, the 2007 European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) inventory is applied

for area sources (Vestreng et al 2004). EMEP has a horizontal resolution of 50 km × 50 km.

Point sources are from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) outside

the UK (E-PRTR 2006).

We use different vertical profiles for each sector, and varied temporal (monthly, weekly and

daily) profiles for every sector of different countries in the EU. For the region outside the UK,

the profiles from EMEP are selected (Bieser et al 2010). In the UK, the vertical profiles are the

European averages based on different profiles in the SPECIATE database (Bieser et al 2010).

Plume rise is estimated according to the method used in SMOKE (SMOKE 2009; Briggs 1971;

Briggs 1972), i.e.

Plume rise = 𝐻! + 21.31311057×𝐹!.!" 𝑈, 𝐹 < 55

𝐻! + 38.87776061×𝐹!.! 𝑈 , 𝐹 ≥ 55

where 𝐹 = 0.25 × 𝐺 × 𝑉! × 𝐷!! × 𝑇! − 𝑇 𝑇! is the buoyancy flux (m4/s3); 𝐺 is the mean

gravitational acceleration (9.80665 m/s2); 𝑉! is the stack gas exit velocity (m/s); 𝐷! is the inside

stack diameter (m); 𝑇! is stack gas temperature (K); 𝑇 is the ambient temperature (K) obtained

from WRF; 𝑈 is wind speed (m/s) obtained from WRF; 𝐻! is physical stack height (m) estimated

from Vieno et al (2009). Plume rise is calculated in-line in the simulation instead of by assuming

representative wind speeds.

Asia

The emissions of point sources are derived from the TRACE-P (Streets 2003), which provides

SOX, NOX, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), black carbon (BC),

organic carbon (OC), NH3, and CH4 emissions from point sources in Asia, including power

plants and some large iron and steel plants for CO emissions. Area source emissions from

industrial, transportation, residential and power generation are derived from INTEX-B (Zhang et

al 2009), which provides gridded emissions of BC, OC, NOx, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO and

NMVOC at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. Ammonia (NH3) emissions are derived from the

global emissions inventory provided by PBL (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving) Netherlands

Environmental Assessment Agency (Beusen et al 2008). This gridded inventory has a spatial

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resolution of 5 min × 5 min. A global ship emissions inventory developed by Wang et al (2008)

is used. The inventory provides monthly emission sums of SO2, NOX, CO, BC, NMVOC, and

PM2.5 at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°.

Table S1 Summary of the emission inventories used for the CMAQ Asia domain in this study.

Inventory Sector Source type

Spatial resolution

Species

Street et al Power generation Point - BC, OC, NOx, SO2, CO, NMVOC

Zhang et al Industrial, transportation, residential and power generation

Gridded 0.5° × 0.5° BC, OC, NOx, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NMVOC

Beusen et al All Gridded 5 min × 5 min NH3 Wang et al Shipping Gridded 0.1° × 0.1° BC, NOx, SO2, PM2.5,

CO, NMVOC

3. List of airports included in near-airport dispersion calculations

A total of 968 airports are included in the local air quality dispersion modeling, which accounts

for ~94% of total fuel burn during aircraft ground operations worldwide. Table S2 shows a list of

the airports for which dispersion modeling was undertaken.

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Table S2 A list of airports for which near-airport dispersion calculations were done. Yao Airport (*) is represented by ICAO code, as no IATA code is associated with this airport.

Airport IATA code

Country / City Airport Name Latitude (degrees)

Longitude (degrees)

AAL DENMARK Aalborg Airport 57.09 9.85 AAR DENMARK Aarhus Airport 56.30 10.62 ABE UNITED STATES Lehigh Valley International

Airport 40.65 -75.44

ABJ COTE D'IVOIRE Felix Houphouet Boigny Airport 5.26 -3.93 ABQ UNITED STATES Albuquerque International

Sunport 35.04 -106.61

ABY UNITED STATES Southwest Georgia Regional Airport

31.54 -84.19

ABZ UNITED KINGDOM Aberdeen Airport 57.20 -2.20 ACA MEXICO General Juan N. Alvarez

International Airport 16.76 -99.75

ACE SPAIN Lanzarote Airport (Arrecife Airport)

28.95 -13.61

ACK UNITED STATES Nantucket Memorial Airport 41.25 -70.06 ACY UNITED STATES Atlantic City International

Airport 39.46 -74.58

ADA TURKEY Adana Airport 36.98 35.28 ADB TURKEY Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport 38.29 27.16 ADD ETHIOPIA Addis Abeba Bole International

Airport 8.98 38.80

ADL AUSTRALIA Adelaide International Airport -34.95 138.53 ADS UNITED STATES Addison Airport 32.97 -96.84 AEP ARGENTINA Jorge Newbery Airport -34.56 -58.42 AER RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Sochi International Airport 43.45 39.96

AES NORWAY Alesund Airport 62.56 6.11 AFW UNITED STATES Fort Worth Alliance Airport 32.99 -97.32 AGA MOROCCO Agadir Al-Massira Airport 30.32 -9.41 AGH SWEDEN Ängelholm–Helsingborg Airport 56.30 12.85 AGP SPAIN Malaga Airport 36.67 -4.50 AGS UNITED STATES Augusta Regional Airport 33.37 -81.96 AGU MEXICO Lic. Jesus Teran Peredo


AHB SAUDI ARABIA Abha Regional Airport 18.24 42.66 AHO ITALY Alghero Airport 40.63 8.29 AJA FRANCE Campo Dell Oro Airport 41.92 8.80 AJU BRAZIL Santa Maria Airport -10.98 -37.07

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

AKJ JAPAN Asahikawa Airport 43.67 142.45 AKL NEW ZEALAND Auckland International Airport -37.01 174.79 ALB UNITED STATES Albany International Airport 42.75 -73.80 ALC SPAIN Alicante Airport 38.28 -0.56 ALF NORWAY Alta Airport 69.98 23.37 ALG ALGERIA Algiers - Houari Boumediene

Airport 36.69 3.22

ALP SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

Aleppo International Airport 36.18 37.22

ALY EGYPT Alexandria International Airport 31.18 29.95 AMA UNITED STATES Rick Husband Amarillo


AMD INDIA Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport

23.08 72.63

AMI INDONESIA Selaparang Airport -8.56 116.09 AMM JORDAN Queen Alia International Airport 31.72 35.99 AMS NETHERLANDS Amsterdam Schiphol Airport 52.31 4.76 ANC UNITED STATES Ted Stevens Anchorage


ANF CHILE Cerro Moreno International Airport

-23.44 -70.45

ANU ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

VC Bird International Airport 17.14 -61.79

AOI ITALY Ancona Falconara Airport (Raffaello Sanzio Airport)

43.62 13.36

AOJ JAPAN Aomori Airport 40.73 140.69 APA UNITED STATES Centennial Airport 39.57 -104.85 APF UNITED STATES Naples Municipal Airport 26.15 -81.78 AQP PERU Rodríguez Ballón International

Airport -16.34 -71.58

ARI CHILE Chacalluta International Airport -18.35 -70.34 ASB TURKMENISTAN Ashgabat International Airport 37.99 58.36 ASE UNITED STATES Aspen-Pitkin County Airport

(Sardy Field) 39.22 -106.87

ASJ JAPAN Amami Airport 28.43 129.71 ASP AUSTRALIA Alice Springs Airport -23.81 133.90 ASR TURKEY Kayseri Erkilet International

Airport 38.77 35.50

ASU PARAGUAY Asuncion Silvio Pettirossi International Airport

-25.24 -57.52

ASW EGYPT Aswan International Airport 23.96 32.82

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

ATH GREECE Athens International Airport (Eleftherios Venizelos)

37.94 23.94

ATL UNITED STATES Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport

33.64 -84.43

ATQ INDIA Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport

31.71 74.80

ATW UNITED STATES Outagamie County Regional Airport

44.26 -88.52

AUA ARUBA Queen Beatrix International Airport

12.50 -70.02

AUH UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Abu Dhabi International Airport 24.43 54.65

AUS UNITED STATES Austin-Bergstrom International Airport

30.19 -97.67

AVL UNITED STATES Asheville Regional Airport 35.44 -82.54 AVP UNITED STATES Wilkes-Barre/Scranton


AVV AUSTRALIA Avalon Airport -38.04 144.47 AWZ IRAN- ISLAMIC

REPUBLIC OF Ahwaz Airport 31.34 48.76

AXD GREECE Alexandroupolis International Airport (Dimokritos)

40.86 25.96

AXT JAPAN Akita Airport 39.62 140.22 AYT TURKEY Antalya Airport 36.90 30.79 AZO UNITED STATES Kalamazoo/Battle Creek


BAH BAHRAIN Bahrain International Airport 26.27 50.63 BBI INDIA Biju Patnaik Airport 20.24 85.82 BBU ROMANIA Bucharest (Aurel Vlaicu)

International Airport 44.50 26.10

BCN SPAIN Barcelona International Airport (El Prat)

41.30 2.08

BCT UNITED STATES Boca Raton Airport 26.38 -80.11 BDA BERMUDA Hamilton Bermuda International 32.36 -64.68 BDJ INDONESIA Syamsudin Noor Airport -3.44 114.76 BDL UNITED STATES Bradley International Airport 41.94 -72.68 BDS ITALY Casale Airport 40.66 17.95 BED UNITED STATES Laurence G. Hanscom Field

Airport 42.47 -71.29

BEG YUGOSLAVIA Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport 44.82 20.31 BEL BRAZIL Val de Cans International Airport -1.38 -48.48

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

BEN LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

Benina International Airport 32.10 20.27

BES FRANCE Brest Bretagne Airport 48.45 -4.42 BFI UNITED STATES King County International

Airport (Boeing Field) 47.53 -122.30

BFL UNITED STATES Meadows Field Airport 35.43 -119.06 BFM UNITED STATES Mobile Downtown Airport 30.63 -88.07 BFS UNITED KINGDOM Belfast International Airport 54.66 -6.22 BGI BARBADOS Grantley Adams International

Airport 13.07 -59.49

BGO NORWAY Bergen Airport - Flesland 60.29 5.22 BGR UNITED STATES Bangor International Airport 44.81 -68.83 BGY ITALY Orio al Serio International Airport 45.67 9.70 BHD UNITED KINGDOM George Best Belfast City Airport 54.62 -5.87 BHM UNITED STATES Birmingham International Airport 33.56 -86.75 BHX UNITED KINGDOM Birmingham International Airport 52.45 -1.75 BIA FRANCE Bastia-Poretta Airport 42.55 9.48 BIK INDONESIA Frans Kaisiepo Airport -1.19 136.11 BIL UNITED STATES Billings Logan International

Airport 45.81 -108.54

BIO SPAIN Bilbao Airport 43.30 -2.91 BIQ FRANCE Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne Airport 43.47 -1.52 BIS UNITED STATES Bismarck Municipal Airport 46.77 -100.75 BJC UNITED STATES Rocky Mountain Metropolitan

Airport 39.91 -105.12

BJL GAMBIA Banjul International Airport 13.34 -16.65 BJV TURKEY Milas-Bodrum Airport 37.25 27.66 BJX MEXICO Del Bajio International Airport 20.99 -101.48 BKI MALAYSIA Kota Kinabalu International

Airport 5.94 116.05

BKK THAILAND Bangkok International Airport 13.91 100.61 BKO MALI Bamako–Sénou International

Airport 12.53 -7.95

BLA VENEZUELA General José Antonio Anzoátegui International Airport

10.11 -64.69

BLK UNITED KINGDOM Blackpool International Airport 53.77 -3.03 BLL DENMARK Billund Airport 55.74 9.15 BLQ ITALY Bologna Guglielmo Marconi

Airport 44.53 11.29

BLR INDIA Bengaluru International Airport 12.95 77.67

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

BMA SWEDEN Stockholm Bromma Airport 59.35 17.94 BMI UNITED STATES Central Illinois Regional Airport 40.48 -88.92 BNA UNITED STATES Nashville International Airport

(Berry Field) 36.12 -86.68

BND IRAN- ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

Bandar Abbass International Airport

27.22 56.38

BNE AUSTRALIA Brisbane Airport -27.38 153.12 BOD FRANCE Bordeaux Airport Airport 44.83 -0.72 BOG COLOMBIA Eldorado International Airport 4.70 -74.15 BOH UNITED KINGDOM Bournemouth Airport 50.78 -1.84 BOI UNITED STATES Boise Airport 43.56 -116.22 BOJ BULGARIA Burgas International Airport

(Sarafovo Airport) 42.57 27.52

BOM INDIA Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport

19.09 72.87

BON NETHERLANDS ANTILLES

Flamingo International Airport 12.13 -68.27

BOO NORWAY Bodo Airport 67.27 14.37 BOS UNITED STATES Gen. Edward Lawrence Logan


BPN INDONESIA Sepinggan International Airport -1.27 116.89 BQN PUERTO RICO Rafael Hernandez Airport 18.49 -67.13 BRC ARGENTINA San Carlos de Bariloche

International Airport -41.15 -71.16

BRE GERMANY Bremen Airport 53.05 8.79 BRI ITALY Palese Macchie Airport 41.14 16.76 BRM VENEZUELA Jacinto Lara International Airport 10.04 -69.36 BRQ CZECH REPUBLIC Brno Turany Airport 49.15 16.69 BRS UNITED KINGDOM Bristol International Airport 51.38 -2.72 BSB BRAZIL Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek


BTJ INDONESIA Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport 5.52 95.42 BTR UNITED STATES Baton Rouge Metropolitan

Airport (Ryan Field) 30.53 -91.15

BTS SLOVAKIA M.R. Stefanik Airport Bratislava 48.17 17.21 BTV UNITED STATES Burlington International Airport 44.47 -73.15 BUD HUNGARY Budapest Ferihegy International

Airport 47.44 19.26

BUF UNITED STATES Buffalo Niagara International Airport

42.94 -78.73

BUR UNITED STATES Bob Hope Airport 34.20 -118.36

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

BVA FRANCE Beauvais - Tille Airport 49.45 2.11 BWI UNITED STATES Baltimore-Washington

International Thurgood Marshall Airport

39.18 -76.67

BWN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

Brunei International Airport 4.95 114.93

BZE BELIZE Philip S W Goldson International Airport

17.54 -88.31

BZN UNITED STATES Gallatin Field Airport 45.78 -111.15 BZV CONGO Maya-Maya Airport -4.25 15.25 CAE UNITED STATES Columbia Metropolitan Airport 33.94 -81.12 CAG ITALY Cagliari - Elmas Airport 39.25 9.05 CAI EGYPT Cairo International Airport 30.12 31.41 CAK UNITED STATES Akron-Canton Regional Airport 40.92 -81.44 CAN CHINA Guangzhou Baiyun International

Airport 23.39 113.30

CAY FRENCH GUIANA Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport 4.82 -52.36 CBB BOLIVIA Jorge Wilstermann International

Airport -17.42 -66.18

CBR AUSTRALIA Canberra International Airport -35.31 149.20 CCP CHILE Carriel Sur International Airport -36.77 -73.06 CCS VENEZUELA Simon Bolivar International

Airport 10.60 -66.99

CCU INDIA Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport

22.65 88.45

CDG FRANCE Paris - Roissy Charles de Gaulle Airport

49.01 2.55

CEB PHILIPPINES Mactan-Cebu International Airport

10.31 123.98

CEI THAILAND Chiang Rai International Airport 19.95 99.88 CFE FRANCE Clermont-Ferrand - Auvergne

Airport 45.79 3.17

CFU GREECE Corfu International Airport (Ioannis Kapodistrias)

39.60 19.91

CGB BRAZIL Marechal Rondon Airport -15.65 -56.12 CGH BRAZIL Congonhas International Airport -23.63 -46.66 CGK INDONESIA Soekarno-Hatta International

Airport -6.13 106.66

CGN GERMANY Cologne Bonn Airport 50.87 7.14 CGO CHINA Zhengzhou Xinzheng


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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

CGP BANGLADESH Shah Amanat International Airport (M.A. Hannan International'l)

22.25 91.81

CGQ CHINA Changchun Longjia International Airport

44.00 125.69

CGR BRAZIL Campo Grande International Airport

-20.47 -54.67

CHA UNITED STATES Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (Lovell Field)

35.04 -85.20

CHC NEW ZEALAND Christchurch International Airport -43.49 172.53 CHO UNITED STATES Charlottesville-Albemarle Airport 38.14 -78.45 CHQ GREECE Chania International Airport

(Ioannis Daskalogiannis) 35.53 24.15

CHS UNITED STATES Charleston International Airport (Civil/Mil.)

32.90 -80.04

CIA ITALY Ciampino Airport (Giovan Battista Pastine)

41.80 12.59

CID UNITED STATES The Eastern Iowa Airport 41.88 -91.71 CIX PERU Cap. FAP José A. Quiñones

Gonzáles International Airport -6.79 -79.83

CJB INDIA Coimbatore Airport 11.03 77.04 CJC CHILE El Loa Airport -22.50 -68.90 CJS MEXICO Abraham Gonzalez International

Airport 31.64 -106.43

CJU KOREA- REPUBLIC OF

Cheju International Airport 33.51 126.49

CKG CHINA Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport

29.72 106.64

CKY GUINEA Conakry International Airport 9.58 -13.61 CLE UNITED STATES Cleveland-Hopkins International

Airport 41.41 -81.85

CLT UNITED STATES Charlotte/Douglas International Airport

35.21 -80.94

CMB SRI LANKA Bandaranaike International Airport

7.18 79.87

CMH UNITED STATES Port Columbus International Airport

40.00 -82.89

CMN MOROCCO Mohammed V International Airport

33.37 -7.59

CNF BRAZIL Tancredo Neves International Airport

-19.63 -43.97

CNS AUSTRALIA Cairns International Airport -16.89 145.76

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

CNX THAILAND Chiang Mai International Airport 18.77 98.96 COO BENIN Cadjehoun Airport 6.36 2.38 COR ARGENTINA Ingeniero Ambrosio L.V.

Taravella International Airport -31.32 -64.21

COS UNITED STATES City of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport

38.81 -104.70

CPH DENMARK Copenhagen Kastrup International Airport

55.62 12.66

CPT SOUTH AFRICA Cape Town International Airport -33.96 18.60 CRK PHILIPPINES Diosdado Macapagal

International Airport (Clark International Airport)

15.19 120.56

CRP UNITED STATES Corpus Christi International Airport

27.77 -97.50

CRQ UNITED STATES McClellan-Palomar Airport 33.13 -117.28 CRW UNITED STATES Yeager Airport 38.37 -81.59 CTA ITALY Catania-Fontanarossa Airport

(Catania International Airport) 37.47 15.07

CTS JAPAN New Chitose Airport 42.78 141.69 CTU CHINA Chengdu Shuangliu International

Airport 30.58 103.95

CUE ECUADOR Mariscal Lamar International Airport

-2.89 -78.98

CUL MEXICO Federal de Bachigualato International Airport

24.76 -107.47

CUR NETHERLANDS ANTILLES

Hato International Airport 12.19 -68.96

CUU MEXICO General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport

28.70 -105.96

CUZ PERU Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport

-13.54 -71.94

CVG UNITED STATES Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport

39.05 -84.67

CVT UNITED KINGDOM Coventry Airport 52.37 -1.48 CWB BRAZIL Afonso Pena International Airport -25.53 -49.18 CWL UNITED KINGDOM Cardiff International Airport 51.40 -3.34 CZL ALGERIA Constantine - Mohamed Boudiaf

Airport 36.28 6.62

DAB UNITED STATES Daytona Beach International Airport

29.18 -81.06

DAD VIET NAM Da Nang International Airport 16.04 108.20 DAL UNITED STATES Dallas Love Field 32.85 -96.85

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

DAR TANZANIA- UNITED REPUBLIC OF

Dar-Es-Salaam International Airport

-6.88 39.20

DAY UNITED STATES James M. Cox Dayton International Airport

39.90 -84.22

DBV CROATIA Dubrovnik Airport 42.56 18.27 DCA UNITED STATES Ronald Reagan Washington

National Airport 38.85 -77.04

DEL INDIA Indira Gandhi International Airport

28.57 77.10

DEN UNITED STATES Denver International Airport 39.86 -104.67 DFW UNITED STATES Dallas-Fort Worth International

Airport 32.90 -97.04

DIY TURKEY Diyarbakir Airport 37.89 40.20 DJB INDONESIA Sultan Thaha Airport -1.64 103.64 DJE TUNISIA Djerba–Zarzis International

Airport 33.88 10.78

DJJ INDONESIA Sentani Airport -2.58 140.52 DKR SENEGAL Léopold Sédar Senghor


DLA CAMEROON Douala International Airport 4.01 9.72 DLC CHINA Dalian Zhoushuizi International

Airport 38.97 121.54

DLH UNITED STATES Duluth International Airport 46.84 -92.19 DLM TURKEY Dalaman Airport 36.71 28.79 DME RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Domodedovo International Airport

55.41 37.91

DMM SAUDI ARABIA King Fahd International Airport 26.47 49.80 DNK UKRAINE Dnipropetrovsk Airport 48.36 35.10 DOH QATAR Doha International Airport 25.26 51.57 DOK UKRAINE Donetsk Airport 48.07 37.74 DOV UNITED STATES Sde Dov Airport 39.13 -75.47 DPA UNITED STATES DuPage Airport 41.91 -88.25 DPS INDONESIA Bali International Airport -8.75 115.17 DRS GERMANY Dresden Airport 51.13 13.77 DRW AUSTRALIA Darwin International Airport -12.41 130.88 DSA UNITED KINGDOM Robin Hood Airport Doncaster

Sheffield 53.47 -1.00

DSM UNITED STATES Des Moines International Airport 41.53 -93.66 DTM GERMANY Dortmund Airport 21 51.52 7.61 DTW UNITED STATES Detroit Metropolitan Wayne

County Airport 42.21 -83.35

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Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

DUB IRELAND Dublin International Airport 53.42 -6.27 DUR SOUTH AFRICA Durban International Airport -29.97 30.95 DUS GERMANY Flughafen Dusseldorf

International 51.29 6.77

DVO PHILIPPINES Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Davao International Airport)

7.13 125.65

DXB UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Dubai International 25.25 55.36

EAM SAUDI ARABIA Najran Domestic Airport 17.61 44.42 EBB UGANDA Entebbe International Airport 0.04 32.44 EDI UNITED KINGDOM Edinburgh Airport 55.95 -3.37 EGE UNITED STATES Eagle County Regional Airport 39.64 -106.92 EIN NETHERLANDS Eindhoven Airport 51.45 5.37 ELM UNITED STATES Elmira/Corning Regional Airport 42.16 -76.89 ELP UNITED STATES El Paso International Airport 31.81 -106.38 ELQ SAUDI ARABIA Gassim Regional Airport 26.30 43.77 ELS SOUTH AFRICA East London Airport -33.04 27.83 EMA UNITED KINGDOM Nottingham East Midlands

Airport 52.83 -1.33

ERF GERMANY Erfurt–Weimar Airport 50.98 10.96 ERZ TURKEY Erzurum Airport 39.96 41.17 ESB TURKEY Ankara Esenboga International

Airport 40.13 33.00

ETH ISRAEL Eilat Airport (J. Hozman Airport) 29.56 34.96 EUG UNITED STATES Eugene Airport (Mahlon Sweet

Field) 44.12 -123.21

EVE NORWAY Harstad-Narvik Airport 68.49 16.68 EVN ARMENIA Zvartnots International Airport 40.13 44.40 EVV UNITED STATES Evansville Regional Airport 38.04 -87.53 EWR UNITED STATES Newark Liberty International

Airport 40.69 -74.17

EXT UNITED KINGDOM Exeter International Airport 50.73 -3.41 EYW UNITED STATES Key West International Airport 24.56 -81.76 EZE ARGENTINA Ezeiza International Airport -34.82 -58.54 FAB UNITED KINGDOM Farnborough Airport 51.28 -0.78 FAI UNITED STATES Fairbanks International Airport 64.82 -147.86 FAO PORTUGAL Faro Airport 37.01 -7.97 FAR UNITED STATES Hector International Airport 46.92 -96.82 FAT UNITED STATES Fresno Yosemite International 36.78 -119.72

15

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

Airport FAY UNITED STATES Fayetteville Regional Airport

(Grannis Field) 34.99 -78.88

FCO ITALY Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport

41.80 12.25

FDF MARTINIQUE Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport

14.59 -61.00

FDH GERMANY Friedrichshafen Airport 47.67 9.51 FIH CONGO- THE

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE

N'djili International Airport -4.39 15.44

FKB GERMANY Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden

48.78 8.08

FKS JAPAN Fukushima Airport 37.23 140.43 FLL UNITED STATES Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood


FLN BRAZIL Hercílio Luz International Airport -27.67 -48.55 FLR ITALY A. Vespucci Florence Airport 43.81 11.21 FMO GERMANY Münster Osnabrück International

Airport 52.13 7.68

FNA SIERRA LEONE Lungi International Airport 8.62 -13.20 FNC PORTUGAL Madeira Airport 32.70 -16.77 FNT UNITED STATES Bishop International Airport 42.97 -83.74 FOC CHINA Fuzhou Chengle International

Airport 25.94 119.66

FOR BRAZIL PInternationalo Martins International Airport

-3.78 -38.53

FPO BAHAMAS Grand Bahama International Airport (Freeport International)

26.56 -78.70

FRA GERMANY Frankfurt Airport 50.03 8.54 FRG UNITED STATES Republic Airport 40.73 -73.41 FRL ITALY Forli Airport (L. Ridolfi Airport) 44.19 12.07 FSD UNITED STATES Sioux Falls Regional Airport (Joe

Foss Field) 43.58 -96.74

FTE ARGENTINA Comandante Armando Tola International Airport

-50.28 -72.05

FTW UNITED STATES Fort Worth Meacham International Airport

32.82 -97.36

FTY UNITED STATES Fulton County Airport 33.78 -84.52 FUE SPAIN Fuerteventura Airport 28.45 -13.86 FUK JAPAN Fukuoka Airport 33.59 130.45

16

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

FWA UNITED STATES Fort Wayne International Airport 40.98 -85.20 FXE UNITED STATES Fort Lauderdale Executive

Airport 26.20 -80.17

GAU INDIA Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport (Mil./Civil)

26.11 91.59

GCI GUERNSEY Guernsey Airport 49.43 -2.60 GCM CAYMAN ISLANDS Roberts International Airport 19.29 -81.36 GDL MEXICO Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla


GDN POLAND Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport 54.38 18.47 GEG UNITED STATES Spokane International Airport

(Geiger Field) 47.62 -117.53

GEO GUYANA Cheddi Jagan International Airport

6.50 -58.25

GFK UNITED STATES Grand Forks International Airport 47.95 -97.18 GIG BRAZIL Galeao - Antonio Carlos Jobim


GIZ SAUDI ARABIA Gizan Regional Airport 16.90 42.59 GJT UNITED STATES Walker Field Airport 39.12 -108.53 GLA UNITED KINGDOM Glasgow International Airport 55.87 -4.43 GNB FRANCE Grenoble - Isere Airport 45.36 5.33 GND GRENADA Maurice Bishop International

Airport 12.00 -61.79

GNV UNITED STATES Gainesville Regional Airport 29.69 -82.27 GOA ITALY Genoa Cristoforo Colombo

Airport 44.41 8.84

GPI UNITED STATES Glacier Park International Airport 48.31 -114.26 GPT UNITED STATES Gulfport-Biloxi International

Airport 30.41 -89.07

GRB UNITED STATES Austin Straubel International Airport

44.48 -88.13

GRJ SOUTH AFRICA George Airport -34.01 22.38 GRK UNITED STATES Killeen-Fort Hood Regional

Airport (R. Gray Army Airfield) 31.07 -97.83

GRO SPAIN Girona-Costa Brava Airport 41.90 2.76 GRR UNITED STATES Gerald R. Ford International

Airport 42.88 -85.52

GRU BRAZIL Guarulhos International Airport -23.43 -46.47 GRX SPAIN Federico Garcia Lorca Granada-

Jaen Airport 37.19 -3.78

GRZ AUSTRIA Graz Airport 46.99 15.44

17

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

GSE SWEDEN Goteborg City Airport 57.77 11.87 GSO UNITED STATES Piedmont Triad International

Airport 36.10 -79.94

GSP UNITED STATES Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport

34.90 -82.22

GTF UNITED STATES Great Falls International Airport 47.48 -111.37 GUA GUATEMALA Guatemala La Aurora


GUM GUAM Guam International Airport 13.48 144.80 GUW KAZAKHSTAN Atyrau Airport 47.12 51.83 GVA SWITZERLAND Geneva International Airport 46.24 6.11 GYD AZERBAIJAN Heydar Aliyev International

Airport 40.47 50.05

GYE ECUADOR Simon Bolivar International Airport

-2.16 -79.88

GYN BRAZIL Santa Genoveva Airport -16.63 -49.22 GZT TURKEY Oguzeli Airport 36.95 37.48 HAJ GERMANY Hannover Airport 52.46 9.69 HAK CHINA Haikou Meilan International

Airport 19.93 110.46

HAM GERMANY Hamburg Airport 53.63 9.99 HAN VIET NAM Noi Bai International Airport 21.22 105.81 HAS SAUDI ARABIA Hail Regional Airport 27.44 41.69 HAU NORWAY Haugesund Airport 59.35 5.21 HAV CUBA Jose Marti International Airport 22.99 -82.41 HBA AUSTRALIA Hobart International Airport -42.84 147.51 HDY THAILAND Hat Yai International Airport 6.93 100.39 HEL FINLAND Helsinki-Vantaa Airport 60.32 24.96 HER GREECE Heraklion International Airport

(Nikos Kazantzakis) 35.34 25.18

HET CHINA Hohhot Baita International Airport

40.85 111.82

HFE CHINA Hefei Luogang International Airport

31.78 117.30

HGH CHINA Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport

30.23 120.43

HHN GERMANY Frankfurt–Hahn Airport 49.95 7.26 HIJ JAPAN Hiroshima Airport 34.44 132.92 HKD JAPAN Hakodate Airport 41.77 140.82 HKG HONG KONG Hong Kong International Airport

- Chep Lap Kok 22.31 113.91

18

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

HKT THAILAND Phuket International Airport 8.11 98.32 HMO MEXICO General Ignacio Pesqueira Garcia


HNA JAPAN Hanamaki Airport 39.43 141.14 HND JAPAN Tokyo International Airport

(Haneda) 35.55 139.78

HNL UNITED STATES Honolulu International Airport (Civil/Mil.)

21.32 -157.92

HOG CUBA Frank Pais Airport 20.79 -76.32 HOU UNITED STATES William P. Hobby Airport 29.65 -95.28 HPN UNITED STATES Westchester County Airport 41.07 -73.71 HRB CHINA Harbin Taiping International

Airport 45.62 126.25

HRE ZIMBABWE Harare International Airport -17.93 31.09 HRG EGYPT Hurghada International Airport 27.18 33.80 HRL UNITED STATES Valley International Airport 26.23 -97.65 HSV UNITED STATES Huntsville International Airport

(Carl T. Jones Field) 34.64 -86.78

HUY UNITED KINGDOM Humberside Airport 53.57 -0.35 HYD INDIA Rajiv Gandhi International

Airport 17.45 78.47

IAD UNITED STATES Washington Dulles International Airport

38.94 -77.46

IAH UNITED STATES George Bush International Airport

29.98 -95.34

IBZ SPAIN Ibiza Airport 38.87 1.37 ICN KOREA- REPUBLIC

OF Incheon International Airport 37.47 126.45

ICT UNITED STATES Wichita Mid-Continent Airport 37.65 -97.43 IDR INDIA Devi Ahilyabai Holkar


IGR ARGENTINA Cataratas del Iguazu International Airport

-25.74 -54.47

IGU BRAZIL Foz do Iguacu International Airport

-25.60 -54.49

IKA IRAN- ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

Imam Khomeini International Airport

35.42 51.14

ILG UNITED STATES New Castle Airport 39.68 -75.61 ILM UNITED STATES Wilmington International Airport 34.27 -77.90 ILN UNITED STATES Wilmington Air Park Airport 39.43 -83.79 ILO PHILIPPINES Mandurriao Airport 10.83 122.49

19

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

IND UNITED STATES Indianapolis International Airport 39.72 -86.29 INN AUSTRIA Innsbruck Airport 47.26 11.34 INV UNITED KINGDOM Inverness Airport 57.54 -4.05 IOM ISLE OF MAN Isle of Man Airport 54.08 -4.62 IOS BRAZIL Jorge Amado Airport -14.82 -39.03 IQQ CHILE Diego Aracena International

Airport -20.54 -70.18

IQT PERU Col Francisco Secada Airport -3.78 -73.31 ISB PAKISTAN Islamabad International Airport

(Mil./Civil) 33.62 73.10

ISG JAPAN Ishigaki Airport 24.34 124.19 ISP UNITED STATES Long Island MacArthur Airport 40.80 -73.10 IST TURKEY Istanbul Ataturk International

Airport 40.98 28.82

ITO UNITED STATES Hilo International Airport 19.72 -155.05 IZO JAPAN Izumo Airport 35.41 132.89 JAC UNITED STATES Jackson Hole Airport 43.61 -110.74 JAI INDIA Jaipur International Airport 26.82 75.81 JAN UNITED STATES Jackson-Evers International

Airport 32.31 -90.08

JAX UNITED STATES Jacksonville International Airport 30.49 -81.69 JED SAUDI ARABIA King Abdulaziz International

Airport 21.68 39.16

JER JERSEY Jersey Airport 49.21 -2.20 JFK UNITED STATES John F. Kennedy International

Airport 40.64 -73.78

JHB MALAYSIA Sultan Ismail International Airport

1.64 103.67

JIB DJIBOUTI Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport

11.55 43.16

JMK GREECE Mykonos Island National Airport 37.44 25.35 JNB SOUTH AFRICA Johannesburg International -26.14 28.25 JNU UNITED STATES Juneau International Airport 58.35 -134.58 JOG INDONESIA Adisucipto International Airport -7.79 110.43 JRO TANZANIA- UNITED

REPUBLIC OF Kilimanjaro International Airport -3.43 37.07

JTR GREECE Santorini (Thira) National Airport 36.40 25.48 KAN NIGERIA Mallam Aminu Kano


KBL AFGHANISTAN Kabul International Airport 34.57 69.21

20

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

KBP UKRAINE Boryspil International Airport 50.35 30.89 KBR MALAYSIA Sultan Ismail Petra Airport 6.17 102.29 KBV THAILAND Krabi Airport 8.10 98.99 KCH MALAYSIA Kuching International Airport 1.48 110.35 KCZ JAPAN Kochi Airport 33.55 133.67 KEF ICELAND Keflavik International Airport 63.99 -22.61 KGD RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Khrabrovo Airport 54.89 20.59

KGL RWANDA Kigali International Airport -1.97 30.14 KGS GREECE Kos Island International Airport

(Ippokratis) 36.79 27.09

KHG CHINA Kashgar Airport (Kashi Airport) 39.54 76.02 KHH TAIWAN Kaohsiung International Airport 22.58 120.35 KHI PAKISTAN Jinnah International Airport 24.91 67.16 KHN CHINA Nanchang International Airport 28.87 115.90 KHV RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Novy Airport 48.53 135.19

KIH IRAN- ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

Kish Airport 26.53 53.98

KIJ JAPAN Niigata Airport 37.96 139.12 KIN JAMAICA Norman Manley International

Airport 17.94 -76.79

KIV MOLDOVA- REPUBLIC OF

Chișinău International Airport 46.93 28.93

KIX JAPAN Kansai International Airport 34.43 135.24 KJA RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport

56.17 92.49

KKC THAILAND Khon Kaen Airport 16.47 102.78 KKJ JAPAN New Kitakyushu Airport 33.85 131.04 KLU AUSTRIA Klagenfurt Airport 46.64 14.34 KMG CHINA Kunming Wujiaba International

Airport 24.99 102.74

KMI JAPAN Miyazaki Airport 31.88 131.45 KMJ JAPAN Kumamoto Airport 32.84 130.86 KMQ JAPAN Komatsu Airport 36.39 136.41 KOA UNITED STATES Kona International Airport at

Keahole 19.74 -156.05

KOJ JAPAN Kagoshima Airport 31.80 130.72 KPO KOREA- REPUBLIC

OF Pohang Airport 35.99 129.42

21

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

KRK POLAND John Paul II International Airport Krakow-Balice

50.08 19.78

KRR RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Pashkovsky Airport 45.03 39.17

KRS NORWAY Kristiansand Airport 58.20 8.09 KRT SUDAN Khartoum International Airport 15.59 32.55 KSC SLOVAKIA Kosice Airport 48.66 21.24 KTM NEPAL Tribhuvan International Airport 27.70 85.36 KTN UNITED STATES Ketchikan International Airport 55.36 -131.71 KTW POLAND Katowice International Airport 50.47 19.08 KUF RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Kurumoch Airport 53.50 50.16

KUH JAPAN Kushiro Airport 43.04 144.19 KUL MALAYSIA Kuala Lumpur International

Airport 2.75 101.71

KUO FINLAND Kuopio Airport 63.01 27.80 KWE CHINA Guiyang Longdongbao Airport 26.54 106.80 KWI KUWAIT Kuwait International Airport 29.23 47.97 KWL CHINA Guilin Liangjiang International

Airport 25.22 110.04

LAD ANGOLA Quatro de Fevereiro Airport -8.86 13.23 LAN UNITED STATES Capital City Airport 42.78 -84.59 LAS UNITED STATES McCarran International Airport 36.08 -115.15 LAX UNITED STATES Los Angeles International Airport 33.94 -118.41 LBA UNITED KINGDOM Leeds Bradford International

Airport 53.87 -1.66

LBB UNITED STATES Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport

33.66 -101.82

LBC GERMANY Lübeck Airport 53.81 10.72 LBG FRANCE Paris - Le Bourget Airport 48.97 2.44 LBU MALAYSIA Labuan Airport 5.30 115.25 LBV GABON Libreville International Airport 0.46 9.41 LCA CYPRUS Larnaca International Airport 34.88 33.62 LCG SPAIN A Coruna Airport 43.30 -8.38 LCK UNITED STATES Rickenbacker International

Airport 39.81 -82.93

LCY UNITED KINGDOM London City Airport 51.51 0.06 LDB BRAZIL Londrina Airport -23.33 -51.13 LDE FRANCE Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrenees Airport 43.18 -0.01 LED RUSSIAN Pulkovo Airport 59.80 30.26

22

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

FEDERATION LEI SPAIN Almeria International Airport 36.84 -2.37 LEJ GERMANY Leipzig/Halle Airport 51.42 12.24 LEX UNITED STATES Blue Grass Airport 38.04 -84.61 LFT UNITED STATES Lafayette Regional Airport 30.21 -91.99 LGA UNITED STATES LaGuardia Airport 40.78 -73.87 LGB UNITED STATES Long Beach Municipal Airport

(Daugherty Field) 33.82 -118.15

LGG BELGIUM Liege Airport 50.64 5.44 LGK MALAYSIA Langkawi International Airport 6.33 99.73 LGW UNITED KINGDOM London Gatwick Airport 51.15 -0.19 LHE PAKISTAN Allama Iqbal International

Airport 31.52 74.40

LHR UNITED KINGDOM London Heathrow Airport 51.48 -0.46 LIH UNITED STATES Lihue Airport 21.98 -159.34 LIM PERU Jorge Chavez International

Airport -12.02 -77.11

LIN ITALY Linate Airport 45.45 9.28 LIR COSTA RICA Daniel Oduber International

Airport 10.59 -85.54

LIS PORTUGAL Portela Airport (Lisbon Airport) 38.78 -9.14 LIT UNITED STATES Little Rock National Airport

(Adams Field) 34.73 -92.22

LJU SLOVENIA Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport 46.22 14.46 LKO INDIA Chaudhary Charan Singh


LLA SWEDEN Luleå Airport 65.54 22.12 LNK UNITED STATES Lincoln Airport 40.85 -96.76 LNZ AUSTRIA Hoersching Airport 48.23 14.19 LOS NIGERIA Murtala Muhammed International

Airport 6.58 3.32

LPA SPAIN Gran Canaria International Airport

27.93 -15.39

LPB BOLIVIA El Alto International Airport -16.51 -68.19 LPL UNITED KINGDOM Liverpool John Lennon Airport 53.33 -2.85 LRM DOMINICAN

REPUBLIC La Romana International Airport 18.45 -68.91

LRT FRANCE Lorient-Bretagne Sud Airport 47.76 -3.44 LSC CHILE La Florida Airport -29.92 -71.20 LST AUSTRALIA Launceston Airport -41.55 147.21

23

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

LTN UNITED KINGDOM London Luton Airport 51.87 -0.37 LUK UNITED STATES Cincinnati Municipal Lunken

Airport 39.10 -84.42

LUN ZAMBIA Lusaka International Airport -15.33 28.45 LUX LUXEMBOURG Luxembourg International Airport

(Findel) 49.63 6.21

LXR EGYPT Luxor International Airport 25.67 32.71 LYH UNITED STATES Lynchburg Regional Airport

(Preston Glenn Field) 37.33 -79.20

LYS FRANCE Lyon–Saint Exupéry Airport 45.73 5.09 MAA INDIA Chennai International Airport 12.99 80.18 MAD SPAIN Madrid Barajas International

Airport 40.49 -3.57

MAF UNITED STATES Midland International Airport 31.94 -102.20 MAH SPAIN Menorca Airport 39.86 4.22 MAN UNITED KINGDOM Manchester International Airport 53.35 -2.27 MAO BRAZIL Eduardo Gomes International

Airport -3.04 -60.05

MBA KENYA Moi International Airport -4.03 39.59 MBJ JAMAICA Sangster International Airport 18.50 -77.91 MBS UNITED STATES MBS International Airport 43.53 -84.08 MCI UNITED STATES Kansas City International Airport 39.30 -94.71 MCO UNITED STATES Orlando International Airport 28.43 -81.31 MCT OMAN Seeb International Airport 23.59 58.28 MCY AUSTRALIA Sunshine Coast Airport -26.60 153.09 MCZ BRAZIL Zumbi dos Palmares Airport -9.51 -35.79 MDC INDONESIA Sam Ratulangi Airport 1.55 124.93 MDE COLOMBIA José María Córdova International

Airport 6.16 -75.42

MDL MYANMAR Mandalay International Airport 21.70 95.98 MDT UNITED STATES Harrisburg International Airport 40.19 -76.76 MDW UNITED STATES Chicago Midway International

Airport 41.79 -87.75

MDZ ARGENTINA El Plumerillo International Airport

-32.83 -68.79

MEC ECUADOR Eloy Alfaro International Airport -0.95 -80.68 MED SAUDI ARABIA Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz

Airport 24.55 39.71

MEL AUSTRALIA Melbourne International Airport -37.67 144.84 MEM UNITED STATES Memphis International Airport 35.04 -89.98

24

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

MES INDONESIA Polonia International Airport 3.56 98.67 MEX MEXICO Mexico City International Airport 19.44 -99.07 MFE UNITED STATES McAllen-Miller International

Airport 26.18 -98.24

MFM MACAO Macau International Airport 22.15 113.59 MFR UNITED STATES Rogue Valley International-

Medford Airport 42.37 -122.87

MGA NICARAGUA Augusto C. Sandino International Airport

12.14 -86.17

MGM UNITED STATES Montgomery Regional Airport (Dannelly Field)

32.30 -86.39

MHD IRAN- ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

Mashhad International Airport 36.24 59.64

MHR UNITED STATES Sacramento Mather Airport 38.56 -121.30 MHT UNITED STATES Manchester-Boston Regional

Airport 42.93 -71.44

MIA UNITED STATES Miami International Airport 25.79 -80.29 MID MEXICO Manuel Crescencio Rejón


MIR TUNISIA Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport

35.76 10.75

MJI LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

Mitiga International Airport 32.89 13.28

MJT GREECE Mytilene International Airport (Odysseas Elytis)

39.06 26.60

MJV SPAIN Murcia-San Javier Airport 37.77 -0.81 MKE UNITED STATES General Mitchell International

Airport 42.95 -87.90

MKY AUSTRALIA Mackay Airport -21.17 149.18 MLA MALTA Luqa - Malta International

Airport 35.86 14.48

MLB UNITED STATES Melbourne International Airport 28.10 -80.65 MLE MALDIVES Male International Airport 4.19 73.53 MLH FRANCE EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-

Freiburg 47.59 7.53

MLI UNITED STATES Quad City International Airport 41.45 -90.51 MLM MEXICO General Francisco J. Mujica


MLX TURKEY Malatya Erhac Airport 38.44 38.09 MMB JAPAN Memanbetsu Airport 43.88 144.16 MME UNITED KINGDOM Durham Tees Valley Airport 54.51 -1.43

25

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

MMU UNITED STATES Morristown Municipal Airport 40.80 -74.41 MMX SWEDEN Malmö-Sturup Airport 55.53 13.37 MMY JAPAN Miyako Airport 24.78 125.30 MNL PHILIPPINES Ninoy Aquino International

Airport 14.51 121.02

MOB UNITED STATES Mobile Regional Airport 30.69 -88.24 MOL NORWAY Molde Airport 62.74 7.26 MPL FRANCE Montpellier-Mediterranee Airport 43.58 3.96 MPM MOZAMBIQUE Maputo International Airport -25.92 32.57 MRS FRANCE Marseille - Provence Airport 43.44 5.21 MRU MAURITIUS Mauritius International Airport -20.43 57.70 MRY UNITED STATES Monterey Peninsula Airport 36.59 -121.84 MSJ JAPAN Misawa Airport 40.70 141.37 MSN UNITED STATES Dane County Regional Airport

(Truax Field) 43.14 -89.34

MSO UNITED STATES Missoula International Airport 46.92 -114.09 MSP UNITED STATES Minneapolis-St. Paul


MSQ BELARUS Minsk National Airport 53.88 28.03 MST NETHERLANDS Maastricht Aachen Airport 50.91 5.77 MSY UNITED STATES Louis Armstrong New Orleans


MTY MEXICO General Mariano Escobedo International Airport

25.78 -100.11

MUC GERMANY Munich Airport 48.35 11.79 MUN VENEZUELA Maturin International Airport 9.75 -63.15 MVD URUGUAY Carrasco International Airport -34.84 -56.03 MXL MEXICO General Rodolfo Sánchez

Taboada International Airport 32.63 -115.24

MXP ITALY Malpensa International Airport 45.63 8.73 MYJ JAPAN Matsuyama Airport 33.83 132.70 MYR UNITED STATES Myrtle Beach International

Airport 33.68 -78.93

MYY MALAYSIA Miri Airport 4.32 113.99 MZG TAIWAN Magong Airport 23.57 119.63 MZT MEXICO General Rafael Buelna


NAG INDIA Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (Mil./Civil)

21.09 79.05

NAN FIJI Nadi International Airport -17.75 177.44

26

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

NAP ITALY Naples International Airport (Capodichino Airport)

40.89 14.29

NAS BAHAMAS Nassau International Airport 25.04 -77.47 NAT BRAZIL Augusto Severo International

Airport -5.91 -35.25

NBO KENYA Jomo Kenyatta International Airport

-1.32 36.93

NCE FRANCE Nice - Cote d'Azur Airport 43.66 7.22 NCL UNITED KINGDOM Newcastle Airport 55.04 -1.69 NDJ CHAD N'Djamena International Airport 12.13 15.03 NGB CHINA Ningbo Lishe International

Airport 29.82 121.47

NGO JAPAN Chubu International Airport (Centrair)

34.86 136.81

NGS JAPAN Nagasaki Airport 32.92 129.91 NKG CHINA Nanjing Lukou International

Airport 31.74 118.86

NKM JAPAN Nagoya Airport (Komaki) 35.26 136.92 NNG CHINA Nanning Wuxu International

Airport 22.61 108.17

NOC IRELAND Knock International Airport 53.91 -8.82 NOU NEW CALEDONIA La Tontouta International Airport -22.01 166.21 NRN GERMANY Weeze Airport 51.60 6.14 NRT JAPAN Narita International Airport 35.76 140.39 NSI CAMEROON Nsimalen International Airport 3.72 11.55 NTE FRANCE Nantes Atlantique Airport 47.15 -1.61 NTL AUSTRALIA Newcastle - Williamtown Airport -32.80 151.83 NUE GERMANY Nuremberg Airport 49.50 11.08 NVT BRAZIL Ministro Victor Konder


NWI UNITED KINGDOM Norwich International Airport 52.68 1.28 NYO SWEDEN Stockholm Skavsta Airport 58.79 16.91 OAK UNITED STATES Metropolitan Oakland


OAX MEXICO Xoxocotlan International Airport 17.00 -96.73 OBO JAPAN Obihiro Airport (Tokachi-

Obihiro) 42.73 143.22

ODS UKRAINE Odessa Airport 46.43 30.68 OGG UNITED STATES Kahului Airport 20.90 -156.43 OIT JAPAN Oita Airport 33.48 131.74

27

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

OKA JAPAN Naha Airport 26.20 127.65 OKC UNITED STATES Will Rogers World Airport 35.39 -97.60 OKJ JAPAN Okayama Airport 34.76 133.86 OLB ITALY Olbia - Costa Smeralda Airport 40.90 9.52 OMA UNITED STATES Eppley Airfield 41.30 -95.89 ONT UNITED STATES Ontario International Airport 34.06 -117.60 OOL AUSTRALIA Gold Coast Airport -28.16 153.50 OPF UNITED STATES Opa-locka Executive Airport 25.91 -80.28 OPO PORTUGAL Francisco Sa Carneiro Airport 41.25 -8.68 ORD UNITED STATES Chicago O'Hare International

Airport 41.98 -87.90

ORF UNITED STATES Norfolk International Airport 36.89 -76.20 ORK IRELAND Cork International Airport 51.84 -8.49 ORN ALGERIA Ouran - Es Senia Airport 35.62 -0.62 ORY FRANCE Paris - Orly Airport 48.73 2.36 OSD SWEDEN Åre Östersund Airport 63.19 14.50 OSL NORWAY Oslo Gardermoen Airport 60.19 11.10 OTP ROMANIA Bucharest (Henri Coanda)


OUA BURKINA FASO Ouagadougou Airport 12.35 -1.51 OUL FINLAND Oulu Airport 64.93 25.35 OVB RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport 55.01 82.65

OVD SPAIN Asturias Airport 43.56 -6.03 PAD GERMANY Paderborn Lippstadt Airport 51.61 8.62 PAP HAITI Port-Au-Prince International

Airport 18.58 -72.29

PBI UNITED STATES Palm Beach International Airport 26.68 -80.10 PBM SURINAME J.A. Pengel International Airport 5.45 -55.19 PDG INDONESIA Minangkabau International

Airport -0.87 100.35

PDK UNITED STATES DeKalb-Peachtree Airport 33.88 -84.30 PDL PORTUGAL Joao Paulo II Airport 37.74 -25.70 PDX UNITED STATES Portland International Airport 45.59 -122.60 PEK CHINA Beijing Capital International

Airport 40.08 116.58

PEN MALAYSIA Penang International Airport 5.30 100.28 PER AUSTRALIA Perth International Airport -31.94 115.97 PEW PAKISTAN Peshawar International Airport 33.99 71.51

28

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

PFO CYPRUS Paphos International Airport 34.72 32.49 PGF FRANCE Perpignan - Rivesaltes Airport 42.74 2.87 PHC NIGERIA Port Harcourt International

Airport 5.02 6.95

PHF UNITED STATES Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport

37.13 -76.49

PHL UNITED STATES Philadelphia International Airport 39.87 -75.24 PHX UNITED STATES Phoenix Sky Harbor International

Airport 33.43 -112.01

PIA UNITED STATES Greater Peoria Regional Airport 40.66 -89.69 PIE UNITED STATES St. Petersburg-Clearwater


PIK UNITED KINGDOM Glasgow Prestwick International Airport

55.51 -4.59

PIT UNITED STATES Pittsburgh International Airport 40.49 -80.23 PIU PERU Capitán FAP Guillermo Concha

Iberico International Airport -5.21 -80.62

PKU INDONESIA Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport 0.46 101.44 PLM INDONESIA Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II

Airport -2.90 104.70

PLS TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS

Providenciales International Airport

21.77 -72.27

PLZ SOUTH AFRICA Port Elizabeth Airport -33.98 25.62 PMC CHILE El Tepual International Airport -41.44 -73.09 PMI SPAIN Palma de Mallorca Airport (Son

Sant Joan) 39.55 2.74

PMO ITALY Palermo International Airport 38.18 13.09 PMV VENEZUELA Del Caribe International Gen

Santiago Marino 10.91 -63.97

PNA SPAIN Pamplona Airport 42.77 -1.65 PNH CAMBODIA Pochentong International Airport 11.55 104.84 PNK INDONESIA Supadio Airport -0.15 109.40 PNR CONGO Pointe Noire Airport -4.82 11.89 PNS UNITED STATES Pensacola Regional Airport 30.47 -87.19 POA BRAZIL Salgado Filho International

Airport -29.99 -51.17

POM PAPUA NEW GUINEA Port Moresby Jacksons International Airport

-9.44 147.22

POP DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Gregorio Luperon International Airport

19.76 -70.57

POS TRINIDAD AND Piarco International Airport 10.60 -61.34

29

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

TOBAGO POZ POLAND Poznan-Lawica Airport 52.42 16.83 PPT FRENCH POLYNESIA Fa'a'ā International Airport -17.55 -149.61 PRG CZECH REPUBLIC Prague Ruzyne International

Airport 50.10 14.26

PSA ITALY Galileo Galilei Airport (Pisa International Airport)

43.68 10.39

PSP UNITED STATES Palm Springs International Airport

33.83 -116.51

PSR ITALY Abruzzo International Airport 42.43 14.18 PTK UNITED STATES Oakland County International

Airport 42.67 -83.42

PTP GUADELOUPE PoInternationale-a-Pitre International Airport

16.27 -61.53

PTY PANAMA Tocumen International Airport 9.07 -79.38 PUF FRANCE Pau - Pyrenees Airport 43.38 -0.42 PUJ DOMINICAN

REPUBLIC Punta Cana International Airport 18.57 -68.36

PUQ CHILE Carlos Ibanez Del Campo International Airport

-53.00 -70.85

PUS KOREA- REPUBLIC OF

Kimhae International Airport 35.18 128.94

PVD UNITED STATES Theodore Francis Green State Airport

41.72 -71.43

PVG CHINA Shanghai Pudong International Airport

31.14 121.79

PVH BRAZIL Governador Jorge Teixeira de Oliveira International Airport

-8.71 -63.90

PVR MEXICO Lic. Gustavo Diaz Ordaz International Airport

20.68 -105.25

PWK UNITED STATES Chicago Executive Airport 42.11 -87.90 PWM UNITED STATES Portland International Jetport 43.65 -70.31 QHI THAILAND Sattahip Airport 13.68 100.75 RAK MOROCCO Menara International Airport 31.61 -8.04 RAP UNITED STATES Rapid City Regional Airport 44.05 -103.06 RDU UNITED STATES Raleigh-Durham International

Airport 35.88 -78.79

REC BRAZIL Guararapes International Airport -8.13 -34.92 REG ITALY Reggio Calabria Airport 38.07 15.65 REP CAMBODIA Siem Reap-Angkor International

Airport 13.41 103.81

30

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

REU SPAIN Reus Airport 41.15 1.17 RFD UNITED STATES Chicago Rockford International

Airport 42.20 -89.10

RGN MYANMAR Yangon International Airport 16.91 96.13 RHO GREECE Rhodes International Airport

(Diagoras) 36.41 28.09

RIC UNITED STATES Richmond International Airport 37.51 -77.32 RIV UNITED STATES March ARB Airport 33.88 -117.26 RIX LATVIA Riga International Airport 56.92 23.97 RJOY* JAPAN Yao Airport 34.60 135.60 RMI ITALY Federico Fellini International

Airport 44.02 12.61

RMQ TAIWAN Taichung Airport 24.26 120.62 RNO UNITED STATES Reno/Tahoe International Airport 39.50 -119.77 RNS FRANCE Rennes–Saint-Jacques Airport 48.07 -1.73 ROA UNITED STATES Roanoke Regional Airport

(Woodrum Field) 37.33 -79.98

ROC UNITED STATES Greater Rochester International Airport

43.12 -77.67

ROK AUSTRALIA Rockhampton Airport -23.38 150.48 ROV RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Rostov-na-Donu Airport 47.26 39.82

RST UNITED STATES Rochester International Airport 43.91 -92.50 RSU KOREA- REPUBLIC

OF Yeosu Airport 34.84 127.62

RSW UNITED STATES Southwest Florida International Airport

26.54 -81.76

RTM NETHERLANDS Rotterdam Airport 51.96 4.44 RUH SAUDI ARABIA King Khalid International Airport 24.96 46.70 RUN REUNION Roland Garros Airport -20.89 55.51 RVN FINLAND Rovaniemi Airport 66.56 25.83 SAH YEMEN Sanaa International Airport 15.48 44.22 SAL EL SALVADOR El Salvador International Airport 13.44 -89.06 SAN UNITED STATES San Diego International Airport 32.73 -117.19 SAP HONDURAS La Mesa International Airport 15.45 -87.92 SAT UNITED STATES San Antonio International Airport 29.53 -98.47 SAV UNITED STATES Savannah/Hilton Head


SBA UNITED STATES Santa Barbara Municipal Airport 34.43 -119.84 SBN UNITED STATES South Bend Regional Airport 41.71 -86.32

31

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

SBW MALAYSIA Sibu Airport 2.26 111.99 SCF UNITED STATES Scottsdale Municipal Airport 33.62 -111.91 SCL CHILE Arturo Merino Benitez


SCN GERMANY Saarbrücken Airport 49.21 7.11 SCQ SPAIN Santiago Airport 42.90 -8.42 SDF UNITED STATES Louisville International Airport

(Standiford Field) 38.17 -85.74

SDJ JAPAN Sendai Airport 38.14 140.92 SDK MALAYSIA Sandakan Airport 5.90 118.06 SDL SWEDEN Sundsvall-Timrå Airport 62.53 17.44 SDQ DOMINICAN

REPUBLIC Las Americas-JFPG International Airport

18.43 -69.67

SDR SPAIN Santander Airport 43.43 -3.82 SDU BRAZIL Santos Dumont Regional Airport -22.91 -43.16 SEA UNITED STATES Seattle-Tacoma International

Airport 47.45 -122.31

SEL KOREA- REPUBLIC OF

Gimpo International Airport 37.56 126.79

SEZ SEYCHELLES Seychelles International Airport -4.67 55.52 SFB UNITED STATES Orlando Sanford International

Airport 28.78 -81.24

SFO UNITED STATES San Francisco International Airport

37.62 -122.37

SGF UNITED STATES Springfield-Branson Regional Airport

37.25 -93.39

SGN VIET NAM Tan Son Nhat International Airport

10.82 106.65

SHA CHINA Shanghai Hongqiao Airport 31.20 121.34 SHE CHINA Shenyang Taoxian International

Airport 41.64 123.48

SHJ UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Sharjah International Airport 25.33 55.52

SHV UNITED STATES Shreveport Regional Airport 32.45 -93.83 SID CAPE VERDE Amílcar Cabral International

Airport 16.74 -22.95

SIN SINGAPORE Singapore Changi International Airport

1.35 103.99

SIP UKRAINE Simferopol Airport 45.04 33.98 SJC UNITED STATES Mineta San Jose International

Airport 37.36 -121.93

32

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

SJD MEXICO Los Cabos International Airport 23.15 -109.72 SJJ BOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINA Sarajevo International Airport 43.82 18.33

SJO COSTA RICA Juan Santamaria International Airport

9.99 -84.21

SJU PUERTO RICO Luis Munoz Marin International Airport

18.44 -66.00

SJW CHINA Shijiazhuang Daguocun International Airport

38.28 114.70

SKG GREECE Thessaloniki International Airport (Makedonia)

40.52 22.97

SLC UNITED STATES Salt Lake City International Airport

40.79 -111.98

SLU SAINT LUCIA George F. L. Charles Airport 14.02 -60.99 SLZ BRAZIL Marechal Cunha Machado


SMF UNITED STATES Sacramento International Airport 38.70 -121.59 SMI GREECE Samos International Airport

(Aristarchos) 37.69 26.91

SMO UNITED STATES Santa Monica Municipal Airport 34.02 -118.45 SNA UNITED STATES John Wayne Airport 33.68 -117.87 SNN IRELAND Shannon Airport 52.70 -8.92 SOC INDONESIA Adisumarmo International

Airport -7.52 110.76

SOF BULGARIA Sofia Airport 42.70 23.41 SOU UNITED KINGDOM Southampton Airport 50.95 -1.36 SPC SPAIN La Palma Airport 28.63 -17.76 SPN NORTHERN

MARIANA ISLANDS Obyan International Airport 15.12 145.73

SPU CROATIA Split Airport 43.54 16.30 SRQ UNITED STATES Sarasota-Bradenton International

Airport 27.40 -82.55

SSA BRAZIL Deputado Luis Eduardo Magalhaes International Airport

-12.91 -38.33

SSG EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Malabo Airport 3.76 8.71

SSH EGYPT Sharm El Sheikh International Airport

27.98 34.39

STI DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Cibao International Airport 19.41 -70.60

STL UNITED STATES Lambert-St. Louis International Airport

38.75 -90.37

33

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

STN UNITED KINGDOM London Stansted Airport 51.89 0.24 STP UNITED STATES St. Paul Downtown Airport 44.93 -93.06 STR GERMANY Stuttgart Airport 48.69 9.22 STT VIRGIN ISLANDS- U.S. Cyril E. King Airport 18.34 -64.97 SUF ITALY Lamezia Terme International

Airport 38.91 16.24

SUS UNITED STATES Spirit of St. Louis Airport 38.66 -90.65 SVG NORWAY Stavanger Airport - Sola 58.88 5.64 SVO RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Sheremetyevo International Airport

55.97 37.41

SVQ SPAIN Seville Airport 37.42 -5.89 SVX RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Koltsovo International Airport 56.74 60.80

SWF UNITED STATES Stewart International Airport 41.50 -74.10 SXB FRANCE Strasbourg Airport 48.54 7.63 SXF GERMANY Berlin Schönefeld Airport 52.38 13.52 SXM NETHERLANDS

ANTILLES Princess Juliana International Airport

18.04 -63.11

SYD AUSTRALIA Sydney (Kingsford Smith) International Airport

-33.95 151.18

SYO JAPAN Shonai Airport 38.81 139.79 SYR UNITED STATES Syracuse Hancock International

Airport 43.11 -76.11

SYZ IRAN- ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

Shiraz International Airport 29.54 52.59

SZF TURKEY Samsun Carsamba Airport 41.25 36.57 SZG AUSTRIA Salzburg Airport 47.79 13.00 SZX CHINA Shenzhen Bao'an International

Airport 22.64 113.81

TAE KOREA- REPUBLIC OF

Daegu International Airport 35.89 128.66

TAK JAPAN Takamatsu Airport 34.21 134.02 TAM MEXICO General Francisco Javier Mina


TAO CHINA Qingdao Liuting International Airport

36.27 120.37

TAS UZBEKISTAN Tashkent International Airport 41.26 69.28 TEB UNITED STATES Teterboro Airport 40.85 -74.06 TFN SPAIN Tenerife Los Rodeos Airport 28.48 -16.34 TFS SPAIN Tenerife Reina Sofia Airport 28.04 -16.57 TGG MALAYSIA Sultan Mahmud Airport 5.38 103.10

34

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

TGU HONDURAS Toncontin International Airport 14.06 -87.22 THE BRAZIL Senador Petronio Portella Airport -5.06 -42.82 THF GERMANY Berlin Tempelhof Airport 52.47 13.40 THR IRAN- ISLAMIC

REPUBLIC OF Mehrabad International Airport 35.69 51.31

TIF SAUDI ARABIA Taif Regional Airport 21.48 40.54 TIJ MEXICO General Abelardo L. Rodriguez


TIP LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

Tripoli International Airport 32.66 13.16

TIV MONTENEGRO Tivat Airport 42.40 18.72 TKS JAPAN Tokushima Airport 34.13 134.61 TKU FINLAND Turku Airport 60.51 22.26 TLC MEXICO Lic. Adolfo Lopez Mateos


TLH UNITED STATES Tallahassee Regional Airport 30.40 -84.35 TLL ESTONIA Tallinn Airport 59.41 24.83 TLN FRANCE Toulon–Hyères Airport 43.10 6.15 TLS FRANCE Toulouse - Blagnac Airport 43.63 1.36 TLV ISRAEL Ben Gurion International Airport 32.01 34.88 TMP FINLAND Tampere-Pirkkala Airport 61.41 23.60 TNA CHINA Jinan Yaoqiang Airport 36.86 117.22 TNG MOROCCO Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport 35.73 -5.92 TNN TAIWAN Tainan Airport 22.95 120.21 TNR MADAGASCAR Ivato International Airport -18.80 47.48 TOJ SPAIN Madrid Torrejon Airport 40.50 -3.45 TOL UNITED STATES Toledo Express Airport 41.59 -83.81 TOS NORWAY Tromso Airport 69.68 18.92 TOY JAPAN Toyama Airport 36.65 137.19 TPA UNITED STATES Tampa International Airport 27.98 -82.53 TPE TAIWAN Chiang Kai-shek International

Airport 25.08 121.23

TPP PERU Tarapoto Airport -6.51 -76.37 TPS ITALY Vincenzo Florio Airport (Birgi

Airport) 37.91 12.49

TRC MEXICO Torreon International Airport 25.57 -103.41 TRD NORWAY Trondheim Airport 63.46 10.94 TRF NORWAY Sandefjord Airport 59.19 10.26 TRI UNITED STATES Tri-Cities Regional Airport 36.48 -82.41

35

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

TRN ITALY Torino Caselle Airport (Turin International Airport)

45.20 7.65

TRS ITALY Friuli Venezia Giulia Airport (Trieste Ronchi dei Legionari

45.83 13.47

TRV INDIA Trivandrum International Airport 8.48 76.92 TSA TAIWAN Taipei Songshan Airport 25.07 121.55 TSE KAZAKHSTAN Astana International Airport 51.02 71.47 TSF ITALY Treviso Airport (Sant'Angelo

Airport) 45.65 12.20

TSN CHINA Tianjin Binhai International Airport

39.12 117.35

TSR ROMANIA Timisoara (Traian Vuia) International Airport

45.81 21.34

TSV AUSTRALIA Townsville International Airport -19.25 146.77 TTN UNITED STATES Trenton-Mercer Airport 40.28 -74.81 TTT TAIWAN Taitung Airport 22.75 121.10 TUL UNITED STATES Tulsa International Airport 36.20 -95.89 TUN TUNISIA Tunis-Carthage International

Airport 36.85 10.23

TUS UNITED STATES Tucson International Airport 32.12 -110.94 TUU SAUDI ARABIA Tabuk Regional Airport 28.37 36.62 TVC UNITED STATES Cherry Capital Airport 44.74 -85.58 TWU MALAYSIA Tawau Airport 4.31 118.12 TXL GERMANY Berlin Tegel Airport 52.56 13.29 TYN CHINA Taiyuan Wusu Airport 37.75 112.63 TYS UNITED STATES McGhee Tyson Airport 35.81 -83.99 TZX TURKEY Trabzon Airport 41.00 39.79 UAB TURKEY İncirlik Air Base Airport 37.00 35.43 UBJ JAPAN Yamaguchi Ube Airport 33.93 131.28 UET PAKISTAN Quetta International Airport 30.25 66.94 UIO ECUADOR Mariscal Sucre International

Airport -0.14 -78.49

ULN MONGOLIA Chinggis Khaan International Airport

47.84 106.77

UME SWEDEN Umeå Airport 63.79 20.28 UPG INDONESIA Hasanuddin Airport -5.06 119.55 URC CHINA Diwopu Airport 43.91 87.47 USH ARGENTINA Ushuaia International Airport -54.84 -68.30 USM THAILAND Samui Airport 9.55 100.06 USN KOREA- REPUBLIC Ulsan Airport 35.59 129.35

36

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

OF UTH THAILAND Udon Thani International Airport 17.39 102.79 UUS RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport 46.89 142.72

UVF SAINT LUCIA Hewanorra International Airport 13.73 -60.95 VAA FINLAND Vaasa Airport 63.05 21.76 VAN TURKEY Van Ferit Melen Airport 38.47 43.33 VAR BULGARIA Varna International Airport 43.23 27.83 VCE ITALY Marco Polo Venice Airport 45.51 12.35 VCP BRAZIL Viracopos International Airport -23.01 -47.13 VER MEXICO General Heriberto Jara


VGO SPAIN Vigo Airport 42.23 -8.63 VIE AUSTRIA Vienna International Airport 48.11 16.57 VIT SPAIN Vitoria Airport 42.88 -2.72 VIX BRAZIL Goiabeiras Airport -20.26 -40.29 VKO RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Vnukovo Airport 55.60 37.27

VLC SPAIN Valencia Airport 39.49 -0.48 VLL SPAIN Valladolid Airport 41.71 -4.85 VLN VENEZUELA Arturo Michelena International

Airport 10.15 -67.93

VNO LITHUANIA Vilnius International Airport 54.63 25.29 VNS INDIA Lal Bahadur Shastri International

Airport 25.45 82.86

VNY UNITED STATES Van Nuys Airport 34.21 -118.49 VPS UNITED STATES Okaloosa Regional Airport /

Eglin Air Force Base 30.48 -86.53

VRA CUBA Juan Gualberto Gomez International Airport

23.03 -81.44

VRN ITALY Verona Airport ( Valerio Catullo) 45.40 10.89 VSA MEXICO Carlos Rovirosa Perez


VTE LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Wattay International Airport 17.99 102.56

WAW POLAND Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport 52.17 20.97 WDH NAMIBIA Hosea Kutako International

Airport -22.48 17.47

WLG NEW ZEALAND Wellington International Airport -41.33 174.81

37

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

WRI UNITED STATES McGuire Air Force Base Airport 40.02 -74.59 WRO POLAND Copernicus Airport Wroclaw 51.10 16.89 WUH CHINA Wuhan Tianhe Airport 30.78 114.21 XCR FRANCE Châlons-Vatry Air Base Airport 48.78 4.18 XFW GERMANY Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport 53.54 9.84 XIY CHINA Xi'an Xianyang International

Airport 34.45 108.75

XMN CHINA Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport

24.54 118.13

XNA UNITED STATES Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport

36.28 -94.31

XRY SPAIN Jerez Airport 36.74 -6.06 YEG CANADA Edmonton International Airport 53.31 -113.58 YFB CANADA Iqaluit Airport 63.76 -68.56 YGJ JAPAN Miho-Yonago Airport 35.49 133.24 YHM CANADA John C. Munro Hamilton


YHZ CANADA Halifax International Airport 44.88 -63.51 YIP UNITED STATES Willow Run Airport 42.24 -83.53 YLW CANADA Kelowna International Airport 49.96 -119.38 YMX CANADA Montreal International (Mirabel)

Airport 45.68 -74.04

YQM CANADA Greater Moncton International Airport

46.11 -64.68

YQR CANADA Regina International Airport 50.43 -104.67 YQX CANADA Gander International Airport 48.94 -54.57 YUL CANADA Montreal International (Dorval)

Airport 45.47 -73.74

YVR CANADA Vancouver International Airport 49.19 -123.18 YWG CANADA Winnipeg International Airport 49.91 -97.24 YXU CANADA London International Airport 43.04 -81.15 YYC CANADA Calgary International Airport 51.11 -114.02 YYT CANADA St John's International Airport 47.62 -52.75 YYZ CANADA Toronto - Pearson International

Airport 43.68 -79.63

YZF CANADA Yellowknife Airport 62.46 -114.44 ZAG CROATIA Zagreb Airport 45.74 16.07 ZAZ SPAIN Zaragoza Airport 41.67 -1.04 ZCL MEXICO La Calera Airport 22.90 -102.69 ZCO CHILE Temuco Airport -38.77 -72.64

38

Airport IATA code


Longitude (degrees)

ZGC CHINA Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport 36.52 103.62 ZIH MEXICO Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo International

Airport 17.60 -101.46

ZRH SWITZERLAND Zurich Airport 47.46 8.55 ZTH GREECE Zakynthos International Airport

(Dionysios Solomos) 37.75 20.88

4. CMAQ model validation

We compare baseline CMAQ results against observations measured at a number of monitoring

stations worldwide. A set of statistic measures are computed and provided in this section. The

number of stations for the validation for each region is shown in Table S3.

Table S3 The number of stations that provides measurements for CMAQ validation in each region.

CMAQ domain PM2.5 O3 PM10 NO2 North America 543 538 - - Europe 36 690 557 1488 Asia 44 42 - -

39

Table S4 Validation of CMAQ for the North America domain, including PM2.5 (µg/m3) and ozone (O3) (ppb). The modeled 24-hourly average PM2.5 is compared against data from 543 stations operated by the EPA Speciation Trends Network (STN). For ozone, we compute daily maximum values from the modeled hourly concentration during ozone season (Apr-Sep) and then compared against the data from 528 stations provided from the U.S. EPA Air Quality System (AQS) (U.S. EPA 2011). The statistical measures are averaged over all available stations.

PM2.5 [µg/m3] Ozone [ppb] Model Mean 13.85 55.01 Model SD 9.39 15.74 Observed Mean 12.98 56.74 Observed SD 8.49 17.88 Index of Agreement 0.69 0.74 Correlation 0.49 0.57 Annual Mean Bias (%) 6.77 -3.04 Root-mean-square error 9.13 15.87 Mean Bias 0.88 -1.72 Mean Normalized Bias (%) 28.6 2.62 Normalized Mean Bias (%) 6.77 -3.04 Mean Fractional Bias (%) 1.9 -1.96 Mean Error 6.53 11.62 Normalized Mean Gross Error (%) 50.33 20.47 Mean Normalized Gross Error (%) 63.01 22.37 Mean Fractional Error (%) 49.46 21.10 Data Availability (%) 73.73 98.12

40

Table S5 CMAQ validation for the Europe domain, including ozone (O3) (ppm), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (ppm), PM10 (µg/m3) and PM2.5 (µg/m3). The data is provided from AirBase (European Environment Agency 2012). The statistical measures are averaged over all available stations.

O3[ppm] NO2[ppm] PM10 [µg/m3] PM2.5[µg/m3] Model mean 0.03 0.003 11.94 11.41 Model SD 0.01 0.002 8.45 8.47 Observed mean 0.03 0.020 30.65 21.54 Observed SD 0.02 0.016 23.82 19.40 Index of agreement 0.59 0.43 0.50 0.58 Correlation 0.48 0.31 0.44 0.50 Annual mean bias (%) 34.99 -81.29 -57.59 -40.24 Root-mean-square error 0.02 0.02 29.15 20.68 Mean bias 0.01 -0.02 -18.70 -10.12 Mean normalized bias (%) 320.12 -71.92 -40.12 -17.10 Normalized mean bias (%) 34.99 -81.29 -57.59 -40.24 Mean fractional bias (%) 43.06 -131.64 -76.20 -50.30 Mean error 0.01 0.02 20.02 12.75 Normalized mean gross error (%)

55.65 83.16 63.06 56.74

Mean normalized gross error (%)

331.69 80.51 65.08 63.89

Mean fractional error (%) 56.84 135.16 86.65 71.43 Data availability (%) 94.31 92.42 94.23 90.86

41

Table S6 Validation of CMAQ for the Asia domain, including ozone (O3) (ppb) and PM2.5 (µg/m3). The statistical measures are averaged over all available stations (TAQMN 2006). Further detail of the validation is given in Lee (2012).

O3[ppb] PM2.5[µg/m3]

Model mean 40.29 14.97 Model SD 9.80 16.09 Observed mean 28.91 33.63 Observed SD 20.09 22.69 Index of agreement 0.43 0.49 Correlation 0.11 0.25 Annual mean bias (%) 43.23 -51.68 Root-mean-square error 24.84 31.50 Mean bias 11.39 -18.67 Mean normalized bias (%) 233.38 -29.99 Normalized mean bias (%) 43.23 -48.23 Mean fractional bias (%) 49.58 -81.90 Mean error 20.73 23.93 Normalized mean gross error (%) 74.84 70.50 Mean normalized gross error (%) 68.64 101.82 Mean fractional error (%) 248.25 80.80 Data availability (%) 98.05 95.53

5. WRF model validation

We compare WRF meteorology against observations at a number of monitoring stations. A set of

statistic measures are computed and provided in this section. The number of stations for the

validation for each region is shown in Table S6. Validation results for the North America,

Europe and Asia domains are shown Tables S7, S8 and S9, respectively.

Table S7 The number of stations that provides measurements for the WRF validation.

CMAQ domain Number of wind stations

Number of temperature

stations North America 1672 1619 Europe 115 129 Asia 38 38

42

Table S8 Validation of WRF for the North America domain: wind speed at 10 m above ground (m/s) and temperature at 2 m above ground (°C). The data are provided from the Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS), operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (MADIS 2010). The statistical measures are averaged over all available stations.

Wind [m/s] T [°C] Model Mean 3.58 12.93 Model SD 2.14 11.76 Observed Mean 3.32 12.88 Observed SD 2.46 11.89 Index of Agreement 0.82 0.98 Correlation 0.68 0.97 Annual Mean Bias (%) 8.02 0.39 Root-mean-square error 1.88 2.90 Mean Bias 0.22 0.05 Mean Normalized Bias (%) 10.17 1.25 Normalized Mean Bias (%) 8.02 0.39 Mean Fractional Bias (%) 30.24 10.42 Mean Error 1.45 2.17 Normalized Mean Gross Error (%) 43.67 16.86 Mean Normalized Gross Error (%) 42.47 12.02 Mean Fractional Error (%) 65.47 -8.92 Data Availability (%) 74.74 76.94

43

Table S9 Validation of WRF for the Europe domain: wind speed at 10 m above ground (m/s) and temperature at 2 m above ground (°C). The data are provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (NOAA 2006). The statistical measures are averaged over all available stations.

Wind [m/s] T [°C] Model Mean 3.61 12.25 Model SD 1.90 9.16 Observed Mean 3.46 12.68 Observed SD 2.07 8.97 Index of Agreement 0.76 0.95 Correlation 0.65 0.94 Annual Mean Bias (%) 10.87 0.70 Root-mean-square error 1.93 2.81 Mean Bias 0.15 -0.43 Mean Normalized Bias (%) 39.57 -2.95 Normalized Mean Bias (%) 10.87 0.70 Mean Fractional Bias (%) 9.26 8.81 Mean Error 1.50 2.24 Normalized Mean Gross Error (%) 45.32 21.67 Mean Normalized Gross Error (%) 67.82 61.52 Mean Fractional Error (%) 47.45 12.13 Data Availability (%) 90.87 89.00

44

Table S10 Validation of WRF for the Asia domain: wind speed at 10 m above ground (m/s) and temperature at 2 m above ground (°C). The data are provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC 2006). The statistical measures (Index of agreement, correlation, normalized mean error and normalized mean bias) are averaged over all available stations. The results of other studies (Zhang et al 2011; Wang et al 2010; Kwok et al 2010) are also shown here for comparison.

Index of agreement

Correlation Coefficient

Normalized Mean Error (%)

Normalized Mean Bias (%)

Temperature at 2m above ground

Lee (2012) 0.96 0.93 26.6 -9.4 Zhang et al (2011) N/A 0.80 26.3 -12.0

Wang et al (2010) 0.97 N/A N/A N/A

Wind speed at 10m above ground

Lee (2012) 0.61 0.43 87.6 57.8 Zhang et al (2011) N/A 0.43 81.5 58

Wang et al (2010) 0.79 N/A N/A N/A

Kwok et al (2010) 0.79 0.66 35.5 -2.7

6. Data for premature death estimates

Table S11 The Baseline cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality rates by WHO country (WHO 2008). For the cities, the baseline rates by WHO sub-region are used.

Country/City baseline incidence rate for

cardiopulmonary diseases

baseline incidence

rate for lung cancer

fraction of population

above 30 years of age

Afghanistan 0.008246 0.000247 0.28 Albania 0.005310 0.000797 0.47 Algeria 0.003538 0.000247 0.38 American Samoa 0.003544 0.000351 0.40 Andorra 0.003394 0.000664 0.64 Angola 0.009638 0.000223 0.29 Anguilla 0.003544 0.000351 0.51 Antigua and Barbuda 0.004612 0.000100 0.48 Argentina 0.004631 0.000507 0.48 Armenia 0.012274 0.000993 0.50 Aruba 0.003544 0.000351 0.59 Australia 0.003429 0.000608 0.59 Austria 0.004276 0.000633 0.66 Azerbaijan 0.008420 0.000390 0.45 Bahamas 0.003600 0.000206 0.46 Bahrain 0.002088 0.000191 0.47

45



baseline incidence




Bangladesh 0.006016 0.000379 0.34 Barbados 0.003300 0.000128 0.56 Belarus 0.011695 0.000619 0.61 Belgium 0.004295 0.001035 0.65 Belize 0.004826 0.000208 0.31 Benin 0.006121 0.000082 0.26 Bermuda 0.003544 0.000351 0.63 Bhutan 0.006004 0.000192 0.35 Bolivia 0.003741 0.000202 0.33 Bosnia-Herzegovina 0.004011 0.000657 0.62 Botswana 0.003385 0.000134 0.30 Brazil 0.004141 0.000269 0.45 British Virgin Islands 0.004121 0.001048 0.55 Brunei Darussalam 0.001727 0.000248 0.43 Bulgaria 0.007252 0.000679 0.64 Burkina Faso 0.006828 0.000160 0.26 Burundi 0.006036 0.000091 0.26 Cambodia 0.005082 0.000244 0.34 Cameroon 0.005984 0.000113 0.29 Canada 0.003178 0.000880 0.62 Cape Verde 0.003969 0.000056 0.32 Cayman Islands 0.003544 0.000351 0.60 Central African Republic 0.005525 0.000097 0.31 Chad 0.006506 0.000116 0.27 Chile 0.002866 0.000299 0.50 China 0.003967 0.000547 0.54 Colombia 0.003212 0.000218 0.44 Commonwealth of Dominica 0.003912 0.000336 0.48 Comoros 0.004616 0.000077 0.30 Congo 0.004352 0.000164 0.27 Congo - Democratic Republic 0.005754 0.000073 0.26 Cook Islands 0.003118 0.000127 0.46 Costa Rica 0.002904 0.000155 0.43 Croatia 0.005630 0.000975 0.63 Cuba 0.004385 0.000683 0.59 Cyprus 0.003497 0.000334 0.54 Czech Republic 0.005063 0.000890 0.63

46



baseline incidence




Denmark 0.004735 0.001020 0.64 Djibouti 0.005733 0.000079 0.31 Dominican Republic 0.005638 0.000295 0.40 East Timor 0.003254 0.000206 0.35 Ecuador 0.002749 0.000142 0.39 Egypt 0.007043 0.000168 0.36 El Salvador 0.003623 0.000094 0.36 Equatorial Guinea 0.006022 0.000106 0.31 Eritrea 0.002634 0.000052 0.28 Estonia 0.008574 0.000827 0.62 Ethiopia 0.005784 0.000089 0.27 Faeroe Islands 0.003682 0.001161 0.57 Federated State of Micronesia 0.004320 0.000039 0.33 Fiji 0.004602 0.000016 0.41 Finland 0.004675 0.000566 0.64 France 0.002571 0.000775 0.62 French Polynesia 0.003663 0.000784 0.45 Gabon 0.005464 0.000194 0.31 Gambia 0.006497 0.000168 0.27 Georgia 0.006148 0.000295 0.59 Germany 0.004463 0.000728 0.68 Ghana 0.004015 0.000078 0.32 Gibraltar 0.003682 0.001161 0.52 Greece 0.003379 0.000909 0.66 Greenland 0.003544 0.000351 0.54 Grenada 0.005133 0.000222 0.44 Guam 0.003663 0.000784 0.47 Guatemala 0.003582 0.000233 0.29 Guernsey 0.003682 0.001161 0.65 Guinea 0.004977 0.000116 0.30 Guinea-Bissau 0.006498 0.000090 0.30 Guyana 0.005800 0.000112 0.37 Haiti 0.003738 0.000071 0.32 Honduras 0.004197 0.000261 0.30 Hong Kong 0.005505 0.000451 0.66 Hungary 0.007119 0.001309 0.62 Iceland 0.003687 0.000710 0.55

47



baseline incidence




India 0.006742 0.000163 0.40 Indonesia 0.005447 0.000371 0.43 Iran 0.004452 0.000127 0.36 Iraq 0.006811 0.000521 0.29 Ireland 0.004790 0.000753 0.55 Isle of Man 0.003682 0.001161 0.65 Israel 0.002642 0.000445 0.47 Italy 0.003762 0.000823 0.68 Ivory Coast 0.005979 0.000224 0.29 Jamaica 0.007226 0.000349 0.37 Japan 0.003000 0.000699 0.68 Jersey 0.003682 0.001161 0.66 Jordan 0.003697 0.000260 0.33 Kazakhstan 0.009789 0.000687 0.47 Kenya 0.003662 0.000078 0.27 Kiribati 0.001680 0.000091 0.35 Korea 0.001768 0.000632 0.57 Korea - Dem. People's Rep. of 0.007060 0.000286 0.52 Kuwait 0.001681 0.000071 0.44 Kyrgyz Republic 0.008421 0.000301 0.38 Lao People's Democratic Republic

0.005941 0.000296 0.31

Latvia 0.008393 0.000748 0.63 Lebanon 0.006286 0.000324 0.45 Lesotho 0.004028 0.000142 0.33 Liberia 0.006868 0.000072 0.29 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.004606 0.000162 0.35 Liechtenstein 0.006090 0.001014 0.63 Lithuania 0.007995 0.000639 0.61 Luxembourg 0.003289 0.000704 0.63 Macao 0.003663 0.000784 0.58 Macedonia 0.006607 0.000653 0.55 Madagascar 0.005202 0.000089 0.29 Malawi 0.004997 0.000069 0.26 Malaysia 0.003619 0.000378 0.41 Maldives 0.002282 0.000796 0.35 Mali 0.007456 0.000082 0.26

48



baseline incidence




Malta 0.004834 0.000556 0.60 Marshall Islands 0.006996 0.000279 0.31 Mauritania 0.005515 0.000086 0.30 Mauritius 0.005504 0.000213 0.50 Mexico 0.003024 0.000188 0.41 Monaco 0.002429 0.000559 0.74 Mongolia 0.002690 0.000441 0.38 Montserrat 0.003544 0.000351 0.43 Morocco (includes Western Sahara)

0.004777 0.000209 0.40

Mozambique 0.004688 0.000047 0.28 Myanmar 0.007509 0.000436 0.40 Namibia 0.003024 0.000134 0.30 Nauru 0.007672 0.000286 0.35 Nepal 0.006595 0.000195 0.32 Netherlands 0.003043 0.000939 0.64 New Caledonia 0.003663 0.000784 0.46 New Zealand 0.003881 0.000626 0.58 Nicaragua 0.004309 0.000185 0.32 Niger 0.009696 0.000195 0.25 Nigeria 0.005690 0.000062 0.29 Northern Mariana Islands 0.003663 0.000784 0.50 Norway 0.004065 0.000735 0.62 Oman 0.003250 0.000100 0.33 Pakistan 0.005842 0.000210 0.32 Palau 0.003188 0.000129 0.52 Panama 0.002371 0.000184 0.43 Papua New Guinea 0.004835 0.000045 0.33 Paraguay 0.002872 0.000250 0.38 Peru 0.003527 0.000162 0.40 Philippines 0.005029 0.000299 0.35 Poland 0.004636 0.001002 0.59 Portugal 0.003759 0.000525 0.62 Qatar 0.000938 0.000035 0.51 Republic of Moldova 0.009902 0.000391 0.54 Romania 0.007020 0.000652 0.60 Russia 0.009077 0.000561 0.61

49



baseline incidence




Rwanda 0.004573 0.000039 0.27 Saint Helena 0.004886 0.000087 0.60 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.004329 0.000097 0.47 Saint Lucia 0.002586 0.000126 0.45 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0.003544 0.000351 0.64 Saint Vincent 0.004324 0.000250 0.44 San Marino 0.003274 0.000865 0.67 Sao Tome and Principe 0.005929 0.000347 0.26 Saudi Arabia 0.003822 0.000102 0.35 Senegal 0.007890 0.000086 0.27 Serbia and Montenegro 0.009325 0.001072 0.63 Seychelles 0.005782 0.000182 0.48 Sierra Leone 0.009159 0.000126 0.31 Singapore 0.003095 0.000423 0.63 Slovakia 0.007102 0.000671 0.58 Slovenia 0.004247 0.000872 0.65 Solomon Islands 0.003137 0.000075 0.31 Somalia 0.006396 0.000093 0.29 South Africa 0.004700 0.000277 0.39 Spain 0.003462 0.000718 0.65 Sri Lanka 0.004879 0.000215 0.48 Sudan 0.006637 0.000063 0.28 Suriname 0.003832 0.000220 0.43 Swaziland 0.003438 0.000124 0.29 Sweden 0.004638 0.000525 0.64 Switzerland 0.003455 0.000611 0.65 Syrian Arab Republic 0.003549 0.000136 0.30 Taiwan 0.003663 0.000784 0.56 Tajikistan 0.006725 0.000106 0.32 Thailand 0.002357 0.000403 0.52 Togo 0.004965 0.000083 0.29 Tonga 0.004699 0.000196 0.34 Trinidad and Tobago 0.004860 0.000184 0.50 Tunisia 0.005341 0.000214 0.44 Turkey 0.004986 0.000557 0.43 Turkmenistan 0.011232 0.000224 0.37 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.003544 0.000351 0.46

50



baseline incidence




Tuvalu 0.006221 0.000259 0.41 Uganda 0.004796 0.000089 0.22 Ukraine 0.012589 0.000557 0.62 United Arab Emirates 0.000895 0.000029 0.49 United Kingdom 0.005313 0.000915 0.63 United Rep. of Tanzania 0.005998 0.000097 0.26 United States of America 0.004717 0.000959 0.58 United States Virgin Islands 0.004121 0.001048 0.59 Uruguay 0.004482 0.000718 0.53 Uzbekistan 0.007040 0.000152 0.37 Vanuatu 0.003782 0.000170 0.35 Venezuela 0.002979 0.000266 0.40 Viet Nam 0.004587 0.000359 0.41 Wallis and Futuna 0.003663 0.000784 0.41 Western Samoa 0.004855 0.000067 0.35 Yemen 0.006445 0.000126 0.25 Zambia 0.004996 0.000105 0.25 Zimbabwe 0.006083 0.000229 0.26

51

7. Data for valuation calculations

Data for monetizing premature mortalities is given in Table S12.

Table S12 The gross national income per capita and valuation of life of each country (2006$US). The gross national income data are provided from National Accounts Main Aggregates Database operated by United Nations Statistics Division, which contains data for cities (United Nations 2013a). The VSLs are calculated based on the methodology described in Barrett et al (2012).

Country/City Gross National Income (2006$US)

Valuation of Statistical Life (2006$US)

5th percentile mean 95th

percentile Afghanistan 730 927 26196 101201 Albania 6980 48536 478284 1377312 Algeria 7150 50645 494136 1413351 Angola 3480 14679 189391 606244 Antigua and Barbuda 20170 275964 2097209 5171109 Argentina 11730 116046 975310 2533777 Armenia 4940 26383 300714 910327 Australia 32810 591431 4253023 9955337 Austria 36140 692418 4905688 11000000 Azerbaijan 5390 30853 337794 1013424 Bahamas 32030 569357 4105037 9620736 Bahrain 26940 437895 3186335 7663592 Bangladesh 1350 2777 56250 202129 Barbados 17180 215499 1667961 4162130 Belarus 9710 86988 750746 2019726 Belgium 34480 642242 4576139 11000000 Belize 5870 35737 378685 1119416 Benin 1370 2843 57300 205596 Bhutan 3740 16499 208154 662518 Bolivia 3870 17586 217715 688876 Bosnia-Herzegovina 7390 53688 516777 1463358 Botswana 11510 112843 949960 2471899 Brazil 8810 73263 656818 1784350 Brunei Darussalam 51120 1220806 8238833 19000000 Bulgaria 10780 102163 867387 2286198 Burkina Faso 1080 1910 42541 156538 Burundi 520 492 17302 69052 Cambodia 1630 3840 71352 252538

52




percentile Cameroon 2040 5657 94927 327026 Canada 36500 703102 4978245 12000000 Cape Verde 2830 10103 144673 475145 Central African Republic 700 853 24879 96483 Chad 1110 2006 44019 161570 Chile 12020 119767 1009051 2604158 China 4750 24711 285434 870440 Colombia 7640 56940 540684 1516395 Commonwealth of Dominica 9450 82914 723212 1948671 Comoros 1070 1879 42050 154865 Congo 2380 7506 115677 390869 Congo, Democratic Republic 280 154 8206 34642 Costa Rica 9660 86198 745426 2006014 Croatia 16310 201248 1549394 3903768 Cyprus 25040 391619 2864908 6941408 Czech Republic 22040 315933 2382210 5877200 Denmark 36670 708285 5012642 12000000 Djibouti 2170 6363 102737 352120 Dominican Republic 6810 46488 462588 1337429 Ecuador 6630 44478 446140 1295898 Egypt 4890 25941 296671 899793 El Salvador 5950 36602 385631 1137635 Equatorial Guinea 13700 148037 1211623 3107111 Eritrea 580 598 19764 78008 Estonia 18140 233644 1802149 4477345 Ethiopia 710 877 25317 98059 Federated State of Micronesia 3320 13651 178088 571356 Fiji 4340 21233 253247 782567 Finland 33410 607818 4368133 10000000 France 31830 563503 4067395 9552784 Gabon 11440 111856 941939 2452570 Gambia 1530 3425 65860 234104 Georgia 4130 19681 237187 741372 Germany 34190 632154 4519420 10000000 Ghana 1290 2577 53128 191587 Greece 26120 417919 3046146 7374576 Grenada 9560 84627 734822 1978657

53




percentile Guatemala 4210 20315 243270 756881 Guinea 890 1332 33451 125737 Guinea-Bissau 1040 1780 40587 150012 Guyana 2660 9133 133522 443570 Haiti 920 1414 34853 130422 Honduras 3360 13951 180896 580036 Hong Kong 40950 829691 5906597 14000000 Hungary 17290 217285 1683159 4199529 Iceland 33760 618856 4435789 10000000 India 2440 7845 119445 402317 Indonesia 3200 12748 169735 547465 Iran 9810 88556 761422 2047218 Iraq 2930 10818 151341 494421 Ireland 37110 721766 5102068 12000000 Israel 23830 361759 2666512 6498878 Italy 30450 524514 3811063 8982812 Japan 32670 587887 4226323 9898817 Jordan 4870 25765 295059 895593 Kazakhstan 8690 71494 644592 1757945 Kenya 1440 3094 61010 217697 Kiribati 3490 14737 190104 608439 Korea 24280 373519 2739716 6664181 Kuwait 56510 1426592 9588592 22000000 Kyrgyz Republic 1780 4447 79784 279118 Lao People's Democratic Republic

1770 4403 79215 277203

Latvia 14530 163501 1316060 3328153 Lebanon 9940 90423 775370 2083091 Lesotho 1690 4095 74697 263081 Liberia 280 154 8206 34642 Lithuania 15790 190465 1479931 3735171 Luxembourg 59610 1522865 10000000 24000000 Macau 38570 764665 5402891 12000000 Macedonia 8710 71785 646624 1762344 Madagascar 900 1359 33917 127297 Malawi 650 742 22718 88844 Malaysia 12480 127041 1063320 2730342

54




percentile Maldives 6130 38582 401394 1178483 Mali 880 1305 32987 124207 Malta 21380 302321 2280203 5635122 Mauritania 2240 6742 107007 365020 Mauritius 10900 104090 880796 2315363 Mexico 13120 137481 1140336 2925989 Mongolia 3120 12162 164227 531669 Morocco (includes Western Sahara)

3810 17112 213288 676695

Mozambique 650 742 22718 88844 Namibia 5610 33003 356367 1061990 Nepal 1010 1682 39135 144999 Netherlands 39050 777665 5503156 13000000 New Zealand 25250 396246 2899844 7016417 Nicaragua 3160 12453 166975 539559 Niger 640 719 22291 87312 Nigeria 1800 4538 80925 282739 Norway 53820 1325341 8905366 21000000 Oman 21950 313826 2368210 5845376 Pakistan 2350 7340 113804 385216 Palau 13840 150635 1229040 3147458 Panama 9350 81417 712708 1921507 Papua New Guinea 1700 4130 75258 264795 Paraguay 4050 19054 231146 725578 Peru 6820 46600 463507 1339770 Philippines 3220 12896 171119 551424 Poland 14630 165262 1328832 3353295 Portugal 22240 320636 2413424 5948074 Republic of Moldova 2860 10315 146666 481220 Romania 10860 103446 876319 2305954 Russia 14500 162910 1312236 3320613 Rwanda 910 1386 34385 128858 Saint Lucia 9720 87147 751812 2022471 Saint Vincent 9410 82294 719005 1937794 Sao Tome and Principe 1650 3925 72463 256234 Saudi Arabia 21570 306181 2309411 5700330 Senegal 1710 4166 75820 266511

55




percentile Seychelles 19060 251380 1933991 4779401 Sierra Leone 660 764 23147 90379 Singapore 47600 1069750 7399298 17000000 Slovenia 25120 393423 2878200 6969958 Solomon Islands 2250 6793 107621 366868 South Africa 9080 77505 684586 1849669 Spain 29820 509604 3696031 8735647 Sri Lanka 3850 17436 216236 684812 Sudan 1640 3883 71907 254479 Suriname 6370 41316 422698 1230129 Swaziland 5250 29417 326126 981901 Sweden 36120 691952 4901669 11000000 Switzerland 44220 937148 6625115 15000000 Syrian Arab Republic 4270 20786 247861 768110 Tajikistan 1250 2448 51070 185288 Thailand 6890 47384 469955 1356173 Togo 890 1332 33451 125737 Tonga 4330 21169 252475 780393 Trinidad and Tobago 22140 318281 2397800 5912610 Tunisia 7400 53817 517727 1465444 Turkey 12780 131625 1099204 2825504 Turkmenistan 5060 27488 310481 935596 Uganda 980 1587 37696 140010 Ukraine 6130 38582 401394 1178483 United Arab Emirates 67610 1816193 13000000 30000000 United Kingdom 35240 668416 4725989 11000000 United States of America 45680 997326 6955639 16000000 Uruguay 10150 93305 798068 2139149 Uzbekistan 2180 6419 103345 353959 Vanuatu 3600 15398 197991 632697 Venezuela 11000 105593 892020 2341617 Viet Nam 2330 7229 112561 381690 Yemen 2160 6308 102131 350282 Zambia 1100 1974 43525 159890

56

8. Sensitivity of premature death estimates to alternative CRFs

Table S13 Normalized premature death estimates due to full flight attributable PM2.5 exposure calculated using GEOS-Chem. The PM2.5 concentration-response function is the WHO CRF (baseline), EPA-derived CRF, Hoek et al CRF, or Burnett et al CRF.

WHO EPA Hoek Burnett North America 1.0 1.7 1.0 0.5 Global 1.0 2.3 1.3 0.7

To demonstrate the sensitivity of alternative CRF choices, we present central estimates of

normalized mortalities in table S13. These are based on the WHO CRF (or baseline), to which

results are normalized, and three alternate CRFs published since this work was undertaken. For

this reason and to limit population data processing time, the sensitivity results to different CRFs

are based only on single scale GEOS-Chem results. However, as cruise emissions dominate the

overall impact this is likely sufficient to understand the probable impact of alternate CRFs.

First we apply a CRF derived from a more recent EPA expert elicitation study. The EPA-CRF

reports a 1.06% (IQR 0.58-1.5%) decrease in annual all-cause deaths per µg/m3 decrease in

annual average PM2.5 exposure (US EPA 2011). Second, Hoek et al (2013) quote an all-cause

mortality increase of 0.6% (95% CI 0.4%-0.8%) per µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure. Third,

Burnett et al (2014) use relative risk estimates from studies of ambient air pollution, and develop

non-linear CRFs over the entire global exposure range for causes of mortality in adults including

ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

and lung cancer. The central estimates for the necessary parameters were taken from Zheng et al

(2014).

The WHO estimate lies between the Burnett response and the EPA and Hoek responses. This is

because the Burnett estimate has both a counterfactual minimum concentration of approximately

7 µg/m3, varying slightly between diseases, and an effective upper limit to the dose-response.

This means that in both lightly-polluted and heavily-polluted regions, the Burnett CRF responds

less than the WHO CRF. The WHO CRF in turn responds less than the linear EPA and Hoek

CRFs. This shows, however, that the WHO CRF performs well, producing estimated mortalities

57

which lie between the more recent Burnett and Hoek CRFs and well below the older EPA

estimates.

9. Sensitivity of the aviation-attributable premature death estimate in North America due to

LTO emissions to different scale approaches and BC emission calculation methods

Stettler et al (2013) reports that the current BC estimation method (FOA3 for LTO emissions and

average fleet average EIs for cruise emissions), which have been widely used to estimate aircraft

black carbon emissions, results in an underestimation of black carbon emissions during LTO

cycle and at cruise by a factor of 3.79 (range: 1.99 – 5.96) and 2.93 (range: 2.70 – 3.28),

respectively. We analyze the sensitivity of the premature death results to different scale

approaches and different BC emission calculation methods including FOA3 used in this study

and FOX that is developed in Stettler et al (2013). Our results presented in the main paper are

based on FOX and a multi-scale approach.

Table S14 Premature deaths in North America due to LTO emissions based on different approaches and BC emission estimation methods (FOX, as we have applied, and FOA3, as has been applied in previous work).

FOA3 FOX

Factor difference due to different BC

emission estimation methods

One-scale approach (CMAQ) 156 178 1.14 Multi-scale approach (CMAQ with RDC) 301 644 2.14

Factor difference due to different approaches 1.93 3.62 4.13

Our results show that the premature deaths calculated by one-scale approach (only using CMAQ)

and FOA3 are ~160. Levy et al (2012) estimates that 77 premature deaths in US are caused due

to LTO emissions from 99 US airports. Ashok et al (2013) applies CMAQ to estimate the

premature deaths in US due to LTO emissions, and reports that 195 premature deaths are caused

per year. Koo et al (2013) shows that LTO emissions in North America cause 200 premature

deaths per year in the region. Comparing to these results, our estimation based on both one-scale

approach and FOA3 is consistent with the findings in the literature. However, these studies use

only either regional or global air quality models that do not resolve the spatial variation of

aviation-attributable PM2.5 in the vicinity of airports. Because the location of airports is

58

correlated with population density peaks, not resolving these near-airport peaks in

(predominantly primary PM) exposure results in lower estimates.

We apply the multi-scale approach with FOA3 and estimate that LTO emissions cause ~300

premature deaths in North America per year, which is ~93% higher than the result based on both

one-scale approach and FOA3. Our results also show that using FOX contributes another ~114%

increase in premature deaths, resulting in a factor of 4.13 increase in the premature death results

due to LTO emissions. These results suggest that accounting for sub-grid variability is important

for capturing population exposure to primary PM emissions from sources of a scale of ~2 km in

model grids of order ~40 km, and that BC may be a significant contributor to aviation-related

PM exposure given the findings of Stettler et al (2013).

10. Valuation results

Air Quality Costs

Table S15 Costs (2006US$bn) of premature deaths due to the air quality impact of aviation full flight emissions.

2% 3% 7% Full Flight

Central Estimate

CI Central Estimate

CI Central Estimate

CI 5% 95% 5% 95% 5% 95%

North America

7.08 1.15 22.11 6.89 1.12 21.52 6.27 1.02 19.63

Europe 10.02 1.65 31.09 9.74 1.6 30.21 8.82 1.45 27.4 Asia 2.25 0.34 8.26 2.19 0.33 8.05 2 0.3 7.36 Other regions

1.48 0.22 5.42 1.44 0.21 5.27 1.32 0.19 4.82

Global 21.16 3.47 65 20.58 3.38 63.21 18.72 3.07 57.5

Table S16 Costs (2006US$bn) of premature deaths due to the air quality impact of aviation LTO emissions.

2% 3% 7%

LTO Central Estimate

CI Central Estimate

CI Central Estimate

CI 5% 95% 5% 95% 5% 95%

North America

3.07 0.46 10.66 2.98 0.44 10.34 2.68 0.4 9.32

Europe 4.09 0.66 12.25 3.97 0.64 11.89 3.58 0.58 10.72 Asia 0.41 0.06 1.32 0.39 0.06 1.28 0.36 0.06 1.16 Other regions

0.48 0.08 1.76 0.47 0.07 1.71 0.42 0.07 1.54

59

Global 8.19 1.32 25.63 7.95 1.28 24.86 7.16 1.16 22.41

Climate Costs

We apply the AEDT emissions dataset for the calculation of climate costs (Wilkerson et al

2010). Based on this data, valuation of climate costs is conducted using social cost of carbon

(SCC) estimates from Dorbian et al (2011). This reference provides estimates for SCC as well as

multipliers to account for non-CO2 emission damages using the climate module of the APMT-

Impacts model. The module uses aviation emissions and converts these into globally-averaged

radiative forcing (RF) and surface temperature change which leads to socio-economic damages

which are estimated through a damage-function. These socio-economic damages are treated as

the social cost of carbon, in this context.

Dorbian et al estimate a mid-value SCC of 211 US-$/tC, 81 US-$/tC and 9 US-$/tC for social

discount rates of 2%, 3% and 7 % respectively. These values are expressed in units of 2006-US-

$. Since aviation CO2 emissions account for 1.9 % of worldwide anthropogenic CO2 emissions

(Wilkerson et al 2010; Dorbian et al 2011; Boden et al 2011), we apply these marginal SCCs to

all aviation-related CO2 emissions. Using the non-CO2 impact multipliers from Dorbian et al

(2011), we also estimate the climate costs including non-CO2 combustion emissions. However,

as the marginal impacts of non-CO2 emissions might not reflect average impacts, these results

should be treated with caution.

Dorbian et al (2011) calculates climate costs for different sets of assumptions, which they call

“lenses”. Using the data provided in the Dorbian et al, we estimate mid-lens estimates for the

climate costs of aviation CO2 emissions of $[34.2, 13.1, 1.5]bn per year for a [2, 3, 7]% discount

rate choice, see

Table S17. Total climate costs including costs from non-CO2 emissions are estimated at a mid

value of $[47.2, 23.7, 5.4]bn per year for a [2, 3, 7]% discount rate. Note that considerable

uncertainty exists about the costs of aviation-induced climate change. A range of costs is

captured by the low and high lens results derived from the lenses provided in the Dorbian et al

(2011) and are shown in the table. The differences in results are, inter alia, a function of different

values for the social cost of carbon and different multipliers assumed for non-CO2 effects.

60

Table S17 Estimates for climate cost of aviation engine-exhaust emissions (2006US$bn). Values are shown for three lenses (low, mid, high) and discount rates of 2%, 3% and 7%.

Discount rate Lens CO2 costs (bn. US-$) CO2 + Non-CO2 costs

(bn. US-$)

low 8.0 6.4 2% mid 34.2 47.9 high 225.4 405.7

low 2.9 1.8 3% mid 13.1 23.7 high 70.7 176.9

low 0.3 0.0 7% mid 1.5 5.4 high 4.7 30.1

For reference, we also calculate the aviation-related climate costs based on the revised SCC

estimates for use in US regulatory impact analyses from May 2013 (U.S. government 2013). The

2010 values of 52 US$/tCO2, 33 US$/ tCO2 and 11 US$/ tCO2 (2007US$) for discount rates of

2.5%, 3.0% and 5.0% respectively are price-adjusted to 2006 values using CPI-data.

Furthermore, the average annual growth rates for the years 2010 to 2020 are applied to adjust for

SCC growth. After converting emissions into tCO2, we obtain cost estimates of 27.0bn US-$,

16.6bn US-$ and 6.0bn US-$ for discount rates of 2.5%, 3% and 5% respectively, which is

consistent with the mid-lens valuation based on Dorbian et al. We note that this data only

contains estimates for global aviation-related CO2 emission costs, but excludes non-CO2 costs.

For comparison purposes with the health costs of aviation combustion emissions we take the

results of the mid-lens scenario for total climate costs at different discount rates. As upper bound

of the climate cost of aviation we take the high-lens results, as upper bound we take the low-lens

results.

Accident Costs

Consistent with the estimations of other health costs, we assess the cost of aircraft accidents for

the year 2006. We follow Levinson et al (1998) who suggest deriving accident costs from the

number of injuries, the severity of injuries, the number of fatalities and the value of statistical

61

life. In a first step, we compile aircraft accident data using the non-governmental ACRO

database (BAAA/ACRO 2000). This data is complemented through additional database and

news report searches in order to add incidents which are excluded from the ACRO database, for

example because of little aircraft damage. To remain consistent with the health cost estimates,

accidents of commercial aircraft are included while accidents of military aircraft are removed, as

are incidents resulting from (known) sabotage, hijacking, terrorism or warfare. For each accident,

the numbers of (on-board) fatalities and persons injured is included in the ACRO data.

Information on the nationalities of fatalities and persons injured which is needed for the

monetary valuation of accidents is obtained through news report, government report, and

database searches. When data on nationalities is not available, nationalities are assigned based on

the respective flight route and/or aircraft registration.

The resulting dataset is validated using official global accident data from the Accident Analysis

Group (AAG) of the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA 2008). As the AAG considers accidents

of aircraft with an MTOW of more than 5.7t only, the number of fatalities for 2006 (~ 850),

which is presented in the AAG report, is lower than our estimate (~ 1050). Filtering our data to

match the assumptions of the AAG report shows that the data is aligned. Statistics about fatalities

and accidents in 2006 by country can be found in Table S18.

Table S18 Numbers of fatalities and injuries in 2006 by country.

Country of Accident Fatalities Injuries

Total Minor Major Unknown Afghanistan 2 0 0 0 0 Argentina 0 0 0 0 0 Australia 3 6 6 0 0 Bahamas 0 1 0 0 1 Belize 0 0 0 0 0 Bolivia 1 0 0 0 0 Brazil 173 0 0 0 0 British Virgin Islands 0 7 7 0 0 Bulgaria 2 1 0 1 0 Canada 6 9 0 5 4 Chile 2 0 0 0 0 Colombia 10 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 1 0 0 0 0

62


Total Minor Major Unknown Denmark 4 12 6 6 0 DR Congo 31 7 4 0 3 Ecuador 5 9 0 0 9 France 4 0 0 0 0 Germany 8 1 0 1 0 Guatemala 2 0 0 0 0 Haiti 0 0 0 0 0 India 0 0 0 0 0 Indonesia 12 20 20 0 0 Iran 28 54 0 54 0 Iraq 6 0 0 0 0 Italy 5 0 0 0 0 Kazakhstan 1 3 0 0 3 Kenya 0 3 3 0 0 Madagascar 6 0 0 0 0 Mexico 2 0 0 0 0 Mozambique 1 2 0 0 2 Nepal 9 0 0 0 0 New Zealand 1 0 0 0 0 Nicaragua 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 96 9 7 2 0 Pakistan 45 0 0 0 0 Panama 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines 0 0 0 0 0 Russia 242 99 17 4 78 Sao Tome and Principe

4 0 0 0 0

Spain 2 49 45 4 0 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 Sweden 4 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 0 5 0 0 5 Thailand 4 1 0 1 0 Turkey 0 6 6 0 0 Uganda 3 0 0 0 0 Ukraine 173 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom 0 1 0 1 0 United States 137 31 12 10 9 Venezuela 8 2 2 0 0

63


Total Minor Major Unknown Vincent and Grenadines

2 0 0 0 0

Consistent with the valuation of premature death due to aviation-attributable air quality impacts,

VSL parameters are applied to estimate the cost of (on-board) fatalities. VSL are assigned to

fatalities by nationality. For this purpose, the VSL estimates described in Section 2.6 of the paper

and Table S12 are applied. VSL uncertainty is considered through Monte Carlo simulations

using the approach outlined in Section 2.7 of the paper.

To estimate the cost of aircraft accident-induced (on-board) injuries, we follow analyses

conducted by the US Department of Transportation (DoT 2013). DoT values the impacts of

injuries through the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) scale relative to perfect health. As a

result, the impacts of different injury severity levels as expressed through the abbreviated injury

scale (AIS) can be expressed as a fraction of the VSL. For this purpose, injury severity is

categorized into 6 levels (AIS 1 to AIS 6) and a fraction of VSL is derived for each AIS level.

These fractions are presented in Table S19.

Table S19 Fraction of VSL by AIS level

Fraction of VSL

AIS 1 0.003 AIS 2 0.047 AIS 3 0.105 AIS 4 0.266 AIS 5 0.593 AIS 6 1 Source: DoT (2013)

No data is available on the injury severity in terms of the AIS level of injured persons through

aircraft accidents. While slight injuries can be considered AIS 1 or AIS 2 and severe injuries

correspond to AIS 3, 4 or 5, the extent of unknown injuries (about one third in our data) cannot

be assigned to any level. AIS 6 level is excluded since this injury level is considered not to be

64

treatable by current medical standards (Haasper et al 2010). Thus, it most likely results in death

and such injuries are to be counted as long-term fatalities. Monte Carlo Simulations are applied

to account for such uncertainty. The actual AIS level of injuries is drawn from AIS level 1 and 2

for minor injuries, from AIS levels 3, 4 and 5 for severe injuries and from AIS levels 2, 3 and 4

for unknown injuries. A uniform distribution is assumed in all cases. In addition, VSL

uncertainty is considered as outlined above.

Additional sources of accident costs such as the capital loss from aircraft damage are not

estimated here. We note that the mean age of aircraft involved in accidents in 2006 was 26 years,

by which time most aircraft are already written off.

Aviation fatality rates fluctuate over time. Fatality rates calculated from AAG and ICAO data are

presented in Figure S2 (CAA 2008; CAA 2013; ICAO 2008; ICAO 2012). While the accident

risk of aviation is generally low, there is still considerable variation of this accident risk over

time. According to the AAG of the CAA, about 0.5 accidents with at least one fatality occur per

1 million hours flown in commercial aviation between 1997 and 2006 (CAA 2008). This number

has dropped to 0.4 between 2002 and 2011 (CAA 2013). To take into account this variation, we

therefore calculate accident costs normalized to the mean fatality risk rate in the years 1998 to

2011. To assess the impact of variation in the accident risk, the accident costs are also reported

normalized to the 10th percentile fatality risk rate (low risk scenario) and to the 90th percentile

fatality risk rate (high risk scenario) between 1998 and 2006. For the calculation of these

scenarios, we assume that the distribution among persons injured and fatalities, among AIS

levels within the injuries and among nationalities does not change.

65

Figure S2 Fatalities per 1m tkm in aviation normalized to 2006 value.

The resulting distribution of global air transport accident costs for the low accident risk scenario,

for the mid accident risk scenario and for the high accident risk scenario respectively are

reported in Table S20. For the mid accident risk scenario, the median accident cost estimate is ~

1.9 bn US-$. Using the 10% percentile in the low risk scenario yields 0.8 bn US-$, and using

90% percentile in the high risk scenario yields 4.1 bn US-$. In the paper we report the median

mid-risk value as point of comparison to the central value health costs of aviation. The upper

bound of the accident cost estimate is represented by the high risk 95% percentile estimate, the

lower bound is represented by the 5th percentile estimate.

Table S20 Accident Cost Estimates (US-$-bn) by Accident Risk Scenario (2006US$bn).

Low Risk Scenario Mid Risk Scenario High Risk Scenario 5th Percentile 0.76 1.49 2.56 Median 0.98 1.93 3.31 95th Percentile 1.30 2.56 4.39

Noise Costs

We use adjusted values from He et al (2014) for comparing noise costs to health costs from

aviation emissions. He et al perform a meta-analysis of 67 hedonic pricing studies in order to

derive a general relationship between per capita income levels and the per capita willingness to

0.5

1

1.5

2

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Fata

litie

s per

1m

tkm

in a

viat

ion

norm

aliz

ed to

200

6 va

lues

[2

006=

1]

Year

66

pay (WTP) for noise abatement. Using this relationship, they estimate a mean capitalized impact

of aircraft noise for the FAA Shell 1 airports between 2005 and 2035 for 8 world regions (North

America, Asia, Europe, Middle East, Eurasia, Central America, Africa and Oceania). The

capitalized results are annualized using a discount rate of 3.5% and a 30 year time horizon. The

effect of other discount rates on the Shell 1 airports’ results is not explored in the paper. We

adjust the mean annualized results in several ways to compare them to the health costs which are

estimated in this paper, taking into account uncertainty in adjusting parameters.

In a first step, the estimates are adjusted to population changes between 2000 (2001 for Europe)

and 2006 (United Nations 2013b), since the He et al estimates are based on 2000 (2001 for

Europe) population data. As it is uncertain whether the population in areas that are affected by

airport noise grow at the same rate as the world regions which they are located in, we run Monte

Carlo simulations. A triangular distribution of the growth rate multiplier with bounds -1 and 3

and a maximum density at 1 is assumed.

The model results have also been adjusted to 2006 price levels and to income changes between

2005 and 2006. The price-level adjustment is conducted using the consumer price index (CPI).

Since growth of per capita income leads to changes in willingness to pay (WTP), additional WTP

for noise abatement is calculated from average per capita income growth in the world regions

(World Bank 2013) using the model in He et al. Two additional sources of uncertainty are

considered in this step. First, as outlined in He et al, the estimated parameters for the relationship

between income and WTP are uncertain. Thus, they are randomly drawn from their respective

distributions. Second, the income change in areas, which are affected by aircraft noise, are

uncertain relative to the world region, which they are located in. Thus, we again assume a

triangular distribution of the income adjustment multiplier with bounds -1 and 3 and maximum

density at 1. The resulting WTP change multiplier is used to update the results.

Finally, two adjustments with regard to traffic are conducted. First, we adjust the estimated noise

costs to increases in aircraft movements between 2005 and 2006 (ACI 2007). Second FAA Shell

1 airports account for just 91 % of the noise exposure (FAA 2013). We therefore scale the results

from the Shell 1 calculations to all airports. FAA Shell 1 airports are sparse in Asia, Africa and

Latin America, but airports in these regions will likely account for large parts of future air

transport growth (He Q et al 2014; ICAO 2013). As noise costs as derived from house prices

67

contain expectations about future traffic, a corrected multiplier (1.11) is applied which is derived

based on the discount rate of 3.5% applied by He et al, average annual traffic growth of 3.5 % at

FAA Shell 1 airports and of 6 % at other airports.

The median projected results suggest that 2006 global air traffic leads to mean capitalized costs

of 29.4 bn US$, which corresponds to an annualized noise cost of roughly 1.6 bn US$ for a 30

year time horizon. Given uncertainty about the time horizon applied by buyer and seller on the

housing market, we also report an annualized value for a 60 year time horizon that we calculate

using the capital-recovery factor approach outlined in the He paper. Percentiles of the mean

adjustment of the results in He et al are presented in Table S21. For the comparison with health

costs of aviation combustion emissions in the manuscript we report the 30 year median value as

our baseline estimate. The upper bound is given by the capitalized 95% percentile value, the

lower bound by the 60 year 5% percentile value.

Table S21 Estimated Mean Aviation-related Noise Costs (2006US$bn).

Capitalized Value Annualized value For 30 years For 60 years

5 % Percentile* 27.56 1.53 1.12 Median* 29.4 1.60 1.18 95 % Percentile* 31.46 1.68 1.23

* Distribution only valid with regard to mean values

We note that the noise costs, which are estimated here, should not be considered a full valuation

of noise costs. Hedonic pricing models derive the WTP of noise abatement from the housing

market and do not consider costs incurred on other markets such as health care, for example (He

Q et al forthcoming). Moreover, the true costs might be underestimated if participants in the

housing market have incomplete information about the costs of aviation noise, for example

stemming from long-term noise exposure (He Q et al 2014). This is because the noise costs are

derived from observed market prices and these observed market prices are determined by

participant’s valuation of current and future noise. Furthermore, the derivation of noise costs

from the housing market implies that it is not possible to identify the impacts of a one year

aviation noise impulse. Besides the current noise level, capitalized noise costs reflect

expectations about future noise levels as individuals will account for expected future noise

68

before buying or renting real estate property. Even annualized values as calculated in He et al

therefore contain some valuation of future aviation noise.

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