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GIS GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND GEOMAPPING. Panel Discussion ICECON, 2007 November 1-4, Pittsburg, Pa. Where Did GIS Come From?. GIS is built upon knowledge from geography, cartography, computer science and mathematics. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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GIS GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEMS AND
GEOMAPPING
Panel DiscussionICECON, 2007November 1-4, Pittsburg, Pa.
Where Did GIS Come From?
GIS is built upon knowledge from geography, cartography, computer science and mathematics.
Geographic Information Science is a new interdisciplinary field built out of the use and theory of GIS.
Spatial and non-spatial data
Crimes during 1995Date Location Type1/22 123 James St. Robbery1/24 22 Smith St. Burglary2/10 9 Elm St. #4A Assault2/13 12 Fifth Avenue Breaking
& Entering
Part No. Quant. Desc.1034161 5 Wheel spoke1051671 1 Ball bearing1047623 6 Wheel rim1021413 2 Tire1011210 3 Handlebars
Figure 1.1 Two databases. A database contains columns (att ributes) and rows (records). The bicycleparts list on the left is not spatial. The parts could be located anywhere. The list of crimes on the rightis spatial because one of the at tributes, the street address, locates the crimes on a map. This list couldbe used in a GIS.
Definition 1: A GIS is a toolbox
"a powerful set of tools for storing and retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes"
(Burrough, 1986, p. 6).
"automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data." (Clarke, 1995, p. 13).
Definition 2: Duecker's 1979 definition has survived the
test of time. "A geographic information system is a special
case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, or areas. A geographic information system manipulates data about these points, lines, and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses" (Duecker, 1979, p 106).
Duecker (ctd)
A GIS is flexible enough to be used for ad hoc query and analysis.
A GIS can do analysis, modeling and prediction.
The Feature Model
Duecker's definition uses the feature model of geographic space.
The standard feature model divides a mapped landscape up into features, that can be points, lines, or areas.
Using a GIS involves capturing the spatial distribution of features by measurement of the world or of maps.
Almost all human activity and natural phenomena are spatially distributed, so can be studied using a GIS.
A GIS uses map features to manage data.
The Feature Model
BM 123
r
L a k e
Figure 1.2 The Feature Model: Examples of a point feature (elevation bench mark), a line feature (riv-er) and an area feature (lake).
POINT LINE AREA
FE
AT
UR
ES
Definition 3: GIS is an approach to science
Geographic Information Science is research both on and with GIS.
"the generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede its successful implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its potential capabilities."
(Goodchild, 1992)
Definition 4: GIS is a multi-million dollar business.
“The growth of GIS has been a marketing phenomenon of amazing breadth and depth and will remain so for many years to come. Clearly, GIS will integrate its way into our everyday life to such an extent that it will soon be impossible to imagine how we functioned before”
A Brief History of GIS
GIS’s origins lie in thematic cartography. Many planners used the method of map
overlay using manual techniques. Manual map overlay as a method was first
described comprehensively by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook.
HcHarg used blacked out transparent overlays for site selection in Design with Nature.
Land Fragmentation
Population Changes & Urban SprawlRe-Pioneering of Rural AreasWaterEnergy issuesDemand for “Ecosystem Services”
Use for Business to...
• Plan advertising and media schedules
• Analyze market penetration
• Check on the competition
• Use demographics to rank new locations
• And much more!
Market-Based Business Problems
Where are my customers? What is my market area? Do I have more than one store serving the
same group of customers? What percentage of my customers account
for X% of a store’s sales? Area of influence?
Create Market Areas
Based on Number of Customer or Customer Sales
Analyze Your Market Penetration
See How Well You Are Reaching Your Market Areas
Visualize Customer Draw
See Where Your Customers Live and Which of Your Stores They Shop
Customer-Based Business Problems
What is the profile of my existing customers?
Where can I find more customers like my best customers?
Where should I target direct mail to get the most ROI for my marketing dollars?
Where is the best place for my new facility?
Customer Prospecting
To Find More Customers Like Your Best Customers...
Start by Profiling Your Customer Base
Then Identify Geographic Areas
Block Groups in Blue Indicate Areas that Match the Profile of Your Best Customers
Match the Profile of Your Best Customers
Precision-Tune Target Marketing
and get a better ROI on your direct mail dollarsand get a better ROI on your direct mail dollars
Site-Based Business Problems
• Where are my stores? • What is the surrounding demographic
profile? • Where are my customers? • Where are my competitors?• Which stores are the most
successful? • What are the
dynamics/characteristics of these stores?
Store Market Analysis
0-2
2-4 4-6
Analyze Market Demographics
Is Your Site Near Your Ideal Customers?
Analyze Store Performance and Visualize Customer Draw
Poor Performing Stores Could Be a Result of Cannibalization
Analyze Site Demographics
Identify your demographic drivers to help you find similar sites
Analyze Your Competition
Find out how consumer spending, competition, and distance affect the attractiveness of your new location
More Site-Based Business Problems
Where are high potential areas? What are the characteristics/dynamics of
potential sites? What impact would this site have on other
existing sites, and vice versa? Can I consolidate sites without hurting
customer service?
Store Prospecting
Compare Multiple New Sites
Evaluate sites based on proximity to preferred demographic areas
Viewing and Analyzing Demographics
Analyze Existing Sites
and Identify the Competition in the Area
Analyze Prospective Sites Using Drive Time Modeling
How Close Are Your Customers to the Site?
Other Business Tasks
Marketing campaigns – Where is my target market?...By
product/service? – What type of media would best reach these
consumers?
Expansion, Consolidation, and Mergers – What effect would opening/closing a facility
have on the market? – Where are areas of significant
cannibalization?
Product planning – Which products are doing well? – Which products should do well given the
surrounding demographics? – Which products should be promoted based
on lifestyles and demographics? – Which products and how much should be
stocked at each site?
Other Business Tasks
Multi-Disciplinary
•GIS allows for the efficient analysis.
•It increases our ability to solve problems. •As well as, increases our understanding of the complexity of systems.
Precision Ag - Corn
Ohio – Nathan Watermeier
Invasive Species Monitoring and Management
Invasive Conifers – Texas, New Mexico and Montana
Threatened or Endangered Species
http://twc.tamu.edu
Urban Forest Inventories
Texas A&M Campus Tree Inventory
- location of all trees on campus included in GIS- attributes of each tree stored in database:
- species- DBH- disease status- pruning schedules- etc.
used for the day-to-day management of the Texas A&M urban forest
Drought and Irrigation Planning
UTAH – Dr. Phil Rassmusen
Urban Flood Damage Assessment and Mitigation
Blue areas depict flooded areas.
Economic analysis was used to compare estimated property losses to
flood control investments
0 %
1 0 %
2 0 %
3 0 %
4 0 %
5 0 %
6 0 %
7 0 %
8 0 %
9 0 %
1 0 0 %
Farm & Ranch Land
143.9 Million acres83.7% of the State
Loss of Farm & Ranch Land, 2000-2003Metro Areas
Lost 1.44 Million acres in 3 Years
1986
2003
Flood Modeling and Damage Assessment Using GIS
Structure Inventory
Perspective view of 500 yrFlood event
Discussion Questions
What is the take-away for a business student utilizing GIS?
Where/why does GIS fit into the IS/MIS curriculum?
Is it important to incoporate GIS in the IS standard?
I what area of the 8 core competencies would GIS apply?
What is the next step?
Web Resources
http://www.esri.com/ http://www.esri.com/ http://www.esri.com/industries/university/in
dex.html Resources http://www.tnris.state.tx.us/