AUTOMOTIVE

Research ReportABOUT Automotive

Global Engine Trends

2008 edition

by Jeff Daniels

Contents © ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008

Global Engine Trends i

Contents

iii The author

iv Introduction - the internal combustion engine, past andpresent

iv Basic principlesiv Efficiencyv Minimising losses

1 Chapter 1: Fuels, emissions and consumer trends 1 1.1 Liquid fuels predominate1 1.2 Carbon emissions and man-made climate change2 1.3 Global legislation and standards on emissions regulation3 1.4 Current and planned regulation4 1.5 CO2 limitations4 1.6 Consumer trends in engine buying

6 Chapter 2: Current and future SI technologies6 2.1 Petrol (SI) basics7 2.2 Engine construction7 2.2.1 Cylinder head8 2.2.2 Cylinder block9 2.2.3 Bottom end and rotating assembly

11 2.2.4 Valve gear11 2.2.4.1 Valve operation12 2.2.4.2 Variable valve timing and lift13 2.2.4.3 The camless engine13 2.2.5 Induction and fuel system13 2.2.5.1 Basic principles of mixture formation14 2.2.5.2 Lean burn15 2.2.5.3 Gasoline direct injection16 2.2.6 Ignition system17 2.2.7 Cold starting18 2.2.8 Pressure charging20 2.2.9 Engine management and emission control20 2.2.9.1 Control technologies21 2.2.9.2 Exhaust aftertreatment

24 Chapter 3: Current and future Diesel (CI) technologies24 3.1 Engine construction24 3.1.1 Cylinder head24 3.1.2 Cylinder block25 3.1.3 Bottom end25 3.2 Induction and fuel system25 3.2.1 Diesel differences26 3.2.2 Turbodiesel advantages27 3.2.3 Alternatives to the turbocharger?27 3.2.4 Fuel injection: common rail and unit injectors

© ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Contents

ii Global Engine Trends

29 3.2.5 Injector principles - conventional and piezo29 3.2.6 Engine management and emission control29 3.2.6.1 Control technologies30 3.2.6.2 Exhaust aftertreatment31 3.3 The HCCI principle

33 Chapter 4: Hybrid IC powertrain technology33 4.1 Hybrid principles34 4.2 Petrol-electric hybrid34 4.2.1 Atkinson and Miller cycle engines35 4.3 Electric motors, batteries and supercapacitors37 4.4 Diesel-electric hybrids38 4.5 Hybrid drive management

39 Chapter 5: Beyond the internal combustion engine39 5.1 Possible alternatives39 5.2 Fuel cells40 5.2.1 The fuel cell ‘engine’41 5.3 Other technologies

42 Postscript: In the year 2025 …

44 Glossary

List of figuresFigure 1: Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 V10Figure 2: Mercedes-Benz SLK 350 Sportmotor V6Figure 3: BMW M6 V10 engine