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Museum of science of future
GLOBAL ASTROPHYSICS
AND COSMOLOGY
José Tiberius
2 0 1 8
GLOBAL EDITION
José Tiberius is the main author of Molwick publisher books.
With over 40 million visitors and two million booksdownloaded in PDF format, he is surely one of the mostwidely read authors in Spanish of scientific essays in thecurrent millennium.
There are more than 10000 links to Jose's website, where hisbooks on theoretical physics, theory of evolution, quantitativegenetics, cognitive theory, and philosophy of science,metaphysics and children's stories are showcased in fivelanguages. Many of these links –to all these different fields–come from universities, projects done by university studentsand blogs created by teaching professionals and Educationalspecialists.
Moreover, it is interesting to note that these links are usuallytogether with links to Wikipedia or pages such as NationalGeographic.
♦The only antidote for the egocentrism
of pure reason is Love.
Molwickpedia: molwick.comTittle: Global Astrophysics and Cosmology eBook: 978-84-15328-85-8 Paperback: Vol. III - IV:
Global Mechanics and Astrophysics978-84-15328-37-7 // 978-84-15328-83-4*
(Book series) Global Physics978-84-15328-78-0 // 978-84-15328-79-7*
© 2008 (Spanish) All rights are reserved Editor: Molwick 4rd edition: April 2018 Author: José Tiberius
José TiberiusTechnical assistant: Susan Sedge
MSci in Physics from King’s College Londonhttps://molwick.com/es/libros/
https://molwick.com/en/ebooks/https://molwick.com/fr/livres/https://molwick.com/it/libri/
https://molwick.com/de/bucher/https://molwick.com/pt/livros/https://molwick.com/ar/books/
Molwick Publishing Catalogue - IISBN (eBook
Paper*ePUB**)
Conditional Evolution of Life978-84-15328-75-9978-84-15328-13-1*978-84-15365-82-2**
Global Cognitive Theory(Book series)
978-84-15328-73-5978-84-15328-74-2*978-84-15964-00-1**
Brain and Modern Computers 978-84-15328-14-8
Intelligence, Intuition and Creativity 978-84-15328-15-5
Memory, Language and other BrainAbilities 978-84-15328-16-2
Willpower and Artificial Intelligence 978-84-15328-17-9
The EDI Study - Evolution and Design of Intelligence 978-84-15328-18-6
Original Fairy Tales for Children978-84-15328-00-1978-84-15328-76-6*978-84-15964-24-7**
Global Scientific Method 978-84-15328-01-8978-84-15328-77-3*
See Web page, some books may not be edited in paperback, eBook or ePUB
Molwick Publishing Catalogue - II
ISBN (eBookPaper*
ePUB**)
Physics and Metaphysics of Time978-84-15328-84-1978-84-15328-80-3*978-84-15964-02-5**
The Equation of Love 978-84-15328-34-6
Theory of Relativity, Elements, andCriticism 978-84-15328-81-0
Global Physics
Global Mechanics and Astrophysics978-84-15328-37-7978-84-15328-83-4*978-84-15964-03-2**
Global Mechanics 978-84-15328-35-3
Global Astrophysics and Cosmology 978-84-15328-85-8
Dynamics and Law of Global Gravity978-84-15328-91-9978-84-15328-86-5*978-84-15964-04-9**
Physics and Global Dynamics 978-84-15328-36-0
Law of Global Gravity 978-84-15328-87-2
Global Physics Experiments 978-84-15328-88-9978-84-15328-89-6*
• See Web page, some books may not be edited in paperback, eBook or ePUB
VOL. IV
GLOBAL ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
1. Global Astrophysics
a. Fundamental forces of matter
b. Black holes and contraction of the UniverseWhat is a black hole or big black ball?Formation of black holesCharacteristics of big black ballsEffects of big black balls
c. Stars and dark energyOrigin and formation of starsDark energy and expansion
d. Other phenomena in outer spaceAntimatter in the UniverseDark matter and gravitational lensingRotation of galaxiesLast Dolphin paradox and constant GEarth’s magnetic field
2. Global Cosmology
a. Origin of the Universeb. The Big Bang Theory and Inflation
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MOLWICKPEDIA Museum of the science of future
Philosophy of evolution, history and lifeNew paradigms of Physics, Biology and Psychology
GLOBAL PHYSICS
VOL.GLOBAL ASTROPHYSICS
AND COSMOLOGY
1. GLOBAL ASTROPHYSICS
After developing Global Mechanics to provide an alternativeexplanation for the predictions in Einstein’s Theory ofGeneral Relativity, Global Physics became a theory ofeverything.
Given already-discovered absolute horizons, and the fact thatwe wanted to submit a criticism of the Big Bang Theory forsome time now, we decided to study implications of GlobalMechanics on Astrophysics and Cosmology.
In the Universe, elastic energy produces changes in the globalaether –quantum foam, strings or space-time with mechanicalproperties. In other words, the Principle of Conservation ofMatter and Energy or Global Conservation Principle remains.
Global Mechanics has revealed some surprising aspects, whichcould change our way of understanding dark matter andenergy, as well as expansion and contraction of the Universe.
Global Astrophysics has a mechanical and not relativistic nature.Within this definition, the basis of the gravitational model isthe existence of global aether: an unbreakable reticularstructure of matter present throughout the Universe. Thisstructure will be the physical support of gravity, mass andkinetic energy and, indirectly, of electromagnetic waves.
Consequently, many criticisms could be made of Global Physics,but not that of being an ad hoc theory –unless it is ad hoc forphysical reality in its various manifestations.
If creating a new theory of everything is quite an adventuroustask in itself, even more so is that of analyzing how it affects asomewhat speculative topic such as Astrophysics and
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Cosmology, taking into account all the unknowns of recentobservations of the Universe.
Perhaps because it is a field so little explained by present-dayscience, proposals put forth by the Global Physics might garnera bit of attention, despite being less likely to be correct thanthose proposals concerning gravitation, electromagnetism andthe formation of elementary particles with mass.
We all know that the most challenging step in a paradigm shiftis the change itself and not the new paradigm.
In this book following elements can be highlighted:
Additional philosophical principles of Astrophysics
A Universe with unknown limits, both at smallest andlargest scale
Lack of sense in the concept of the origin of theUniverse from nothing, or a super-quantum singularity.
Fundamental forces of matter as elastic properties ofthe global aether
Longitudinal tension of the filaments
Displacement of the global aether (drag effect on mass)
Tension of the longitudinal curvature of global aetherfilaments (gravity field - luminiferous aether)
Movement of said tension (drag effect onelectromagnetic energy)
Transversal tension of the global aether filaments(electromagnetic field)
Changes in transversal tension of filaments
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(Electromagnetic energy)
Tension of deformation or reversible compression ofthe global aether (mass - white and black interactions)
Nuclear forces of retention caused by the cells orreticules of the global aether (mass - confinement orasymptotic liberty).
Proposals which affect Astrophysics
Black holes and stars are groups of atoms andelementary particles, which produce the effects ofcontraction and expansion of space; or much better,contraction and expansion of the global aether.
A conceivable relation exists between dark matter anddark energy –especially equal velocities of stars ingalaxies and some effects of gravitational lensing– andproperties of expansion and contraction of the globalaether, like the drag of mass and electromagneticenergy.
Probable variability of the Universal GravitationConstant due to kinetic energy effects of whole localsystems, such as planets, stars or higher.
There could be a physical explanation for Earth’smagnetic field due to similarities with spatialconfiguration of the atom.
Musings on aspects of Cosmology
Criticism of the Big Bang Theory
Origin of the local Universe from a Little Bang, with aproposal of possible causes
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HubbleStar Cluster NGC-346 Mod
The young dragon Unoji(Public domain image)
This book aims to propose very generic concepts andexplanations for observed phenomena of the Universe. Thus,we could say this book is for people interested but notnecessarily experts in the field.
We could add it does notuse math at all.Mathematics is bothuseful and necessary butfrom a differentperspective.
A third aspect would bethe simplicity ofproposed concepts,especially if the processesof formation ofelementary particles withmass explained in GlobalMechanics are wellknown.
Simple Physics experiment
Electromagnetic energy is like a transversal curl movingthroughout a string, and the mass is like a ball of wool, butinstead of being made with a piece of string or a sheet, it islike a slipknot within a three-dimensional web of elasticbands.
As always, we must think that the different books of GlobalPhysics form a set of arguments and points of view on physicalreality, which reinforce each other.
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Global Astrophysics and Cosmology
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1.a) Fundamental forces and philosophicalprinciples
Before describing fundamental forces of matter in GlobalPhysics, let us concisely present the philosophical principles ofGlobal Astrophysics.
These principles are in addition to those more generalprinciples mentioned in the page on Physics Principles of thebook Global Mechanics. Likewise, we understand both spaceand time as conceptual variables of an absolute nature.
These philosophical principles will be the following:
Infinite Universe
There is a Universe without known limits, both at thesmallest and largest scale.
The concept of elasticity implies the existence of internalparts with different forces or energies within an object;these parts must also have elasticity. This argument,recursively applied, provides us with intuitive concept ofan infinite Universe towards the infinitely small.
Regarding the extent of the Universe, we do not know itslimits. The only thing that seems to be clear is that therewas an enormous explosion, which affected the part of theUniverse in which we live –or local Universe. There is noreason to think that before this great explosion, there wasnothing, or that beyond our local Universe there is notmore of the same.
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Eternal Universe
The concept of an origin of the Universe from nothing, ora super-quantum singularity, does not make sense.
The Big Bang Theory asthe origin of the entireUniverse seems to us tobe a mixture of scienceand religion –orscientific creationism.What’s more, thatsomething was to comeout of nothing does notseem to us to bescientific at all!
The assumption of anon-origin or end of theUniverse leads us tosearch for alternativeshaving more or less
cyclical processes on a huge scale.
The advantage of these two new principles, whether they arecorrect or not, is that they place the brain in a scientificperspective –an aspect that seems to be lacking lately inTheoretical Physics.
The Principle of Global Conservation represents both theabove ideas. There will be a relation of transformation andequivalence both between the microscopic and themacroscopic as well as between two moments in a closedsystem. Logically, the entire Universe is a closed system by
Tarantula NebulaNew stars – NASA(Public domain image)
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definition.
Going back to the topic of fundamental forces of matter,please note that Modern Physics knows about only the last fiveforces mentioned in the previous section –and in a slightlysuperficial and confusing way.
Modern Physics sees the gravitational field as a purelymathematical field and sees electromagnetic energy as nothingtraveling through nothingness. Meanwhile, QuantumMechanics is attempting to discover what forces of reversibledeformation and retention are; that is to say, Higgs boson yesand Higgs boson no. At any rate, let us hope thatincompatibility of the Theory of Relativity with QuantumMechanics vanishes.
Regardless, the essence is to analyze dynamic equilibriumproduced between all fundamental forces, and the importanceof each of them about spatial and temporal scales and itsparticular conditions.
Global Physics defines fundamental forces of nature asproperties of the unbreakable reticular structure of matter –global, gravitational or kinetic aether. Given the non-existenceof global aether in Modern Physics, besides of its threefundamental forces –or four if one considers electromagneticenergy and the weak nuclear force separately– newfundamental forces appear related to the mechanicalproperties of the global aether and its movement.
Let us now review the ideas given in the book on GlobalMechanics and look at a few considerations regarding mainelastic characteristics of global aether –quantum foam, stringsor space-time with mechanical properties– or fundamentalforces of matter:
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1. Longitudinal tension of the filaments
We have barely mentioned this fundamental force ofmatter in the previous books, as they were about knownforces such as gravity, electromagnetism or mass creation.
However, in Astrophysics it can play a significant role. If thecreation of the mass of the atoms, particles and black holesproduces a local compression of the global aether, this willprovoke a stretching of the filaments to cover the samesurrounding space.
Moreover, the stars with their mass loss and emission ofelectromagnetic energy can cause expansion of the globalaether.
These processes of expansion and contraction of theglobal aether could explain the effect of gravitational lenseswithout apparent mass and same speed of stars of rotationof the galaxies.
2. Displacement of the global aether (Movement ofLongitudinal tension - Drag effect on mass)
As has been discussed, the mechanisms of formation ofmass –or black interaction– and its destruction –whiteinteraction– will produce variations in longitudinal tension.
Change in the longitudinal tension of the filaments ofglobal aether will provoke a tendency at a large scale tobalance longitudinal tension, as in any other elastic web,via displacements of itself.
These displacements of the global aether will affect thespeed of light and mass due to the drag effects, asmentioned in the page Types of movement in the book
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Physics and Global Dynamics.
These displacements o the global aether may correspondto newly discovered gravitational waves.
On the other hand, not only white and black interactionsproduce a lengthening or shortening of the filaments ofglobal aether, but also emission or absorption ofelectromagnetic energy.
3. Tension of the longitudinal curvature of global aetherfilaments (gravity field)
This tension is responsible for the gravitational field andgravitational interaction. See the page Gravity as a phase ofmatter of the book Global Mechanics and the book GlobalGravity Law.
Global Mechanics maintains that electromagnetic energyessential configuration is transversal waves on the tensionof the longitudinal curvature of global aether filaments,which are a non-dispersive medium. Consequently, if saidtension changes, the speed of light will adjust.
Similarly, the Plank Constant and Newton’s UniversalGravitation Constant could also alter.
For example, it seems that if the filaments or strings aretenser the gravitational force due to the tension of thelongitudinal curvature will be higher. However, perhapsgreater tension could balance with internal and externalforces of the protons and neutrons with a smaller size.Therefore, the force of gravitation or tension of thelongitudinal curvature could not change for a givendistance. Thus, there could be greater longitudinal tensionbut less curvature of the filaments.
Too big conjecture! Only excellent and real experiments
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will illuminate us.
4. Movement of the tension of longitudinal curvature(Drag effect on electromagnetic energy)
One must distinguish between movement of the globalaether and movement of the tension of its longitudinalcurvature. In fact, the physical support of electromagneticenergy is not global aether but the gravitational field –luminiferous aether.
A simple example will explain this concept. Earth’sgravitational field or tension of said longitudinal curvaturewould accompany the Earth in its trajectory around theSun, while the global aether will not follow itsdisplacement.
In addition to generating the force of gravity, gravitationalfield –if it is moving– has drag effects on electromagneticenergy.
Another intuitive example of drag effect on waves couldbe when sound waves travel on top of electromagneticwaves.
5. Transversal tension of global aether filaments(Electromagnetic field)
Spatial distribution of filaments of the global aether withtransversal tension implies the existence of electromagneticfield.
6. Changes in transversal tension of global aetherfilaments (Electromagnetic energy)
This fundamental force of matter is the well-knownelectromagnetic energy; however, it becomes complexwhen it is confused with the electromagnetic field, as the
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presence of photons or electrons is not necessary for itsexistence. In fact, inverse causality gives rise to the creationof the electrons, as explained in the pages on the theory ofthe atom in the book Global Mechanics.
In any case, it is also true that photons and acceleratedelectrons produce an electromagnetic field. Photons,because of their transversal wave nature, and acceleratedelectrons because they are half a fold in the global aetherwith a minimum energy level below which they do notreverse, and they provoke alterations in the spatialconfiguration of global aether.
7. Tension of deformation or reversible compression ofglobal aether (Creation of mass – White and blackinteractions)
The book Global Mechanics explains the mechanisms offormation of particles with physical mass –or blackinteraction– such as the transformation of the transversaltension of the filaments of global aether into the tension oflongitudinal curvature and the tension of deformation orreversible compression of global aether.
This interaction will provoke a shrinking of the globalaether due to compression or compaction ofelectromagnetic energy.
The opposite mechanism –or white interaction– willproduce an elongation of the global aether and will liberateonce again electromagnetic energy.
This mechanism is, therefore, a manifestation of the well-known equivalence between energy and mass. Thisfundamental force will include any particle with mass, likeelectrons or nucleons.
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Within reversible deformation or compression of globalaether, we may include, where appropriate, the longitudinalfolds.
8. Forces of retention caused by the cells or reticules ofthe global aether (Nuclear forces and confinement orasymptotic liberty)
As is stated in the book Global Mechanics, the main idea isthat strong nuclear force is composed of two balancedopposite forces, the internal and external strong forces.
PHYSICS NEWS“Quarks appear to be like prisoners,eternally confined within the protons
It is as if they were bound together with arubber band (the gluons), which becomesharder and harder to stretch the tenser it is.However, at a particular moment –at very hightemperatures– the rubber band breaks and theseelementary particles, now at liberty, form thefamous soup, Pajares explains. How? Why? Whatrules dictate this transition and its properties?This is the realm of Alice’s physicists.”
El País 18-09-2012
The elasticity of the filaments in the three-dimensionalreticule causes external strong force –confinement force.
The internal strong force will be the tendency of the curlsof global aether to become undone.
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A unique novelty of Global Physics is the integration ofkinetic energy in fundamental forces regarding mass.
It is probable other fundamental forces will appear, as othercharacteristics of matter appear, such as certain physical limitsof abovementioned forces and processes involved.
Likewise, the very knowledge of the physical processes andtheir equivalences unifies the fundamental forces; the GlobalPhysics does this when it unifies all forces in one single field ofa material nature via their several elastic properties.
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1.b) Theory of black holes and contraction of theUniverse
It is recommendable to read the book on Global Mechanics tounderstand the proposals for Astrophysics and the theory ofblack holes –big black balls–; in particular, section referring tosubatomic particles and the mechanisms for the creation ofmass.
Global Mechanics has given the phenomenon of creation andformation of physical mass the name of black interaction, as itis a different –albeit related– phenomenon to gravitational andelectromagnetic interactions. The inverse phenomenon toblack interaction would be white interaction, conversion ofmass into electromagnetic energy and relaxation of thelongitudinal tension of the global aether. An example wouldbe a star breaking up in a nuclear fusion reaction. Indeed, it isthe interaction of mass in its two manifestations of creationand destruction or transformation.
However, we must bear in mind that, even if this subjectceases to be relative, it will still be speculative. This section ofGlobal Physics on Astrophysics aims solely to note some generalideas, without going into detail.
We have decided to change the name of black holes for bigblack balls gradually because, according to Global Physics, theseastronomical objects have nothing to do with a hole andappear to be like a giant ball.
It is not about change for the sake of change; it is about aidingthe brain in using intuitive thought processes and logic when itcomes to complex topics such as these, due to the lack of
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experimental information available, and physical theories of apurely mathematical nature. Also, it serves to situate the brainwithin the new paradigm of Global Physics.
Given the change of perspective on space and the Universe, itis convenient to present the most relevant concepts of thenew theory of black holes separately. Thus, we shall divide thispart of the book into the following subsections: concept,formation, types and core effects of black balls.
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1.b.1. What is a black hole or big black ball?
Although recently one does not hear so much aboutwormholes or holes in space-time (strings, quantum foam,aether or any other name), we must recognize that concept ofa black hole has been a hole in itself, where theories of allkinds seemed to fit.
The exotic phenomenon known as a wormhole connects twoparts of the Universe –also known as Einstein-Rosen bridgeacross space-time– with a gravitational tunnel through whichmass and energy absorbed by a black hole could pass. Awormhole does not seem reasonable given the gravitationaleffects of the big black balls and characteristics of the globalaether. Global Astrophysics is a non-relativistic Astrophysics.
The idea of wormholes that connect two different or parallelUniverses is perhaps best not to comment on –at least, from ascientific point of view.
Another quite nice way of defining black holes or big blackballs is to say that they consist of atoms and particles in a stateof plasma. However, according to Wikipedia, interstellar spacecontains plasma, the interior of stars is also plasma, and wehave plasma ornaments with pretty lighting effects; so, wehave concluded that it is perhaps best not to mentionplasmodium too much, so as not to confuse people more thannecessary. At least not in a book like this, which does not aimto possess a detailed technical precision.
It is not our intention to criticize Wikipedia; it seems thatplasma refers to a phase of matter –different from solid, liquidor gas– characterized by its composition of ions or charged
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particles moving freely.
We believe the big black balls and the stars are somewhatmore complicated than plasma; in fact, we would say anythingbut free, which is not saying plasma is easy to describe in itsvarious manifestations.
Global Physics talks about primary phases of the reticularstructure of matter or global aether, such as total symmetry,radial symmetry –or gravity–, transversal symmetry –orelectromagnetism–, and compressed matter –or mass.
The most straightforward intuitive idea of a big black ball is anastronomical object composed of compressed reticular matteror mass, which generates sufficient gravity avoidingelectromagnetic energy to escape; as such, it appears blackfrom the outside. Thus, it is not only capable of capturingelectromagnetic energy passing through its area of influence,but also does not allow electromagnetic energy produced in itsinterior to escape.
Black holes are like huge balls made up of little balls indevelopment; they absorb the mass and electromagneticradiation that reaches them via the creation of loops and curlsin their interior due to the forces of torsion that act on them.The formation of these loops neutralizes the tension oftransversal elasticity, as it transforms it into the tension oflongitudinal curvature and energy of reversible deformationdue to the compression of global aether.
The concept of the big black ball will be more natural afterreading about its formation process and some of its mostessential characteristics.
We must take into account that at the end of last century,scientists use to say it was possible a black hole could exist ineach galaxy. Now, they talk of millions of big black balls in
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massive galaxies.
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1.b.2. Formation of black holes
This process has various stages, and not all of them arenecessary. In fact, it is possible that in the enormous initialexplosion of our local Universe –the Big Bang–large massesformed in a short time, capable of provoking reactions ofnuclear fusion leading to the birth of stars or directly a blackhole.
The general idea would be the creation of cosmic dust in thefirst place, –by gravitational effects– that would give rise toplanets and stars. These stars, according to their typology,could then have various ends, depending on dominatingforces within them; for example, the force of gravity ornuclear fusion.
In Modern Astrophysics, there are various theories regardingthe origin of planets – all of them with a certain level ofspeculation involved. It is almost sure that in outer space thereexist planetary systems with different formation processes.
According to Wikipedia, the most widely accepted theory, andthe one that would explain the majority of planetary systems isthat of cosmic dust before and after the birth of stars and postaccretion disk.
The theory of the origin of planets describes the way in whichthe accretion disks of cosmic dust begin and evolve but doesnot adequately explain the formation of the cosmic dust itself.
Up until now, it seems scientists thought gravitationalprocesses were more relevant in the formation of stars thanelectromagnetic processes. However, recently their studies
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about galactic and intergalactic electromagnetic field maps.
The great unification ofGlobal Mechanics ofgravitational interactionwith electromagnetic,weak, and strong nuclearinteractions allows theunderstanding formationof planets and cosmicdust within a moregeneral perspective.
Global Astrophysics doesnot deny gravitationalprocesses, but it alsogives significance toelectromagnetic fields; bythe processes explainedin the section onElementary particles andconstitution of the massof book Global Mechanics.
The same argument for the creation of the mass of subatomicparticles, such as protons and neutrons or peculiarities of theelectrons, could explain the birth of cosmic dust in vastregions of space, regardless of whether stars eject cosmic dustin supernova-like explosions or when two big black ballscollide and join.
While both gravitational and electromagnetic interactions aidgrowth of black holes, in stars such as the Sun, these twointeractions have opposite effects concerning growth of thestar.
Black dust Milky WayBok Globules NGC 281
Absorption of lightand formation of stars
NASA and STScI-Hubble Team(Public domain image)
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Gravity attracts mass towards the star, but the electromagneticforce released by the star implies a loss of mass due to nuclearfusion reactions.
To summarize, there may exist different processes that giverise to the formation of a black hole, such as a neutron star, orcollision of two big black balls. However, we may divide atypical process into the following stages:
Existence and creation of cosmic dust
In the first stage, cosmic dust will exist in a particular areaof space due to previous explosions of stars, the Big Bangitself, or due to its creation by the high concentration ofelectromagnetic energy.
Formation of large masses
In the second phase, small groups of cosmic dust will startto form due to gravitational effects; this will give rise to theorigin of asteroids and large concentrations of mass.
In this stage, the accretion disks, planets and stars willappear.
Gravitational attraction of light
The third stage would be the fact that the large massesformed in the second stage will begin to be so big andconcentrated that they can trap electromagnetic energy dueto the high associated potential energy. This gravitationaleffect will not only be due to classical gravitational effectsbut also to the Merlin effect –a mechanism that makesgravity force double on electromagnetic and kineticenergy–; explained in the books Global Mechanics, Physics andGlobal Dynamics and Law of Global Gravity.
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This effect explains the curvature of light –or gravitationallens effect– and the anomalous precession of the orbit ofMercury.
As was mentioned above, to be genuinely black the ballsmust not only trap electromagnetic energy but also mustnot allow energy produced in their interior to escape.
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1.b.3. Characteristics of big black balls
Until confirmation of certain hypotheses concerning thestructure of the Universe, this branch of Science will continueto be very speculative. Everything is possible in Nature, withperhaps a few exceptions, like forces at a distance, puretelepathy, additional spatial dimensions, multiple realitiesdepending on the observer and time-travel.
The only thing that these anti-intuitive concepts achieve is tohinder scientific development unless we understand them asmere temporary tricks of science until we discover the actualunderlying physical reality. We would say such epistemologicalimpossibilities constitute a grand theory anti-everything.
In any case, we would like to remind the reader that GlobalPhysics –while not quite at the extreme level of Modern Physics–is a very bold theory, particularly when it comes to GlobalAstrophysics.
Mass and size of big black holes
By the concept of the big black ball itself, the minimummass should achieve a sufficient global gravitationalattraction not to allow electromagnetic energy to escape.
The big black balls in the center of galaxies will be massiveor supermassive balls, on occasion billions of times themass of the Sun, as they will capture more stars and trapelectromagnetic energy of many more stars than in otherareas of space.
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Rotation of big black balls
It seems Astronomy has detected rotating black holes. Thisrotation could be a consequence –as well as of rotationand collisions of the stars which originated them– of thetransversal nature of electromagnetic energy.
Simple Physics experiment
Hold an elastic band by its ends and twist it in oppositedirections until little ball forms in the center.
Keep twisting to the ends and see what happens!
Composition and internal structure
Supermassive black holes could be a collection offundamental particles because high gravitational energycould split the nuclei of the heavier atoms.
It is also possible that high gravitational energy provokesrigid structures of nucleons, and that these structuresbehave as giant particles. Repeating this process, enormousfolds of global aether could appear in the interior ofsupermassive black holes, due to the capture ofconsiderable amounts of electromagnetic energy.
Simple Physics experiment
We can visualize these giant structures if we think of athree-dimensional elastic net with small marbles in itsreticules; we grab a few of these with our hand andtwist our fist.
Big black balls and anti-big-black-balls
Just to go a little further and beyond, like fundamentalsubatomic particles, there could exist two types of blackholes: right-handed and left-handed. Although
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gravitational attraction will always exist, from theperspective of the supported magnetic field, two equalblack holes should repel each other and two different onesshould attract; it seems to be the age-old story. The onlything remaining would be if sexuality were a right-handedto left-handed attraction, like political dynamics.
It is convenient to point out that an anti-black-hole wouldnot be a star or white fountain, but similar to theterminological relation between matter and antimatter. Theinverse phenomenon to the creation of mass –black hole–is the destruction of mass –white fountain or star–, andthis is not the same as the creation of a mass of a right-handed or left-handed nature.
In other words, the right-handed or left-handed nature ofmass or electromagnetic energy will relate to the conceptsof matter and antimatter. If a black ball is right-handed, itsanti-black-ball will be a left-handed black ball.
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1.b.4. Effects of big black balls
Gravitational attraction on mass and energy
This effect comes literally from its definition or concept.
Emission of mass and electromagnetic energy
We know that some black holes emit significant quantitiesof matter in short periods.
Contraction of the Universe
The phenomenon known as the contraction of theUniverse occurs in the area of influence of each black holefrom the first stage of creation of cosmic dust, just as ithappens on a small scale in atoms with the formation ofelectrons.
The contraction of the Universe will be a directconsequence of the theory of black balls as particles withmass and the creation of loops or curls with the absorptionof electromagnetic radiation and compression andcompaction of the global aether.
The contraction of the Universe will be a similarphenomenon to that of a displacement in a three-dimensional spider’s web when one tug towards the middleand a central ball creates –with the material of the strands–containing many little balls.
In the new theory, black holes produce the contraction ofthe global aether or reticular structure of matter. Other
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physical theories might call these phenomena contractionof space; they understand space –erroneously in ouropinion– like the mathematical points corresponding toglobal aether in Global Mechanics. Thus, if the global aethercompresses, there will be a contraction of the Universe dueto contraction of space according to these theories.
The stars or white fountains will produce the oppositephenomenon –or expansion of the Universe– with theemission of electromagnetic energy, consequence of thewhite interaction or decompression of the reticular matterin the nuclear reactions. Therefore, we could say thenamed dark energy in the visible Universe is white energy.
Collision of big black balls
Fusion of two big black balls appears to be a naturalphenomenon, now that millions of black holes can exist ina single galaxy.
An interesting topic would be the fusion between two bigblack balls, one right-handed and the other left-handed.
Nevertheless, it would be difficult for two black holes of adifferent spatial nature to exist close to one another, as theforces that could create them would compensate and saidblack holes would not be able to form. Of course, oncethey create, they could get closer.
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1.c) Stars, expansion of the Universe and darkenergy
1.c.1. Concept and characteristics of stars
Our knowledge of the characteristics of different types of starsis continually evolving, on par with the improvements made inobservations carried out.
Below, a few basic concepts will be briefly touched uponbecause one can find detailed information on Wikipedia.However, we are most interested in the effects of elasticity ofthe reticular structure of matter or global aether produced bystars, as well as the subsequent dark energy –as we discussfurther on.
What are stars?
The concept of a star is not very well defined; in theory,they are astronomical objects, which –due to their size andgravitational force– have begun the nuclear fusionreactions converting Hydrogen into Helium, thus emittinga significant amount of electromagnetic energy and otherparticles. In fact, they release so much energy that,throughout their lives, they lose a notable percentage oftheir mass. An example is our Sun.
Nonetheless, there are stars that –after finishing all theavailable Hydrogen– have a vast increase in volume, due tothe change of dominant forces in their internalcomposition. We call them red giants.
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Others go through the supernova phase –a giantexplosion– and become neutron stars.
Origin, birth, and formation of stars
As stated in Wikipedia, processes of formation of stars areunknown to some extent. There are numerous variablesinvolved; such as composition and concentration ofcosmic dust, magnetic field, temperature, pressure, nuclearfusion processes, and proximity to previous supernovaexplosions.
It seems that many stars are born near the galactic center,giving rise to the arms of the spiral galaxies by the fusionand conversion of the stars’ mass into the global aether –quantum foam, strings or space-time with mechanicalproperties. As a result, they are displaced outward as theyrotate. Hence, many of these stars have the same linearvelocity and different orbit.
Barred spiral galaxyNASA - NGC 1300
(Public domain image)
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Linear velocityof stars in galaxies
Death of stars and supernovae
Astrophysics has observed the expansion of the Universeby using supernovas or stars dying in great explosions aspoints of reference in space.
Types of stars
There are various types of stars, with particularcharacteristics like size and mass.
When the death of a star is imminent, a sudden explosionor supernova may occur.
After the explosion of type II supernovae, neutron starsform. These stars must have a mass above 9 or 10 timesthat of the Sun, and below some other limit. The originand formation process of neutron stars is more or lessknown, according to the explanations provided byWikipedia.
As we said earlier, stars emit light, and this makes themlose mass when heavier elements create, such as occurs inHydrogen fusion. Another classification criterion for starsis whether they contain heavy atoms; this also gives us anidea of their age.
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Another possibility is if the neutron star were captivatingmass and became a black hole.
One could say they are systems of dynamic equilibrium offundamental forces, but on a colossal scale in both spaceand time.
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1.c.2. Dark energy and expansion of the Universe
The model of Global Mechanics –part of Global Physics theoryof everything– offers clues to understand the expansion of theUniverse and, its cause –dark energy–, and its relation with thehypothetical dark matter.
After the detection of gravitational waves –GW171017–generated by the merger of two neutron stars, theaccumulative expansion of the Universe is around 70 km/sper megaparsec questioning the Big Bang theory.
PHYSICS NEWS"Groups of galaxies confirm dark energy
By combining all the data, we have arrived at themost substantial piece of evidence to suggest thatdark energy is the cosmological constant; or in otherwords, that nothing weighs something.
‘Nothing’ in this case refers to the fact that darkenergy is the energy of the vacuum, possibly a fieldof very light particles in an unstable state; a residueof the conditions present in the Universe just afterthe initial Big Bang.”
El País 17-12-2008
The term expansion of the Universe refers to the observable
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fact that stars seem to be moving away from each other whenthey should be getting closer due to gravity force.
The concept of dark energy refers to the cause of thismovement because it is unknown what dark energy is.
According to Wikipedia, observed expansion of the Universecorresponds to dark energy effect as a scalar field that fills allspace in the Universe and results in a repulsive gravitationalforce. We can see here how Wikipedia seems to use a strangedefinition of space; it appears to be able to be full and emptyat the same time, or to be empty and have dark and magicalproperties.
The terminology used by Wikipedia makes sense to a certainextent if one considers that scientists define space as points ofthe existence of light and mass. Which is to say, the reticulesof unbreakable filaments of the global, gravitational or kineticaether that supports gravity, kinetic energy and strong forcesin Global Mechanics.
Before presenting the proposals of Global Physics, let us discussthe approximation of Modern Physics to dark energy topic.
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1.c.2.a) Acceleration or deceleration of expansionof the Universe in Modern Physics
Predominant model in Cosmology throughout most of thelast century was a deceleration of the Universe since the initialexplosion of the Big Bang. This deceleration of expansion ofthe Universe would be due to gravitational attractiongenerated by the mass of stars.
Diagram of dark energy in the UniverseNASA
(Public domain image)
Discussion centered on whether the expansion of theUniverse would eventually stop, giving way to a period ofcontraction of the Universe, or whether it would remain in an
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indefinite increase. A simple analysis shows the result woulddepend on the total mass of the Universe itself.
This figure shows the possible evolution of the Universe as afunction of the relationship between dark energy andgravitational forces.
There are various ways of representing dark energy –cause ofthe expansion of the Universe– mathematically. The mostgeneral idea was the cosmological constant of Einstein. Asusual in Einstein’s theories, whether this constant exists or notis perfect. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity adapts itself almostas well as Darwin’s theory of evolution. We do not know whatthey will say if it has ever confirmed that, both things exist atthe same time!
In theory, the cause of the expansion of the Universe is the BigBang, a great initial explosion that generated all the matter inthe Universe. However, in the last decade of last century, itappeared expansion of the Universe is accelerating. In otherwords, the separation velocity of stars is ever increasing. Thisphenomenon requires some force or energy to justify it, andbecause there is no satisfactory theory to explain this energy inouter space, its name is dark energy.
In other words, Einstein's cosmological constant has nothingto do with dark energy, which incorporates a differentexpansion model. However, dark energy is compatible withthe attractive forces of gravity.
Therefore, we can point to two radically different models ofexpansion of the universe.
Big Bang and Einstein's cosmological constant
The cause would be inertia of the hypothetical initialexplosion of the Big Bang with plus the inflation stage
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PHYSICS NEWS“Ten years after discovering dark energy,physicists still don’t know what it is.”
El País 11-06-2008
facing the forces of gravity.
It is a homogeneous expansion throughout the universe,and it appears in field equations as a constant, withoutneeding a matrix tensor.
The stationary universe and dark energy
Its denomination shows it unknown cause. Consequently,we do not know when it will stop.
It does not have to be homogeneous –according to GlobalPhysics, it is not– and everything indicates that thisexpansion occurs in a stationary universe. The age of theUniverse 13.7 billion years seems to be the time limit ofthe observable universe → given the latest estimates of theexpansion of the universe by the detection of gravitationalwaves –GW171017.
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1.c.2.b) Dark energy in the Global Physics
Going back to Global Astrophysics, let us present maindevelopments and precisions regarding astronomical objectsin outer space, expansion of the Universe and dark energy.
Global Astrophysics uses a different approach, as it proposes thesimultaneous existence of processes of contraction andexpansion of the Universe. Also, these processes do not alterEuclidean space, merely the volume occupied by the globalaether. In other words, Euclidean space is a suitable concept,and that is better not to revise ever for the sake of soundreasoning.
The existence of contraction and expansion of theUniverse
We must bear in mind that both expansion andcontraction of the Universe are indeed coherent with theavailable information. Of course, the expansion ispredominant in the big scale.
As mentioned in the section on big black balls, the creationof mass –black interaction– implies compression orconcentration of the global aether. Consequently, theyprovoke contraction of the Universe.
Also, the capture of electromagnetic energy also entails anincrease in the mass of big black balls and concentration ofthe global aether.
Meanwhile, the white fountains or high emitters ofelectromagnetic radiation, generally known as stars,
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produce expansion of the Universe.
Expansion of the Universe is not occurring in oneparticular direction, but equally for all-stars; it is as if eachstar was getting further away from all its neighboring stars.
Home physical experiment
The usual visual model thinks of stars as dots on aninflating balloon, so all points are getting further andfurther away from each other.
Mechanisms of dark energy
Elastic characteristics of reticular matter allow the energyof reversible deformation, accumulated in the mass, toconstitute so-called dark energy, once reversion beginswith nuclear fusion processes in stars.
In effect, the life of stars –emitting electromagnetic waves–is causing the opposite phenomenon to the loops or curlsin the formation of mass. Consequently, there will be anexpansion of the global aether; or, in an imprecise andincorrect terminology from our point of view, expansionof the Universe or space.
Interestingly enough, it seems that the most appropriateterm for dark energy could, in fact, be white energy, whichwould also make dark matter unnecessary.
The mechanism of dark energy is increasing in the volumeof the global aether, as its elasticity causes displacement ofthe rest of the reticular structure of matter. Thismechanism implies a new type of movement, themovement of global aether; we say new because it has nota consideration in the application of Newton’s Laws ofDynamics.
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According to Global Mechanics, supporting medium ofelectromagnetic waves is gravitational field –luminiferousaether or tension of the longitudinal curvature of globalaether. A direct consequence is that velocity ofelectromagnetic waves will be additive concerningdisplacement of this tension.
To be compatible with the Theory of Cosmic Inflation, thevelocity of decompression of global aether should behigher than the speed of light. In this case, collisionsbetween matter and antimatter could help verification ofthis statement, though we doubt current technology hasthe necessary precision.
As mentioned in the book on Global Mechanics, anothermechanism that could provoke displacements in globalaether could be the neutrinos, if they came fromlongitudinal folds in the filaments of global aether. As weknow, stars produce large quantities of neutrinos.
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1.d) Astronomy and other phenomena in outerspace
As well as processes of contraction and expansion of space ofprevious sections, other physical aspects have considerablerepercussions on the structure of the Universe.
There are two phenomena not discussed up until now. Theseare the similar velocities in general of the stars in galaxies andsome effects of gravitational lensing that the existence of alarge quantity of mass could explain them, but this masspersists without detection.
Consequently, to explain both cases, scientists consider thepossible existence of dark matter.
In this case, the model of Global Astrophysics –part of the GlobalPhysics– attempts to contribute new ideas to explain darkmatter in the Universe and strange behavior of stars inrotation of the galaxies.
We must keep in mind that Astrophysics is a very imaginativescience; not only because of limitations in observations butalso their interpretation.
In other words, 95% of the mass/energy of the universe hasno explanation.
What’s more, Modern Astrophysics remains stuck in itsmetaphysical doubts and questions; on the one hand, itscentral theory is Einstein’s General Relativity; but on the other,it seems evident “vacuum” is not empty, and that it hasmechanical properties. That something could be quantum
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foam, ropes, or what Global Physics denominates globalaether.
In addition to gravitational lensing effect without mass, and tothe problem of rotation of the stars in galaxies, we are goingto discuss the topic of antimatter, related to dark matter andthe theories of the origin of the universe.
We need to remark that section 1.d.3. Rotation of the galaxiesincludes a quantitative analysis of experimental data and verysatisfactory results.
Furthermore, as a novel consequence of second element ofthe atractis causa –Merlin effect– in the Global Gravity Law,we will study possible additional eccentricity of planetaryorbits concerning classical and relativistic orbits.
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1.d.1. Antimatter
Throughout this book, we have mentioned on numerousoccasions there are two types of electromagnetic energy andphysical mass, depending on the transversal rotation theypossess.
In a three-dimensional Euclidean space –advocated by GlobalPhysics–, there can only be two types of rotation in thedirection of propagation of a transversal wave. Consequently,electromagnetic energy can be right-handed or left-handed.
Similarly, given definition of physical mass in Global Mechanics,there will be two types of mass –matter and antimatter–formed by a confluence of right-handed and left-handedelectromagnetic energy, respectively. Thus, regular mass in ourgalaxy configures matter and antimatter will have differenttransversal torsion.
As would be expected, the lifetime of antimatter on our planetis very short; it is very unstable because oppositeelectromagnetic tension is all over around.
Maintaining particles of antimatter is a very costly process, asthey need powerful electromagnetic fields of correcttransversal torsion. Theoretically, a proton of antimatter, ifadequately isolated from ordinary matter, should be as stableas a standard proton.
Again, the whole description of antimatter fits perfectly withthe concept of mass in Global Mechanics.
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PHYSICS NEWS"Antimatter of anti-galaxies from a spaceship
Half the faraway galaxies could be of antimatter, ananalogous substance to matter, which annihilateswhen it in contact with it. In theory, the existence ofantigalaxies –groups of antistars and antiplanets– ispossible and they could be visually indistinguishablefrom normal galaxies, such as the Milky Way.”
El País 24-05-1995
In a hypothetical initial situation of the Universe without anyelectromagnetic torsion or any matter or antimatter, anyrotation or torsion of the reticular structure of matter –global,gravitational or kinetic aether– will produce right-handedelectromagnetic waves in one sense and left-handed waves inopposite sense in the same direction.
Just as magnetic monopoles do not exist, due to themechanisms that create mass and to Law of Large Numbers,there should be an equal quantity of antimatter and ordinarymatter –matter visible to us– in the Universe.
Recently, there has been talking about the possible existenceof magnetic monopoles; however, this is most likely just afigure of speech, as the absent pole is probably at an inferiorlevel. That is to say; its magnetism will end directly in theglobal aether, without detection by current technology.
The matter would be predominant in some regions of outerspace, and antimatter in others.
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1.d.2. Effect of gravitational lensing withoutapparent mass
The book Physics and Global Dynamics analyzes gravitationallensing provoked by large masses. Gravitational potentialenergy produces curvature of light and Merlin effect doublesthe effect of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation for bothkinetic and electromagnetic energy.
Gravitational lensingGalaxy-cluster-SDSS-J1038+4849 (NASA-Image of Public Domain)
Given the mass required to produce this effect is not visible,there are various opinions regarding whether it is antimatter ornormal matter. The gravitational field is independent of right-handed or left-handed nature of mass; thus, the same
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curvature of light would appear in both cases.
When there is not enough mass or we do not detect it, darkmatter provides an additional explanation for effects ofgravitational interaction on the trajectory of light.
Other explanations could be the existence of many black holesor weird particles with mass, like WIMPS.
However, we consider these options are very unlikely, due tothe spatial distribution they should have.
PHYSICS NEWSMicro black holes are harmless – LHC
One of those supersymmetric particles has a uniquetheoretical attraction because it is the best candidateto constitute the mysterious dark matter of theUniverse.
El País 11-09-2008
Now, let us see the most likely cause of this strangephenomenon in Global Physics.
Global Astrophysics and gravitational lensing withoutmass
Of course, if we are going to speculate, the most probablecause for gravitational lensing could be merely the result ofvariations in the longitudinal tension of the global aether,changes in its spatial configuration at a large scale, or evenphenomena of drag of light due to displacements ofluminiferous aether –gravitational field.
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Surely luminiferous aether is not only gravity field –tensionof longitudinal curvature of the global aether– but also thelongitudinal tension itself.
Intergalactic dark energy will have a non-uniformdistribution due to the mechanisms discussed in theprevious subsection 1.c.2.b) Dark Energy in Global Physics.
Following those mechanisms, dark energy will appear inregions where there is a significant concentration of stars,in other words, in the galaxies.
In addition to said non-uniformity. Other curious effectswill take place in intergalactic space due to the existence ofblack holes in the galaxies and to a different distribution ofits stars.
Let us assume a region of three-dimensional spacesurrounded by 20 more or less distant galaxies. All thesegalaxies will produce an expansion of the global aether;thus, the longitudinal tension of the filaments of globalaether will be smaller in this region, until the galaxiesseparate due to the tendency towards equilibrium.
These adjustment processes will happen throughout everysection of the local Universe, resulting in its expansion.However, along the whole process will be irregularities inthe longitudinal tension of the filaments, and these willaffect gravity, intergalactic electromagnetic fields, andgravitational lensing.
The irregularities will occur at different scales, not only inintergalactic space but also in clusters of galaxies andsuperstructures of clusters.
Another speculative aspect would be that the existence ofbarred galaxies might be a sign of the different longitudinal
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stress of the global aether –or space-time with mechanicalproperties– in large scales.
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1.d.3. Rotation of galaxies
According to Modern Physics, the presence of mass not directlydetected could also provoke a similar velocity of the stars ingalaxies. Thus, the name of this mass is dark matter.
There has also been an attempt to explain theabovementioned natural phenomenon of the rotation ofgalaxies alternatively, with a minimum intensity of thegravitational field.
Global Astrophysics proposes a possible solution to explainobservations within its physical model, based on contractionor expansion of the global aether –or the less intuitive conceptof space with mechanical properties.
Theories related to the rotation of the galaxies are:
Minimum gravity
MOND –Modified Newtonian Dynamics– is a proposal ofmodified gravity called, put forward by Mordehai Milgromin 1981 as a modification of Newton’s Second Law orFundamental Law of Dynamics –Wikipedia.
The most important criticism made to this proposal ofmodified gravity or MOND is to be an ad hoc theory.
Another noteworthy criticism is to be a mathematicalmodification of Newton’s Second Law without providing aphysical justification for it.
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Linear velocityof stars in galaxies
Dark matter and rotation of galaxies
In theory, without the gravitational minimum, the onlyexistence of a large quantity of dark matter would maintainthe velocity of the stars in spiral galaxies. According toWikipedia, dark matter comprises up to 90% in mostgalaxies.
It seems that, in addition to a substantial amount of darkmatter, there must be a strange distribution to achieve asimilar speed of the stars.
When physicists say NASAor the Dark Energy Surveyconfirm the existence ofdark matter as a halo ingalaxies, what it means –orthey should report to thepublic– is measurementsobtained of the linearvelocity of the stars wouldrequire the existence ofdark matter to be coherentwith the current
gravitational model. Of course, this is all assuming it is, infact, a gravitational effect of dark matter.
In other words, what they confirm is the correction ofmeasurements of linear velocity that they have made –notthe hypothesis of dark matter. Although we mustunderstand, the term dark matter itself means it could beanything.
The velocity of stars close to the center of a galaxyincreases as their distance to the center increases becausetheir classical gravitational displacement depends on the
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SYPNOSIS1. Mass moves as a slipknot in the global aether –a
3D grid of elastic filaments.
2. Electromagnetic energy means transversal wavesin the lattice
3. When there are enough electromagnetic energymass forms within a reticule, and global aether iscompressed. The reticules avoid the knots to getundone.
4. While the stars are losing mass, they areproducing the expansion of the global aether.
5. The expansion of the universe does not push alot the other stars because the interaction stars-global aether has the quadratic relation v^2/c^2–like kinetic energy and mass but the oppositeeffect–, so it looks the expansion generateseverywhere.
6. Global Physics theory was not designed toexplain the expansion of the universe but itdoes, and dark matter is not necessary anymore.
mass of all the astronomical objects, not just the centralblack ball. Once this effect disappears, the velocity shoulddecrease once again.
Global Astrophysics and rotation of galaxies
According to the mechanisms seen in the previoussubsection 1.c.2.b) Dark Energy in Global Physics, there is anatural explanation about the similar linear velocity of starsof galaxies.
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Simple example
Let us consider the simple experiment of a ballooninflating, like when the explaining the expansion of theUniverse. If, instead of drawing dots on the surface, wewere to imagine an elastic bar in the radius from thecenter to the surface, and we were to bring dots on thisbar; when the balloon inflates, dots would also getfurther and further away from each other.
Global Astrophysics incorporates effects of expansion andcontraction of the global aether. Its combination withclassical gravitational forces could get us closer to aphysical explanation for the velocity of stars in galaxies.
An implicit element in concepts of contraction andexpansion of the Universe in Global Mechanics is a drag ofmass to a certain extent by the global aether –inversemovement in the book Physics and Global Dynamics. Onemust consider a train drags a passenger with it, but thisdoes not mean the passenger cannot move on the train.
Let us remember that Global aether is not the gravitationalfield; one thing is the three-dimensional material structureof global aether, and other is the tension of its longitudinalcurvature. This tension –or gravitational field– can movewithout a global aether displacement; other times, theopposite can also occur.
One must also not forget that, because electromagneticenergy moves on the tension of longitudinal curvature ofthe global aether –by Global Mechanics–, relativisticinterpretation of the information we receive may seeenthralling effects upon the supposedly observed reality.
Another way of presenting the proposal of GlobalAstrophysics is using a simple sequence of images.
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Heyelogic telescope
In the first column, one can see a galaxy with stars veryclose to its center. In the second, expansion of outerspace provoked by the stars has made the galaxyincrease in size. Finally, in the third column, the spaceoccupied by the galaxy is much more extensive.
This sequence of images shows how the expansion ofthe universe is cumulative for the stars that are far awayfrom the center of the galaxy. At the same time, itslinear velocity will maintain and, therefore, will behigher than it would have in a stable orbitcorresponding to its new radius according to the modelof gravitational effects.
The figure also shows how the closest star causes asmaller expansion than the rest, due to contraction ofthe universe that probably occurs in the surroundingarea of the center of the galaxy. The more modestincrease is not only due to the supermassive black holethat almost certainly exists but also due to multipleblack holes that will exist and the little accumulativeeffect of the stars.
Rotation of galaxiesExpansion of global aether
Perhaps the comparison between those galaxies with thephenomenon above of faraway stars and those in which it
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is not present, or it appears with less intensity could shinesome light on dark matter topic. If proposal put forth byGlobal Astrophysics is correct, those galaxies in which thephenomenon does not occur should be smaller containmany black holes or fewer stars. (This paragraph is someyears older → than the next news).
PHYSICS NEWSDiscovered the first galaxy without darkmatter
An international group of astronomers observesa strange galaxy that can change theories abouthow these star groups form.
However, it seems there may be circumstances inwhich galaxies form without dark matter. Headds. “These ultra-diffuse galaxies seem to besomething extraordinary, that could have formedin a region of the universe where there was littledark matter.”
El País 27-03-2018
Supposed expansion of the Universe provoked by the Sundoes not “push” the Earth away; as is to be expected, theeffect is minimal. Perhaps it would be larger if the bubblesin the figure represented billions of stars in a particulargalaxy and billions of years.
We must take into account that the expansion of theuniverse is 70 km/s Mpc according to the detection ofgravitational waves from neutron stars merger by LIGOexperiment.
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The inverse movement previously mentioned would implythat the mass has a drag effect on the expansion of theglobal aether as a function of the quadratic relation of itsvelocity concerning velocity of light. On the contrary,according to Global Physics, gravitational field –luminiferousaether or tension of the longitudinal curvature of globalaether– has a full drag effect on light.
Global Astrophysics concludes the expansion of globalaether causes the stars’ speed in the galaxies to correspondto their initial stable orbit and higher than thecorresponding velocity of their current orbit if we onlytake into account the gravitational effects.
As a result, the stars are in an unstable orbit and they willnever return to a stable orbit.
PHYSICS NEWSWhen dark matter did not rule the universe
An analysis of galaxies from 10,000 million yearsago shows that visible matter dominated. Now,the dark one determines the way they turn.
El País 24-03-2017
With this mechanism, dark matter is not necessary toclarify rotation of the galaxies, as it was it not necessary toelucidate gravitational lensing without mass. Furthermore,it is the same mechanism used to illuminate the so-calledexpansion of the universe or, correctly said, expansion ofthe global aether.
Also, let us remark that this mechanism is implicit in the
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concept of mass contributed by Global Physics; and usedboth in his new atom theory in Global Mechanics and in thedevelopment of its motion theory in Global Dynamics.
On the other hand, these ideas also configure a theory ofthe origin of the stars, since all of them would have beenborn in their initial orbits.
There is experimental verification of expansion withingalaxies. The Wikipedia article on the Milky Way indicates,"The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm orsimply 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s ... It was found tobe expanding from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s."
Among the leading consequences we can highlight:
Similar velocities mean that they were born in samedistance zones from the center for each galaxy.
It explains the existence and formation of the spiralgalaxy arms.
There will be a relationship between the arms and theage of the stars. In Wikipedia "In December 2013,astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of theMilky Way. Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiralarms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gasand young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy isunclear."
The existence of arms in the spiral galaxies impliesperiods of intense star formation.
The different periods of star formation seem toindicate that mass creates in the initial zone, whichcould indicate the presence of large electromagnetic
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fields.
"The center of the Milky Way is a special place," notes JayLockman, an astronomer at the Green BankObservatory in West Virginia. "At its heart is a black holeseveral million times more massive than the Sun and there areregions of intense star birth and explosive star destruction."
The same argument, but used inversely, could be usedfor the drastic fall of stars starting at 40000 light yearsfrom the radius of the Milky Way.
We have performed a mathematical analysis for the MilkyWay with very satisfactory results, although we must takeinto account the large margin of error existing for variousreasons in some of the data used.
The calculated expansion is 2.50169E + 20 m, which isalmost 50% the radius of the Milky Way, which is4.72713E + 20 m. Naturally; we pick some figures toachieve such an excellent result, but always withinreasonable limits.
Nevertheless, we would like to remark that the expansionobtained is more conservative than the 50 km/smentioned in the cited Wikipedia article of experimentalobservations. This high figure seems to confirm the ideasof inverse movement, the acceleration on it that producesthe constant expansion of the universe and the unstableorbits.
The calculations are the following:
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Expansion in the Milky Way
a. Typical speed of the stars 2,20000E+05 m/s
b. Velocity over global aether → 8,80000E+05 m/s
c. Light speed 2,99792E+08 m/s
d. 1 million years 3,15360E+13 s
e. Average expansion per Mpc 7,08205E+04 m/s
f. 1 million years expansion 2,23340E+18 m d*e
Expansion adjustments
g. Mpc applied to la MW → 5 Exp. till nextgalaxy
h. Mpc local group to MW * 2 Exp. tillgalactic group
i. Mpc star position in MW * 5 Origin of exp.inside MW
j. Age of the arms of stars MW 13000 My Wikipedia
k. Expansion. adjusted 1,45171E+24 m f*g*h*i*j
Inverse movement adjustments
l. Drag acceleration * 10
m. Drag * 8,61636E-05 m l*b*b/c*c
n. Exp. with drag effect 1,25084E+20 m k*m
o. Exp. with unstable orbits in MW 2,50169E+20 m n*2
p. Radio of MW 4,72713E+20 m
* These elements are included by the explanations of theGlobal Physics. The expansion adjustments by theapplication of average expansion to the stars of the MilkyWay and the inverse movement due to the effect of theexpansion of the universe on the displacement of the starsover the global ether.
This presentation is very general and renormalizable.
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Anything, but stretching space, shrinking time, or shovingthings into other dimensions.
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1.d.4. Paradox of the last relativistic dolphin
Einstein himself admitted his Special Relativity could notexplain the twin paradox. later on, General Relativitypurportedly solved this problem
We suppose General Relativity avoids any twin symmetry byacknowledging that gravitational fields are somehow“privileged” frames of reference. Consequently, the twinsdisappear and the paradox becomes relative.
A new paradox now appears when one reflects upon anotherphenomenon of outer space –the orbits of planets revolvingaround moving stars. Indeed, the orbits of these planets mightchange as a function of the chosen frame of reference.
To solve this new relativistic paradox might be necessary toestablish new privileged frames of reference. We shall analyzethis possibility below.
The paradox of the Last Relativistic Dolphin concerns thedifferent shapes of planetary orbits, which depend on theframe of reference chosen. The dependency is due to theeffect of kinetic energy; for further information, see the pageson Gravity Probe B and the Precession of the Perihelion ofMercury from the book Global Gravity Law.
We know that variation in kinetic energy –due to the doubleeffect of gravity on it than on mass– provokes changes ingravitational force per unit mass. This variation in gravityforce occurs both in Global Physics and in General Relativity’s so-called space-time; in fact, both theories use this phenomenonto explain the precession of the perihelion of Mercury.
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However, in the case of General Relativity and its prevailingobscurantism, the fact that kinetic energy is responsible forthis adjustment is not usually explicitly stated.
Recall that in Global Physics interaction between mass and thereticular structure of matter –global, gravitational or kineticaether– moves the mass. The different names for global aetherare to represent better its various properties for specificexplanations.
From the starting point of a circular orbit –to simplifyargumentation–, let us look at the following situations:
1. The star is at rest
The planet’s circular orbit is stable and has a constantvelocity, kinetic energy, and gravitational or centripetalforce. In both relativistic and global models, gravitationalforce will have one component due to the kinetic energy ofthe planet itself.
Titan y Rhea - NASA(Imagen de dominio público)
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However, there will not be a precession of the perihelionof the orbit in either model, as we are considering acircular orbit. Thus, the orbit will be slightly smaller than itwould be in Newton’s Classical Physics.
2. The star is moving in the same plane as the orbit
When the orbiting planet is surpassing the star, its velocitywill be larger than that of the star itself, even in case of aninitially circular orbit. Likewise, when the star is overtakingthe planet, the velocity of the latter will be smaller than thestars.
In other words, the velocity of the planet cannot beconstant, and thus its kinetic energy cannot be either.Consequently, gravitational force will vary, due to theeffect that kinetic energy has to it. The variation willproduce a small ellipsoid eccentricity, perpendicular to thedirection the star is moving in.
Moreover, this effect will have a lateral displacement, asthe planet will be closer to the star when its velocity –andthus, the gravitational force per unit mass– is at amaximum.
In this case, just as in the case of Mercury, there will be aprecession of the perihelion of the orbit.
It is clear that a change in the system of reference will alterthe shape of planetary orbits.
3. The movement of the star is perpendicular to the orbitplane
The velocity of the planet in the direction of movement ofthe star is constant; thus, it will not produce the effect weare analyzing. Moreover, one notable difference between
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this situation and the first case –that of a star at rest– isthat the gravitational force here will be higher. Thedifference is due to the kinetic energies of both the starand the planet.
Now we have described the orbits we are interested in, theproblem will be to determine which of these orbits is correct;or indeed, whether they could all be correct. Let us look at thepossible solutions, depending on which theory is applied.
General Relativity
The solution to the paradox will be slightly more difficultthan in the case of the twin paradox. Now, one cannot justmake the gravitational field the privileged frame ofreference; one would have to choose a physical frame ofreference also including the kinetic energy that producesthe observed shape of the orbit.
With so many restrictions and privileges, General Relativitymight be somewhat less relative. Nevertheless, complexrelativistic geometries –such as Riemann’s– will doubtlessmanage to make all orbits correct. For each system ofreference, both classical potential energy and kinetic energywill modify the very axes of the four-dimensionalMinkowski metric in tensors of field equations. Thisvariation will be enough to make orbits equivalent andhave the same shape.
However, the problem now will be the fact that kineticenergy –which is one variable that modulates thedimensions– will no longer depend on the gravity of aparticular mass or the velocity within the chosen frame ofreference, but on the velocity concerning the mechanismsthat configure its very nature. In other words, it will
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depend on the velocity concerning its natural frame ofreference –kinetic aether– just as the gravitational fielddepends on the mass that creates it and not on anyarbitrary system of reference.
Of course, General Relativity completely denies thepossibility of the vacuum itself having mechanicalproperties, as this would directly lead to the existence ofsome aether, which is to say, a quantum vacuum that isnot, in fact, a vacuum. Nevertheless, we would say the veryexistence of gravity implies the same thing, or at leastsomething very similar.
The simple fact of incorporating gravity into a new metric–the Riemann metric– should not hide its physicalmeaning. Something exists which has mechanicalproperties, and which has a locally privileged nature. Onecould make an analogous argument regarding the Kerrmetric incorporating Lens-Thirring effect, which describeshow a gravitational field has a dragging effect on light.
Even if General Relativity were to accept space-timehaving mechanical properties, which would manifestthemselves via its dilations and contractions, it would notsolve this new paradox. In this case, the mechanisms ofkinetic energy would be the same as those that makeatomic clocks desynchronize due to variations in velocity.However, its privileged system of reference would notcoincide with that of gravitational potential energy. Inother words, the Principle of Equivalence in GR wouldbreak.
Of course, one could always create mixed metrics that givelocal and ad hoc mathematical solutions with bi-univocalasymptotic transformations and multiple singularities atpoints where the transformation cannot be bi-univocal.
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However, this would no longer be General Relativity, but amathematical adaptation of some other theory withdifferent principles.
On the other hand, it is imperative to recall that GeneralRelativity does not seem to be having much success when itcomes to explaining the phenomena of outer space asdiscussed in the previous sections of this book. In fact, itonly seems to be able to explain 5% of the matter in theUniverse.
Global Physics
The book Physics and Global Dynamics, in its section onmechanisms of movement, explains that the mechanismwhich produces velocity is an interaction between thespatial configuration of global mass –including kineticenergy– and kinetic or global aether –quantum foam,strings or space-time with mechanical properties. Thus,velocity depends on its natural reference frame –kineticaether.
In other words, though it might seem that spatial vacuumoffers no resistance to movement of planets, GlobalDynamics considers this resistance to increase with thequadratic relation between the velocity of the object andthe speed of light. The relation is precisely thequantification of kinetic energy.
To aid intuitive understanding, one could imagine adolphin swimming in the water. The faster the dolphinswims, the higher the resistance from the water will be.This increase will not be linear.
Independently from other energy exchanges, the energyabsorbed by resistance to movement will return in theform of an impulse as movement goes on. This
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mechanism is due to the perfect elasticity of kinetic aether.
The book on Global Gravity Law explicitly adds the massequivalent to kinetic energy to Newton’s Law of UniversalGravitation. In this way, it explains the precession of theperihelion of Mercury with a non-relativistic model. Theresulting mathematical formula for this precession ispractically the same as Einstein’s 1916 expression and asPaul Gerber’s pre-relativistic 1898 formula. Nevertheless,the physical interpretation is reasonably different for eachof these three theories.
Therefore, if one knew a priori the shape of a planet’s orbitaround a star at rest, in theory, one could calculate thevelocity of movement of the star concerning kinetic aether.However, in this context, it is not possible; the only thingone could measure would be the difference in velocitieswhen the planet overtakes or not the star –this is in factwhat truly produces the lateral ellipsoid eccentricity.
Also, we cannot know whether kinetic aether is at rest orwhether it is moving in a particular direction regarding thewhole galaxy or others possible points of reference.
This limitation is because the kinetic energy consequenceof the common velocity of the planet-star systemconcerning kinetic aether would always be present; as such,it is indistinguishable from the classical gravitational force.In other words, it would be included within Newton’sUniversal Gravitational Constant, as all masses will attract eachother with a superior force per unit physical mass, thehigher the aforementioned common velocity. We shouldtake into account that masses of planets are quantifiedbased on the supposed constancy of this gravitationalconstant.
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In other words, Newton’s Universal Gravitational Constant isin fact not constant. Of course, this statement is also truewithin the context of General Relativity, though distortionsin space-time –relativistic aether– would hide it.
We do not know whether our current technology can takeprecise enough measurements of planetary orbits to detectthese effects, as they are of a lower order of magnitudethan precessions of planets.
However, as we mentioned previously, including theseprecessions could improve adjustments in the table ofpositions of planets –ephemerides– and masses in theSolar System. One should also take into account that thenon-linearity of kinetic energy helps when the systemincludes various planets with different velocities.
A different approximation would be the possibility ofstudying precessions of orbits together with theircorresponding precessions in planetary axes of rotation,which would seemingly remain even in the case of circularorbits.
In any case, these simple theoretical discussions could berelevant and show the desire to propose further scientificexperimentation. Of course, it will all remain speculationuntil it we can prove them.
Another investigative route could be to compare the effects ofthe paradox of the last relativistic dolphin with the data obtainedfrom the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
Though in this case, it might not be possible to confirm thevelocity relative to the CMB, one could perhaps confirm itsorientation concerning the direction of the Sun.
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1.d.5. Magnetic field of the Sun, the Earth, andother planets
The gravito-magnetic field in Global Mechanics –without therelativistic connotation– by the structure of the mass of theatomic nucleus and creation of the electron mass implies ageneration of a magnetic field by the mass of the Earth andrest of the planets in their rotation.
According to Wikipedia, the magnetic field of the Earth is aconsequence of the existence of melted iron in its interior andCoriolis effect. However, it is not a sufficiently proved theory.We would like to remind the reader once again of speculativenature of phenomena observed due to lack of a general theoryof Astrophysics.
Global Physics offers a possible explanation for the magneticfield of the Earth, as well as for why gravitational fieldaccompanying the Earth could be the physical basis for itsnew interpretation of classical Michelson-Morley experiment.
Let us now see following elements related to the magneticfield of the Sun, the Earth, and other planets in the Universe:
Magnetic field of the Sun
Global Physics explains what magnetic fields are and howmass creates to produce expansion of the Universe whenstars emit electromagnetic waves, as they become partiallyundone via nuclear fusion reactions.
Consequently, the Sun –and stars with its samecharacteristics or with a high rotation– will have a
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powerful magnetic field.
In other words, the magnetic field of the Sun andluminous stars is not principally due to their internalcomposition –iron or other heavy elements– but to theirrotation and the nuclear fusion reactions and emissions ofphotons and charged particles.
Composition of the Earth and other planets of theUniverse
The conductivity of the chemical elements of the Earthand other planets will be a vital factor when it comes to theexistence of a magnetic field.
The more conductive composition of the Earth and otherplanets is the stronger magnetic field –provoked by otherfactors– will tend to be.
Rotation of the Earth
Rotational movement of the planets is directly responsiblefor the creation of the Earth’s magnetic field. Rotation ofthe planets via the Coriolis effect generates different forcesthat act upon various elements that make up thecomposition of the Earth, due to their distinct spatiallocation. These forces correspond to force of gravity ascentripetal acceleration and to force of tangentialacceleration due to rotational movement.
The perfect elasticity of the global aether –quantum foam,strings or space-time with mechanical properties– is whatgives the order to the magnetic field around the Earth.
Magnetic field of the Earth and other planets in theSolar System
Currently, explanation of magnetic field of the Earth is not
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a final theory. The spatial configuration of the atomicstructure gives us a clue.
The previous analysis is rather classical and incomplete. Ifwe go deeper into rotational movement effect upon thereticular structure of matter –global, gravitational or kineticaether–, and we take into account that all lines ofgravitational tension follow mass, we can imagine thatvariation of these force lines cannot be completelyhomogeneous. As such, it will generate a certain magneticfield.
Regardless of elastic torsion of global aether in theformation of mass, Global Mechanics shows how the massof protons and neutrons in the nuclei of atoms increasesthe gravito-magnetic field using torsion of the filaments ofglobal aether. The same mechanism also holds for quarksand other subatomic particles.
This torsion occurs because the filaments of the reticular
Sistema Solar - NASA(Public domain image)
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structure should either form part of the mass ofelementary particles or surround the mass of said particles.In other words, the existence of numerous particles ofmass in rotation transversally distorts tension of thelongitudinal curvature of global aether –also produced bythe mass– even when the mass as a whole has no electriccharge.
Simple Physics experiment
Something similar to the difference between a ballmoving between sheets and many balls movingbetween many sheets, that they are very close together.
Due to this, even a neutron star in rapid rotation producesa substantial magnetic field.
Simple Physics experiment
If we pass strings between a group of balls, marbles oreven tennis balls, we will observe that the strings wouldacquire a certain rotation due to geometric forms theyadopt between the balls.
Let us remember rotation or the torsion of lines of thetension of the reticular structure is indeed what GlobalMechanics calls “magnetic field.”
Of course, other characteristics or factors affect theEarth’s magnetic field. For example, extended explanationof the metallic elements in the interior of the Earth which,when charged in motion, generate a magnetic field.
On the other hand, perhaps internal electric currents are aconsequence of Earth’s magnetic field, and not the otherway around.
It is important to note that the bubble called
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magnetosphere, created by the magnetic field of the Earth,gets very close to the surface of the planet at magneticpoles. The localization is coherent with both classicalexplanation and new proposal; as magnetic poles are veryclose to the rotational axis.
In fact, both explanations are complementary.
On the contrary, Coriolis effect is smaller at the Equator.
An even more bold idea would be to think Earth’smagnetic field produces a small additional alignment of theEarth’s elementary particles. With time, this could presenta spring-like effect, and consequently a change of polarityin Earth’s magnetic field. We like this idea, but we admitthere is little probability of it being correct.
The planet Jupiter has a magnetic field ten times strongerthan Earth’s field despite not having as much iron in itsinterior as our planet.
Another planet, which has a tremendous magnetic field, isSaturn. The internal composition of Saturn is similar toJupiter –mainly Hydrogen and Helium. Thus, it does notseem the presence of iron or heavy elements in the Earthis the leading cause when it comes to its magnetic field.
Characteristics of the planet Saturn are the following: ittakes 10 hours for one rotation to occur, and its mass is 95times that of the Earth, with a density lower than water.
Name of the Hydrogen present in Saturn and Jupiter ismetallic Hydrogen; as it is extremely compressed, itbehaves as an excellent conductor. This name is becausemetals are excellent conductors of electrons.
Powerful magnetic field of Saturn seems to be responsiblefor its beautiful rings.
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Physical basis for the new interpretation of theMichelson-Morley experiment
In Global Physics, the luminiferous aether is the gravity fieldor tension of longitudinal curvature of the global aether.
According to the Lense-Thirring Effect, the rotationalmovement of the Earth could drag the luminiferousaether, and it would be an immediate elucidation of theMichelson-Morley experiment without making timerelative. In other words, the reason given presented indetail in the book Theory of Relativity, Elements, and Criticism.
It is also not surprising that if big black balls and stars havesome characteristics typically present in elementary particles –due to being groups of these particles– the Earth will try to bea limited imitation.
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2. COSMOLOGY
2.a) Theory of the origin of the Universe
Cosmology focuses on formation or origin of the Universe, aswell as its evolution.
The Big Bang Theory is generally accepted; however, fromour point of view, it has significant problems when it comesto the Philosophical Principles of Astrophysics mentioned inthe introduction of this book. In addition, the recentmeasurements on dark matter and the expansion of theuniverse –2018– induce us to think that the age of theuniverse is the time corresponding to the observable universe.
Also, on the page on Fundamental Forces of Matter is a list ofelastic properties of the reticular structure of matter or globalaether –quantum foam, strings or space-time with mechanicalproperties. Those characteristics together with processes andmechanisms explained here lead us to consider a stationary orcyclical universe on a larger scale than the observable universe.
Cause of creation or origin of the Universe is a “dark cause.”
Some weaknesses present in the Big Bang theory are:
Science
Spatial situation of the origin of the Universe
We still have not entirely understood how one can saythe origin of the Universe was an initial explosion, andyet the location of this explosion is unknown. We mustadmit the egg-like shape of the Universe according to
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the satellite WMAP is very pretty. We suppose itrepresents the Universe as seen from the Earth, andthat its form is due to something similar to an orangepeel in a two-dimensional plane.
Temporal origin
The problem of the spatial origin of the Universe has acorresponding problem in time.
Given we have detected light from galaxies emittedover 13 10^9 years ago, and similarly in the oppositedirection, it would appear the Universe should be olderthan the 13.7 10^9 years said to be its approximate age.In the opposite case, both light and the mass wouldhave traveled from the initial location of the Big Bang tothe two extremes to emit the observed light.
We imagine this is why recently one hears more aboutthe concept of observable Universe, which we believeto be much more accurate.
Origin of the Universewith an egg-like shape
NASA’s WMAP Satellite(Public domain image)
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The Theory of Inflation
This theory attempts to solve in some way the previoustwo problems, as it proposes a time of expansion of theUniverse, at a much higher speed than the speed oflight. Although with the detections of gravitationalwaves there seems to be a new perspective on the rateof expansion and age of the universe.
Here, another problem of Modern Physics arises, due toits insistence on including generally accepted andincompatible theories at the same time. There isprobably some sort of quantum logic at play.
However, it is also true that their incompatibility isgenerally accepted; therefore, one of them must beincorrect. Some people say that all proven theories canimprove, but that it does not mean they are wrong.Quantum ingenuity!
An obsession for demonstrating the impossible
Every year, there are attempts of new experiments toprove the Theory of Relativity again. Alternatively, theycould be to improve it!
PHYSICS NEWSTwo stars used to verify Einstein
The importance of this discovery lies in thefact that these two celestial objects make itpossible to study with high precision thecurvature of space-time over there, at theextreme conditions, which are present in thesurroundings of a black hole.
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El País 05-10-2012
Concepts such as space and time are created or alteredbut cannot be proven. What’s more, Einstein’s Theoryof Relativity does not demonstrate the relativity ofspace or time; it merely incorporates it as an axiom.Why do they always seem to insist on not makingthings clear?
Science fiction
In our opinion, of course, Science in general and inparticular Cosmology should have logic and commonsense, to not deviate and become other branches of thestudy of life. In other words, we do not want to go intotheories discussing the origin of the Universe based ondifferent physical dimensions or existence of paralleluniverses, for us, these ideas of space form part of therealm of science fiction and abhorrent logic.
Magic
There is an epistemological problem when it comes to theconcept of the origin of the Universe. The idea thatsomething could arise out of nothing makes no sense inthe logic of our world or our nature. We suppose that, asour nature is finite, any concept that lacks limits, such aseternity or infinite space, evades our internal logic.
In a particular way, same philosophical argument supportsthe Principle of Global Conservation; things either transform ordisappear entirely, but the latter is usually called magic andnot Cosmology or some other branch of Science.
Religion
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Within this scientific weakness, we can find variousexamples.
Faith
In fact, the worst part is not to propose incorrectsolutions, but to manage to make them accepted. It hasmerit to deny the need for convincement in Sciencebecause the human brain is not ready for it; it soundsto us like religious faith regarding the origin of theUniverse, or like a primary school class.
Scientific Creationism
Another subject is all religious ideas on the formationof life and the creation of the Universe; they makeapproximations not supported by logic.
From a philosophical point of view, we cannot see anydifference between whether the world was born 6000years ago, or a few billion years ago. The creativeelement is there in both cases with an exemplarysingularity.
Immortality
Another example of nature of life and the human raceis the yearning or hope for immortality; reflected in thiscase by the triumph of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.
Of course, it does not matter if it is incompatible withQuantum Mechanics, the theory of inflation or themost basic logic one could imagine. In fact, it is eveninconsistent with quantum logic!
Despite mentioning these religion-related aspects asscientific weaknesses in specific theories, we would like tomake it clear that we understand why they exist. Many
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people believe that there is something different orsomething that the laws of Physics cannot explain; it isspirituality in a generic sense, or more simply: Love.
This position is not conservative in Cosmology; it would bealmost impossible to fit such a situation with proposals ofchange presented in this book. It is merely convenient todistinguish between reasonable adjustments and changes thataim to justify the lack of standard logic or common senseitself, such as quantum logic.
It is also not necessary to be a radical skeptic to beuncomfortable with the general acceptance of incompatibletheories.
After having discussed the philosophy of formation and originof the Universe, let us briefly see the evolution of theUniverse independently from the observer.
We would like to call attention to aspects or characteristics ofthe Universe that would not alter due to a philosophicalchange towards in the more intuitive paradigm of GlobalPhysics.
Among those characteristics are the non-imaginary effectscurrently explained by Modern Physics like:
The increase in mass with velocity
The orbit of Mercury
Change in the angular velocity of light or gravitationallensing effect
The speed of light is constant, though this has manyconditions that would make it variable if not maintained.
Alterations in the atomic clocks, as they will continue to
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alter by mechanical effects of the global aether, this may bedue to its displacement, its longitudinal tension, thetension of longitudinal curvature –gravity–, or velocity ofthe mass.
The origin of the Universe as an enormous explosion, orBig Bang, though this may have been the origin of just partof it –Small Bang.
Electrons will continue revolving around the atomicnucleus in the typical Dance of the Wavons.
The members of the Inquisition will continue to beinquisitive, just somewhat less skeptical.
Etc.
After all, it would not surprise us if current maps of theUniverse were somewhat confusing, rather like the maps ofthe Mediterranean in Ancient Greece.
The most important aspect, however, is that reasoning willbecome much more powerful and it will go back to beintuitive and comprehensible.
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2.b) The Big Bang Theory and Inflation
The Big Bang Theory proposes the Universe resulted from aninitial explosion, which is a generally accepted theory; thoughof course, it is not the same as proven. In any case, as thereare no further details about before the supposed initialexplosion or Big Bang, it configures another singularity; inother words, the origin is unknown.
Following the detection of gravitational waves -GW171017-generated by the merger of two neutron stars, more doubtsabout the Big Bang arise.
If we calculate the time corresponding to the observableuniverse taking into account the average expansion universe of70 km/s for each megaparsec –Mpc– we will have:
300,000 (km/s) * 3.26 (million years/Mpc) / 70((km/s)/Mpc) =
= 13.971 million years
Meaning the age of the universe according to the Big Bang
Big Bang stages(CC0 Creative Commons)
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theory is similar to the time associated with the observableuniverse.
Regarding the cosmic microwave background –CMB– supportto the Big Bang theory, we wonder if the initial explosioncould give birth to a more prominent universe than theobservable and if the CMB would be different in that case.
We imagine the CMB would be the same bearing in mind thelimits the observable universe implies. Therefore, the CMBonly informs about the observable universe and not about theorigin of the universe or the Big Bang.
In a strict sense, both the Big Bang Theory and the Theory ofParallel Universes are not admissible from an epistemologicalpoint of view; as from nothing, nothing can emerge, and twoparallel straight lines will never come together unless the fatdot theorem is applied.
In the previous section on the origin of the Universe, wepresented a philosophical criticism of the Big Bang Theory.
The doubts get prominent by the recent observation ofmature galaxies to 12,000 million light years.
Whether or not the Big Bang Theory is correct, giant explosionsoccur naturally in the Universe, such as those originated bysupernovas; many massive implosions also happen, such asthe so-called black holes or big black balls, though they arenot as fast as the former.
On the book Global Mechanics, we discussed the structure ofthe global or gravitational aether, which supports gravity.
The Principle of Global Conservation proposes a mechanism orrelationship between gravity and mass, as different states theglobal aether –quantum foam, strings or space-time withmechanical properties– to explain big black balls. The various
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PHYSICS NEWS
The Big Bang is similar to a black hole – onlythe other way around.
In a particular sense, the singularity in the interiorof a black hole is like the singularity at the originof the Universe, but with time inverted: in the BigBang, everything emerges from the singularity,while a black hole absorbs everything. It issomewhat like reversing the time of thesingularity.
El País 23-03-2011, Kip Thorne
manifestations of energy are only properties of the globalaether in these different states.
In turn, it expresses the existence of the inverse phenomenonof black holes, which could be white sources or stars. It couldhelp us to understand the expansion of the universe, darkenergy, and the non-existence of dark matter.
Faced with the Big Bang Theory is the Steady State Theory.According to the theory of everything of Global Physics, afterits development by both Global Mechanics and GlobalDynamics and the new measurements of the expansion of theuniverse, Small Bangs in an infinite universe would bepossible, which could be smaller or much larger than theobservable universe.
From the perspective of an infinite Universe, the Steady StateTheory would be admissible without imposing conditions ofhomogeneity and without the concepts of relativistic spaceand time. That is to say; it only would remain the idea that the
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entire Universe does not appear or disappear; it simplyremains in a dynamic equilibrium on a large scale.
The new vision of Global Cosmology provides potentialexplanations for both the energy source of the possible SmallBangs and the Theory of Cosmic Inflation applied to them.
Small Bang.
Surely, by using just a little bit of imagination, we couldthink of many possible causes of a Small Bang, related toblack holes, such as:
The collision of supermassive black holes
The two supermassive black holes should havedifferent spatial configuration right-handed and left-handed nature.
Taking into account gravitational elongation –oppositeto creation of loops or curls–, if a black hole and ananti-black hole were to collide, one right wing and theother left wing in nature, in this unlikely andhypothetical scenario would be an explosion of bothand a consequent expansion of the local Universe.
Physical limit of a big black ball
Another idea could be that a black hole could get to beso massive that it would reach a physical thresholdrelative to the folding in the filaments of global aetherthat form the mass. Specifically, the gravity would be soimmense that the loops that form the atoms andelementary particles would suddenly become undone.
One must remember that, according to Global Mechanics,the mass of a proton or a neutron is like a slipknot, andis stable in the reticular structure of matter or global
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aether.
Simple Physics experiment
Typically, a stable knot of strings is one where,when attempting to undo it by pulling strings, theknot gets tighter.
However, logic dictates that if one were to pull hardenough, it is possible that the knot would becomeundone, as long as the strings do not break.
Inflation of the Universe
In both explosions of two big black balls or a physical limitof the mass, reversion of compressed mass would provokean enormous expansion of the global aether. If the size ofthe big black balls involved were sufficiently large, thisexpansion could explain the period known as cosmicinflation.
However, even if they were not so big, the period ofcosmic inflation in the Universe could also happen if thesize was large enough to provoke a substantial decrease inlongitudinal tension of the global aether and, consequently,the undoing of the knots that form the mass of nearbygalaxies.
Physics example
A knot of strings can become undone easily if itsinternal tension is relaxed.
On the other hand, the fact that the speed of light isconstant and maximum in its natural reference frame is notcontradictory with the expansion of global aether.
Thus, electromagnetic waves traveling upon luminiferousaether –and this one dragged by the longitudinal tension of
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the global aether– will have velocities much higher than*c* in the universe.
The first estimation of this velocity, which couldsomewhat fit with the extreme distances we are referringto, could be that of *c²*. It is, after all, the relation betweenelectromagnetic energy and mass, and we are preciselytalking about changes between these two states ofaggregation of matter.
To conclude this book on the life of the Universe, we wouldlike to thank all the collaborators of Wikipedia for their workand efforts to contribute to Modern Science because they aremore objective than technical papers.
Finally, I have just realized something; according to GlobalMechanics, when we move, we do not only abandon the spacewe were occupying, but also the reticular structure of matterwhich we were modulating with our energy. I do not knowwhy, but this is beginning to remind me of the Equation ofLove.
* * *
Global Astrophysics and Cosmology
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♦ When Einsotro finished his masterpiece Global
Astrophysics, as a celebration he told Mª José:
–I’m inviting you to come to my house for dinner,I will prepare my culinary specialty:
Dorada al Tinto, Tintorro–
So Mª José answered:
–Why don’t you invite Don Magufo and Goblin as well?–
Einsotro, who expected anything from her, answered:
–What a witch you are!–
Global Astrophysics and Cosmology
- 119 - José Tiberius
