GIS framework for intensive farming system management at ... · Joaquim Alonso , Jorge Agostinho a, Juan Rey-Graña a, Sónia ... local cadastral geometric private property based

EFITA/WCCA 2005 25-28 July 2005, Vila Real, Portugal

2005 EFITA/WCCA JOINT CONGRESS ON IT IN AGRICULTURE

GIS framework for intensive farming system management at the NW Portugal Nitrate

Vulnerable Zone

Joaquim Alonso a, Jorge Agostinho a, Juan Rey-Graña a, Sónia Santosa, Cláudio Paredes a, Pedro Castro b, and Luís Martins b

a Escola Superior Agrária de Ponte de Lima, Refóios do Lima 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal, [email protected] b Escola Superior de tecnologia e Gestão, Avenida do Atlântico, Apartado 574 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal,

[email protected]

Abstract

N cycling must be improved within intensive farming systems to reduce air and water pollution. Accordingly, the European Council Directive concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (CEC, 1991) has established mandatory controls on the rate and timing of organic and inorganic N applications to farmland within the Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) to reduce water pollution by nitrates. Therefore, specific programs are required for different NVZs limiting the amounts of N applied together with other strategies for preventing N leaching losses. And this is the case for the Portuguese NVZ nº1: “Freatic Aquifer of Esposende and Vila do Conde” where intensive dairy and horticultural farming systems are dominant.

Although the characterization and analysis of the natural and human environment, including local socio-economic and environmental patterns have been carried out within a Geographical Information System (GIS) for this NVZ, further research is needed to integrate the field work collected databases to develop a framework analytical tool able to clarify the nitrate leaching process at the plot level. During two funded EU technical projects was detailed information about nitrogen fertilizations time and rates, improved irrigation techniques as well, disseminated results and created framers decision making aid tools. With these tools and data new strategies within the action program for this Zone may be suggested to minimize N leaching of nitrates reducing social complains about water quality, as well as environmental damage within the ecosystems and human health.

Key words: Nitrates European Council Directive, farming systems, nitrogen leaching.

1 Introduction

Farming system intensification is linked to increases in soil N application in parallel with decreased N efficiency for crop production and increased N pollution. Today, nitrate leaching is a major environmental concern, particularly in sandy areas with intensive farming where the nitrate levels in the shallow groundwater can exceed the EC-directive for drinking water (50 mg/l NO3

-). Within this context it was published the European Council Directive concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (Council Directive 91/676/EEC). Afterwards, the NW Portuguese Nitrogen Vulnerable Zone (NZV nº 1) “Freatic Aquifer of Esposende and Vila do Conde” was created, as well as the first Action Program for this NVZ. Nevertheless, studies carried out by Fernando e Cameira (2000), justified a new Action Program concerning N fertilization timing and rates and water managing and monitoring.

More recently, the development of a GIS for this NVZ and the results from the EU funded AGRO project nº35 “Agricultural practices towards reduction of nitrate leaching in the Vulnerable Area - Freatic Aquifer

1442



of Esposende and Vila do Conde” point towards the need for further research regarding decision making tools for improving nitrogen fertilization and irrigation techniques both with environment and economic purposes. This project aimed to quantify environmental effects (such as on N cycling with emphasis for N-leaching) at the farm scale throughout monitoring, modelling and then evaluating the potential for the definition of management strategies to improve local farming system sustainability and the environmental quality.

A Geographical Information System (GIS) developed under the AGRO project nº35 included: (i) environmental descriptors (cartography, altimetry, slope, geology, lithology, geomorphology, soil type, hydrodynamics and others diverse soils parameters); (ii) land use, and agricultural practices (surveys from 1987, 1990, 2000 and 2003); (iii) socio-economic characteristics such as population densities, demographic and economic activities at administrative level (census from 1991 and 2001); and (iv) the analysis of farming activities including data spatial interpolation from surveyed standard farms. This GIS allowed through spatial analysis including natural conditions, land use and agricultural practices, the development of environmental zones and the identification of potential nitrates leaching homogeneous areas, whereas multivariate statistical analysis supported the development of farm functioning typology as well as farm ability to adapt a set of measures and mechanisms for the reduction of nitrate leaching.

The EU funded AGRIS project "Management Plan for rural environment of the Nitrogen Vulnerable Zone – NVZ nº 1”, developed a GIS application programmed from ArcGIS 9.2 software to support the local cadastral geometric private property based on aerial photo interpretation and topographic field work. This instrument is intend to detail the link between human and natural conditions, in which the place, size, land use and agricultural practices of each field is connected with farm, farmers and family data.

2 Methodology

The biophysical characterization corresponds to the production and analysis of digital cartography and databases in the scope of the GIS creation (table 1). The nature and the objectives of this study determinate diverse operations of data capture and systematization through existing database. The cartographic and data base update was carried from orthophotomaps (2002 and 2003), with monitor vector digitalization. The digital elevation model (DEM) was elaborated from altimetry, with 10 m equidistance level curves, through an automatic process of triangulation (TIN – Triangular Irregular Network), it resulted in a three-dimensional surface from which if it generated the slopes, the aspect orientation and potential isolation map, both with a 5 meters pixel resolution, followed of (re)classification exercises (fig. 1).

Table 1 Data sources, cartographic reference and databases elaborated for NVZ1. Base information Source Scale Format Altimetry 1:25000 Vector Hydrographic network 1:25000 Vector Climate parameters cartography

Annual average temperature map DRAEDM 1:100000 Vector Annual average precipitation map DRAEDM 1:100000 Vector

Soil and land suitability cartography Lithology DRAEDM 1:100000;1:25000 Vector Geomorphology DRAEDM 1:100000;1:25000 Vector Soils types DRAEDM 1:100000;1:25000 Vector Land suitability DRAEDM 1:100000;1:25000 Vector

Land cover and land uses cartography Land cover and land use map (1990) IGEO 1:10000 Vector Orthophotomaps (2002 e 2003) Geoglobal 1:5000 Raster

Produced information Topographic map 1:5000 Vector Limit 1:5000 Vector Toponymic 1:5000 Vector Altimetry and derivate Cartography DEM 1:5000 Vector Slope map 1:5000 Vector Aspect map 1:5000 Vector Land cover and land use

Land cover and land use map (2002) 1:10000 Vector Land cover and land use map (2003) 1:10000 Vector

1443



The main objectives of socioeconomics characterization, in the scope of AGRO 35 Project, are related with a hierarchical analysis since the local agrarian sector reality until the agricultural practices and soil units’ characteristics. Through this, it is expected to understand the relations between the environment and the human activities, in the interior and of each level of action and decision identified. The gradual detail of the data collected corresponds to an increasing differentiation as a result of the use of bigger scales of analysis related with lesser periods of action time. Simultaneously, it is intended understanding of the factors and impacts associated to the formation and accomplishment of the producer’s projects, in their practical expression of strategical, operational and tactical decisions.

The methodologies include the study of farming systems, agricultural production systems, farms and agricultural activities systems relatively to the diverse levels of local biophysical reality. These exercises correspond to a spatial differentiation of agro ecological zoning, socioeconomics units and farms typologies with the submission of collected data to multivariate analysis techniques.

The methodology includes phases of collection and data analysis. In the following activity, these elements support the viability evaluation of the nitrates leaching reduction measurements and the mechanisms associated related to the different farms typologies. That operation implies the human characterization at a regional scale (population and agricultural census) and farm level inquiry.

Database Capture phase Data analysis phase Nitrates leaching reduction techniques evaluation

Activities

Nitrates Leaching reduction measures evaluation

Nitrates leaching reduction mechanisms evaluation

Biophysical characterization• Climate• Geology and geomorphology• Lithology• Soils and land suitability • Altimetry and other thematic cartography

• Reference cartography •Land cover and land use (1990, 2002 and 2004)

Human characterization• Population census • Agricultural census

Inquiry (62 farms)• Productive physical structure • Farmer, family and succession • Commercialization and income • Investments • Irrigation system

Crops systems • DGAA (2000) and DRAEDM (2001)•Farmers, farmers associations and local technicians

Farming system [condition, path and actual contexts]

Agricultural production• Intensive horticultural systems • Animal systems

Farm systems• Young farmers [Ah]• Consolidated fams [Rh]• Partial time farmers [Ch] • Older farmers [Dh]• Multiple orientation farms [Eh]• High intensification farms [Fh]

• Small farms and older farmers [Ap]• Farms with medium to higher dimension [Bp]• Farms with medium dimension and multiple orientation [Cp]• Medium dimension dairy farms [Dp]• High dairy specialization farms [Ep]

Crops systems

Action and decision making and theory

Adoption, adaptation and innovation farms type capacity evaluation analysis

• Functionality

• Economics

• Technical capacity

• Social dimension

• Environmental dimension

Database Capture phase Data analysis phase Nitrates leaching reduction techniques evaluation

Activities

Nitrates Leaching reduction measures evaluation

Nitrates leaching reduction mechanisms evaluation

Biophysical characterization• Climate• Geology and geomorphology• Lithology• Soils and land suitability • Altimetry and other thematic cartography

• Reference cartography •Land cover and land use (1990, 2002 and 2004)

Human characterization• Population census • Agricultural census

Inquiry (62 farms)• Productive physical structure • Farmer, family and succession • Commercialization and income • Investments • Irrigation system

Crops systems • DGAA (2000) and DRAEDM (2001)•Farmers, farmers associations and local technicians

Farming system [condition, path and actual contexts]

Agricultural production• Intensive horticultural systems • Animal systems

Farm systems• Young farmers [Ah]• Consolidated fams [Rh]• Partial time farmers [Ch] • Older farmers [Dh]• Multiple orientation farms [Eh]• High intensification farms [Fh]

• Small farms and older farmers [Ap]• Farms with medium to higher dimension [Bp]• Farms with medium dimension and multiple orientation [Cp]• Medium dimension dairy farms [Dp]• High dairy specialization farms [Ep]

Crops systems

Action and decision making and theory

Adoption, adaptation and innovation farms type capacity evaluation analysis

• Functionality

• Economics

• Technical capacity

• Social dimension

• Environmental dimension

Fig. 1 Capture, systematization and data analysis in GIS related to the nitrate leaching reduction measures and mechanisms

evaluation.

For the parcel geometric rustic survey elaboration at a local level it was developed an GIS software based in ArcView GIS 9.0, that supports the integration of different databases at parcel level (farm, farmers and family, cattle buildings, silos) with vector mapping (fig 2).

1444



Fig. 2 GIS software application for parcel land survey at NZV1.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Biophysical characterization

The NZV1 has Atlantic Climate, with amenity temperature at regional level, precipitation relatively distributed along the time even so the seasonality to be opposed by the high levels of relative humidity in the dry season. This area presents low slopes and altitudes [0-47 m], with a West and Southwest dominant aspect orientations that favors the incident solar radiation.

In geomorphologic terms, the dune areas with morphologic disturbances of antropic origin, "masseiras", they coincide basically with the Arenosoils, while the fluvial or marine terraces with not consolidated sediments. The recent alluviums form Fluvisoils around the small internal water lines. These representative soils types originate high agricultural and horticultural land suitability.

The analysis of land cover and land use change between 1990 and 2002 indicate the spatial importance of the agricultural areas, although the strong reduction in favor of the expansion of the urban areas [U], infrastructures [S] and uncultivated areas [I]. At agricultural areas [A] it’s important to enhance the strong increase of horticultural greenhouses areas [AE], others horticultural areas [AH] and the vegetal production areas for animal feed [AA] (table 2 and fig. 3).

Table 2 - Transition matrix of land cover and land use map of NZV1 (1990-2002) (ha and %). 2002 A AE F H I S U Total

1990 ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha A 2289,8 78,61 137,8 4,73 45,20 1,55 0,45 0,02 72,70 2,50 23,00 0,79 343,78 11,80 2912,69

AE 8,82 75,10 1,41 12,01 0,09 0,81 0,00 0,00 0,15 1,30 0,00 0,00 1,27 10,78 11,75

F 113,59 13,01 4,52 0,52 584,87 66,99 0,37 0,04 83,85 9,60 15,02 1,72 70,85 8,11 873,05

H 1,29 6,99 0,00 0,00 0,19 1,02 5,09 27,62 10,23 55,46 0,00 0,00 1,64 8,90 18,44

I 39,95 8,59 1,39 0,30 4,08 0,88 1,88 0,40 355,52 76,44 2,31 0,50 59,97 12,89 465,10

S 16,96 9,52 0,01 0,01 1,80 1,01 1,26 0,71 4,27 2,40 11,80 6,62 142,07 79,73 178,18

U 70,26 6,14 4,67 0,41 13,55 1,18 0,96 0,08 28,90 2,53 1,38 0,12 1024,30 89,53 1144,02

Total 2540,7 197,97 149,79 17,97 649,79 73,45 10,01 28,87 555,62 150,22 53,51 9,75 1643,87 221,76 5603,23

Legend: Agricultural areas (A); horticultural greenhouses areas (AE); forest (F); Water bodies (H); Uncultivated areas (I); Infrastructures (S) and urban areas (U).

1445



The natural conditions, the urban expansion and associated infrastructures as well the requests of market contribute to an increasing of present agricultural intensification. The environmental conditions and agricultural practices facilities a nitrogen leaching process and forms high levels of nitrates at groundwater.

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

# #

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

FÃO

Paço

Bosa

Teso

Cabo

Criaz

Forca

Couto

CRIAZ

Urzes

Comão

Ourão

Paimo

LAGOA

Igreja

Regufe

Frinjo

Barros

Sonhim

AldeiaCrasto

Padrão

Estela

Lírios

Outeiro

Paranho

Paredes

Contriz

Valdoia

Estrada

PortelaGândara

Castelo

Cedovem

CASTELO

Preladas

Sencadas

PENOUCES

Caturela

Barranha

RIO ALTO

Quintela

Formariz

Fontainha

Giesteira

Barreiroa

Granjeiro

Pedreiras

CasalinhoPedreiras

Agro Velho

Paralheira

Bom Sucesso

A VER-O-MAR

Santo André

Santo Amaro

Fontes Novas

Alto da Pega

Santo António

Poça da Barca

Vila do CondeVILA DO CONDE

Agra de Bouças

Portas Fronhas

Senhora da Guia

Senhora de Belém

Senhora do Amparo

Bairro Piscatório

0 1000 meters

N

1990

Land Cover and Land UseAgricultural areasHorticultural greenhouse areasForest areasWater bodiesUncultivated areasInfrastructures Urban areas

NVZ1 Limits# Toponymic

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

# #

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

FÃO

Paço

Bosa

Teso

Cabo

Criaz

Forca

Couto

CRIAZ

Urzes

Comão

Ourão

Paimo

LAGOA

Igreja

Regufe

Frinjo

Barros

Sonhim

AldeiaCrasto

Padrão

Estela

Lírios

Outeiro

Paranho

Paredes

Contriz

Valdoia

Estrada

PortelaGândara

Castelo

Cedovem

CASTELO

Preladas

Sencadas

PENOUCES

Caturela

Barranha

RIO ALTO

Quintela

Formariz

Fontainha

Giesteira

Barreiroa

Granjeiro

Pedreiras

CasalinhoPedreiras

Agro Velho

Paralheira

Bom Sucesso

A VER-O-MAR

Santo André

Santo Amaro

Fontes Novas

Alto da Pega

Santo António

Poça da Barca


Agra de Bouças

Portas Fronhas

Senhora da Guia

Senhora de Belém

Senhora do Amparo

Bairro Piscatório

2002

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

# #

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

FÃO

Paço

Bosa

Teso

Cabo

Criaz

Forca

Couto

CRIAZ

Urzes

Comão

Ourão

Paimo

LAGOA

Igreja

Regufe

Frinjo

Barros

Sonhim

AldeiaCrasto

Padrão

Estela

Lírios

Outeiro

Paranho

Paredes

Contriz

Valdoia

Estrada

PortelaGândara

Castelo

Cedovem

CASTELO

Preladas

Sencadas

PENOUCES

Caturela

Barranha

RIO ALTO

Quintela

Formariz

Fontainha

Giesteira

Barreiroa

Granjeiro

Pedreiras

CasalinhoPedreiras

Agro Velho

Paralheira

Bom Sucesso

A VER-O-MAR

Santo André

Santo Amaro

Fontes Novas

Alto da Pega

Santo António

Poça da Barca


Agra de Bouças

Portas Fronhas

Senhora da Guia

Senhora de Belém

Senhora do Amparo

Bairro Piscatório

0 1000 meters

N

1990

Land Cover and Land UseAgricultural areasHorticultural greenhouse areasForest areasWater bodiesUncultivated areasInfrastructures Urban areas

NVZ1 Limits# Toponymic

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

# #

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

FÃO

Paço

Bosa

Teso

Cabo

Criaz

Forca

Couto

CRIAZ

Urzes

Comão

Ourão

Paimo

LAGOA

Igreja

Regufe

Frinjo

Barros

Sonhim

AldeiaCrasto

Padrão

Estela

Lírios

Outeiro

Paranho

Paredes

Contriz

Valdoia

Estrada

PortelaGândara

Castelo

Cedovem

CASTELO

Preladas

Sencadas

PENOUCES

Caturela

Barranha

RIO ALTO

Quintela

Formariz

Fontainha

Giesteira

Barreiroa

Granjeiro

Pedreiras

CasalinhoPedreiras

Agro Velho

Paralheira

Bom Sucesso

A VER-O-MAR

Santo André

Santo Amaro

Fontes Novas

Alto da Pega

Santo António

Poça da Barca


Agra de Bouças

Portas Fronhas

Senhora da Guia

Senhora de Belém

Senhora do Amparo

Bairro Piscatório

2002

Fig. 3 Land cover and land use maps of NVZ1 (1990 and 2002).

3.2 Socioeconomic dynamics and situation

For the analysis period, the official statistics (RGA, 1989 and 1999) and inquiry realized providing data, indicates local farming systems intensification processes with: reduction of the number of farms, of the total agricultural cultivate area and increase of farm technological capacity in parallel, to an addition of the average area for each farm and the weight of the irrigated area. The divergent farm project and different intensification levels at parcels transform the nature of diffuse spatial dimension of the nitrates leaching process.

In terms of farmers population a natural producers ageing happened, as well, an increase of the women farmers and a reinforcement of the situations where the familiar income is not exclusively from the agricultural production. Although the most representative farms are ones which income is not only from agriculture activity, it represents more than half of the familiar income, e.g., the agricultural activity plays a basic role in the life of these families without being exclusive.

This general approach does not present a conclusive image of the situation and dynamics in NZV1 because there are contradictory elements contributing for the study problem. The increase: of greenhouses area; specific machinery and traction units and the intensification/concentration/specialization of livestock production and vegetal production associated leads to the nitrates leaching problem gain

1446



dimension. The positive side it’s related to reinforce of scholarship, professional skills and producers organization, allowing the comprehension capacity level and practical implementation of technical solutions.

The water, proved by the spatial representation of irrigated areas, and fertilization management are the central elements to define nitrates leaching reduction techniques.

The integration of the statistical indicators and thematic cartography permitted to identify the agricultural production systems corresponding to orientation, structures and land uses, representative of a relative homogeneity, concerning:

1. horticulture intensive production system; located at littoral zone and NZV1 west central area; horticultural production is oriented to an higher commercialization circuits diversity; recently, the horticultural areas are expanded trough the Arenosoils and Fluvisoils; the greenhouses had an exponential increase comparing to others forms of horticultural production (fig. 4);

2. livestock and vegetal production system associated; located at NZV1 North and South interior areas of Cambisoils and Regosoils nearby forests areas; with a lesser dispersion and fragmentation parcels structure is associated, particularly, to the dairy production (fig. 5).

The land use dynamics analysis indicates the interfaces and spatial overlay enlargement between those two production systems, at a local scale, which difficult the delineation and formation of a space with land cover and agriculture practices variables in time and space. At the same time, these areas correspond to the separation between two local production systems in raising specialization, as shown by the indicators and multivariate analysis upon the RGA indicators (1989 and 1999).

Fig. 4 Territorial distribution (%) of horticultural areas

at agricultural total areas. Fig. 5 Territorial distribution (%) of pastures and forages areas at

agricultural total areas.

The farms oriented to horticulture production, besides being in higher number and area increase, presents comparatively to animal farms: (1) a total average area and per parcel slightly smaller; (2) more incidence in land renting and own land area availability; (3) higher intensification levels and, generally, superior specialization indicators (4) a higher average age producers linked a higher young agricultures representation and farms searching for financial investment support; (5) higher education and skills producers level although, with less practical experience as result of minor agrarian activity years; (6) higher expectations in investments to increase or reconvert the activity, or even, to maintain the actual structure; (7) higher integration and participation in regulation and awareness of horticulture products markets’ importance and lesser dependence on production subsidies; (8) dependency on a complex and faulty market with a large number of agents.

1447



4 Conclusions

Along the working process, in methodological terms, denoted some difficulties which limited or extended conclusions in actual development phase, concerning:

a) in information collecting about crops economic account and in determining representative situations, regarding the local diversity of producers actions and production units;

b) the integration of information with different nature, with socioeconomic character (e. g., age, formation and attitude manager) associated to natural aspects (e. g., increase or reduction of a crop with an higher sensitiveness) in models that explain the functioning of farms activity because the lack of a common spatial database;

c) the integration of information with others functioning levels, the farm activity and the region, analyzing spatial dependency relations, in particular upon investments, economic and environmental impacts as well, practices.

In the future, is important to continue adding and detailing this information to aims analyze: the coherence action of each social and economical agent converging to this problem; the viability and the vitality of the different farms typologies and animal/horticultural systems. At the same time, emphasize the need to maintain and manage the continuity/discontinuity of public action rhythm and enforce in nitrate leaching problem solving.

This data organized in a GIS will become crucial for action and monitoring program adjustment, for the definition of rural policy by agriculture and environment official services, and to create a research framework and a production/distribution plan including local facilities to be used and implemented by farmers.

5 References

Fernando, R. e Cameira, R. 2000. Avaliação dos resultados da aplicação dos programas de acção comunitários às regiões vulneráveis (Portarias 595/98; 622/98 e 683/98). Instituto Superior de Agronomia; Instituto de Hidráulica, Engenharia Rural e Ambiente. Lisboa.

Gafsi, M. e Brossier, J. 1997. Farm management and protection of natural resources: analysis of adaptation process and dependence relationship; Agricultural Systems, 55; 71-97.

Jenkins, R. and Sloan, A. 1998. A GIS framework for modelling nitrogen leaching from agricultural areas in the Middle Hills. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol 12, nº 5. 479-490.

Roberts, R. e Hollander, G. 1997. Sustainable technologies, sustainable farms; farms, households and structural change. In Agricultural restructuring and sustainability, a geographical perspective. Ilbery, B.; Chioti, Q. e Richard, T. (eds). Elsevier Science Publishers. Wageningen. Amsterdam. Netherlands. 257-269.

1448

Documents

GIS framework for intensive farming system management at ... · Joaquim Alonso , Jorge Agostinho a, Juan Rey-Graña a, Sónia ... local cadastral geometric private property based