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Global ClimatesGlobal Climates
►Weather:Weather: short-term condition of the short-term condition of the atmosphereatmosphere
►ClimateClimate: long-term conditions of the : long-term conditions of the atmosphere, including averages and atmosphere, including averages and extremesextremes
►3 general climate types:3 general climate types:
1. Low latitude1. Low latitude
2. Mid-latitude2. Mid-latitude
3. High latitude3. High latitude
3 general climate groups3 general climate groups
1. Low latitude1. Low latitude
►High temperaturesHigh temperatures Consistently long days, high solar angleConsistently long days, high solar angle
Low latitudes (20°N – 20°S)Low latitudes (20°N – 20°S)
ITCZITCZ
1. Wet equatorial1. Wet equatorial
Wet, HotWet, Hot►High ppt all months; High ppt all months;
little temperature little temperature variationvariation
ITCZ dominatesITCZ dominates
Tropical Rain forest Tropical Rain forest vegetationvegetation
2. Monsoon and trade-wind 2. Monsoon and trade-wind coastalcoastal
►North and south of wet equatorialNorth and south of wet equatorial
►Windward coasts in tropicsWindward coasts in tropics
►Wet and dry seasonsWet and dry seasons►1-3 months < 2.5 inches rain1-3 months < 2.5 inches rain►WetWet when ITCZ dominates when ITCZ dominates►DryDry when ITCZ leaves; High pressure when ITCZ leaves; High pressure
3. Wet-Dry Tropical3. Wet-Dry Tropical
►surrounds 1, 2 on mapsurrounds 1, 2 on map
►3-6 months < 2.5 inches3-6 months < 2.5 inches
►hot dry winter; hot wet summerhot dry winter; hot wet summer
►semiarid to aridsemiarid to arid
4. Dry Tropical4. Dry Tropical
►Low ppt.; high daily range in Low ppt.; high daily range in temperaturetemperature
3 general climate groups3 general climate groups
2. Mid-latitude Climates (Table 7.4)2. Mid-latitude Climates (Table 7.4) Range from dry to moistRange from dry to moist
Mild wintersMild winters
MidlatitudesMidlatitudes►Most in Northern hemisphereMost in Northern hemisphere
►SeasonalitySeasonality►Shifting air masses (mT,mP,cP); High and Low pressure Shifting air masses (mT,mP,cP); High and Low pressure
centerscenters
1. Dry subtropical1. Dry subtropical
►Cool/cold seasonCool/cold season►Low ppt all monthsLow ppt all months►Dominated by cTDominated by cT
2. Moist Subtropical2. Moist Subtropical
►Winters above Winters above freezingfreezing
►High temp rangeHigh temp range
► Abundant rain from Abundant rain from mTmT
3. Mediterranean3. Mediterranean
► hot / warm summerhot / warm summer
►west side of west side of continentscontinents
►Wet, mild winterWet, mild winter
► dry summerdry summer
4. Marine west-coast4. Marine west-coast
► Poleward of Mediterranean climate zonePoleward of Mediterranean climate zone
► precipitation all months; winter max (mP)precipitation all months; winter max (mP)
► small temp. range (moderated by proximity small temp. range (moderated by proximity to ocean)to ocean)
► humidhumid
5. Dry midlatitude5. Dry midlatitude
►Very large range in tempVery large range in temp
►Low ppt with Summer max Low ppt with Summer max
6. Moist continental6. Moist continental
►Warm summers, cold winters Warm summers, cold winters (3 mos. < freezing)(3 mos. < freezing)
►Large temp. range (continental)Large temp. range (continental)
►Plenty of ppt (summer max)Plenty of ppt (summer max)
►Polar front zone (cP and mT)Polar front zone (cP and mT)
3 general climate groups3 general climate groups
3. High-latitude Climates (Table 7.5)3. High-latitude Climates (Table 7.5)
• northern hemisphere (except for ice northern hemisphere (except for ice sheet)sheet)
• frequent midlatitude cyclonesfrequent midlatitude cyclones• low temps and low ppt.low temps and low ppt.
1. Boreal Forest Climate1. Boreal Forest Climate
►Cool, short summerCool, short summer
►Long, severely cold wintersLong, severely cold winters►6-7 mos. < 326-7 mos. < 32ooFF
►high annual temp. rangehigh annual temp. range
►drydry
2. Tundra2. Tundra
►predominantly N. Hemispherepredominantly N. Hemisphere► long periods of light and darklong periods of light and dark►short summer (<40short summer (<40ooF)F)►drydry►treelesstreeless
3. Ice Sheet3. Ice Sheet
►Poleward of 32Poleward of 32oo F isotherm F isotherm►every month < 32every month < 32oo F F
►glacial iceglacial ice
►extremely dryextremely dry