Gis Chapter1 2011 Introduction

8/3/2019 Gis Chapter1 2011 Introduction

1/48

Introduction to GIS

Dr. Amba Shetty

Associate Professor

Dept.of Applied Mechanics

NITK Surathkal

Date 27/07/11


2/48

1. Objective of the course :The general objective of the course is to equip students with theoretical and practicalknowledge. The specific objectives include the following.To introduce students to the basics of GIS Become familiar with a range of applications of these technologies

2.Skill development of the student expected from the courseExposure to Arc GIS software

3. Course coverage

StagesContents hrs

1

Introduction to Geographic Information System

Coordinate System

( 3+ 3 )6

2 Georelational Vector Data Model

Raster Data Model

Object Based Vector Data Model

8

3Data Input , Geometric Transformation , Spatial Data editing

5

4

Attribute Data Input , Data Exploration

5

5 Vector Data Analysis , Raster Data Analysis 8

7 Introduction to GPS 1

8 Applications of GPS, GIS 4


3/48

4. Recommended Text Introduction to Geographic Information Systems , by Kang Tsung Chang

McGraw- Hill Higher Education , 3rd Edition with CD-ROM , 2008 Introduction to GPS: the Global Positing System, by EI- Rabbany, Ahmed,

Artech House, Inc. 2002 5. Details on Tutorials if any: Mini Project using Arc GIS 6. Evaluation Plan

End Sem. Exam 40 %

Mid Sem. Exam 20 %

Surprize quizes + Assignment , Test 25

Mini Project , Presentation 15


4/48

Overview What is GIS and Why GIS

Components of GIS

Evolution of GIS

GIS Models : Raster and vector

Concept of Layer

GIS operations GIS Applications


5/48

Introduction to GIS GIS = Geographic Information Systems;

Geospatial Information Systems; GeologicInformation Systems (also geospatial database

management)

What Information are we talking about? Information about anything that has a place (e.g.

locations of features, address of people) on Earthssurface, i.e. has coordinates


6/48

Other terms used for GIS

multipurpose geographic data system

multipurpose input land use system computerized GIS

system for handling natural resources inventory data

image based information system

land resources information system

spatial data management and comprehensive analysis system planning information system

resource information system

natural resource management information system

spatial data handling system

geo- information system environment information system

AGIS - automated GIS

multipurpose cadastre

land information system

AM/FM - automated mapping and facilities management


7/48

The ultimate purpose of a GIS is to providethe context for making a reasonabledecision.

Data

Information

Evidence

Knowledge

Wisdom


8/48

The importance of GIS

The British Government (Dept. of the Environment)stated in 1988 that the impact of GIS on spatial

analysis was as significant as ........

the invention of the microscope and telescope wereto science, the computer to economics and the

printing press to information dissemination. It is thebiggest step forward in the handling of geographicinformation since the invention of the map


9/48

What prompted the development of GIS

Proliferation of data: over the last two decades, there hasbeen a surge in the development of data gatheringmethodologies, plus the increasing ability to electronicallytransfer data

Reduction of computer cost and increase of computercapacities -in term of storage, processing speed, display andoutput devices

Integration of parallel developments: CAD, Remote

Sensing, spatial and images analysis, digital cartography,surveying and geodesy, etc

Increasing demand of GIS output, in public and privatesectors


10/48

Data vs. Information

Data, by itself, generally differs from information

Data is of little use unless it is transformed intoinformation

Information is an answer to a question based on raw

data

We transform data into information through the useof an Information System.


11/48

Data vs. Information


12/48

What is an Information System

Information systems can be very simple, such

as a telephone directory.

In the digital

environment we use

software to create

complex informationsystems.


13/48

What is a GIS?

GIS = G + IS

Geographic reference + Information system

GIS = IS with geographically referenced data

Data of spatial coordinates

on the surface of the earth

(Map)

location data

Database of attribute data

corresponding to spatial

location and procedures to

provide information for

decision making


14/48

Definitions of GIS

A broadly accepted definition is the onegiven by USGS (1997)

A GIS is a Computer based Systemcapable of capturing , storing , analyzing

and displaying geographical referencedinformation


15/48

Knowledge Base for GIS

GIS

Application Area:

public admin.planning

geology

mineral exploration

forestry

site selection

marketingcivil engineering

criminal justice

surveying

Computer

Science/MISgraphics

visualization

database

system administration

security

Geography

and related:cartography

geodesy

photogrammetry

landforms

spatial statistics.


16/48

GIS as Multidisciplinary Science


17/48

Relation between GIS and related Computer Systems


18/48

Evolution of GIS


19/48

Cost of implementation

Hardware,

Software,

Data creation,

Data updating ,

Data archiving.


20/48



21/48



22/48

From Data to Analysis

75%Data Conversion:

10-15%

Attribute Tagging

Spatial 5% Analysis

Data Conversion

Spatial Analysis

Attribute Tagging

Past Future


23/48

Components of a GIS

Hardware:the computer on which GIS operates

Software:which provides the

functions and tools needed to store,

analyze, and display geographic

information.

Data:geographic data & related

tabular data

People:GIS users who range from

specialists to simple users

Methods:a designed plan and business rules


24/48

Description of GIS Components


25/48

Hardware


26/48

Software

GNU


27/48

GIS software Windows Mac/Linu

x BSD Unix Web

CARIS Y N Y Y Y Y

Chameleon Y Y Y Y Y AMP

ERDAS IMAGINE Y N N N Y N

ESRI Y N Y N Y Y

GeoServer Y Y Y Y Y Java

GeoTools Java Java Java Java Java N

GRASS Y Y Y Y Y via pyWPS

IDRISI Y N N N N N

ILWIS Y N N N N N

JUMP GIS Java Java Java Java Java N

LandSerf Java Java Java Java Java NManifold System Y N N N N Y

MapInfo Y N Y N Y Y

MapServer Y Y Y Y Y AMP

Maptitude Y N N N N Y

Oracle Spatial Y Y Y N Y Y

PostGIS Y Y Y Y Y Y

Quantum GIS Y Y Y Y Y Y

Smallworld Y ? Y ? Y Y

SPRING Y N Y N Solaris N

TatukGIS Y N N N N ?

TransCAD Y N N N N Y

TerraView Y N Y N N N

TNTmips Y Y Y N Y N

TransModeler Y N N N N N

Source: Wikipedia


28/48

GIS software Windows Mac

GNU/Linu

x BSD Unix Web

CARIS Y N Y Y Y Y

Chameleon Y Y Y Y Y AMP

ERDAS IMAGINE Y N N N Y N

ESRI Y N Y N Y Y

GeoServer Y Y Y Y Y Java

GeoTools Java Java Java Java Java N

GRASS Y Y Y Y Y via pyWPS

IDRISI Y N N N N N

ILWIS Y N N N N N

JUMP GIS Java Java Java Java Java N

LandSerf Java Java Java Java Java N

Manifold System Y N N N N Y

MapInfo Y N Y N Y Y

MapServer Y Y Y Y Y AMP

Maptitude Y N N N N Y

Oracle Spatial Y Y Y N Y Y

PostGIS Y Y Y Y Y Y

Quantum GIS Y Y Y Y Y Y

Smallworld Y ? Y ? Y Y

SPRING Y N Y N Solaris N

TatukGIS Y N N N N ?

TransCAD Y N N N N Y

TerraView Y N Y N N N

TNTmips Y Y Y N Y N

TransModeler Y N N N N N

$$$$

Free

Source: Wikipedia


29/48

Other GIS Software Resources

DIVA-GIS http://www.diva-gis.org/

R-Project for Statistical Computing http://www.r-project.org/

Free Geography Tools http://freegeographytools.com/

GISWiki http://en.giswiki.net/

FreeGIS.org http://freegis.org/


30/48

People


31/48

..


32/48

GIS ComponentsPolicies, Procedures and

Applications

For:

How and when to update data

(Maps, GIS Layers, etc..)

Who can update

Backup and recovery

Information Security

Etc..

Policies & Procedures

Policies and Procedures vary depending on the type of application

Many Corporate sectors are looking back into Policies

and Procedures after Satham fraud !!!


33/48

GIS Components - Data

The Data is :

The Fuel for GIS

The most costly

component:80% of the cost of GIS

relates to data


34/48

Geographically Referenced Data

Metadata describes both the spatial and attributedata to new users. Metadata is data about data.


35/48

GIS in the Planning Process

Decision

GISProcessOutput

GIS

analysis

Import or

build datasets

Define GIS

criteria

Define

problem


36/48

Data For GIS Applications


37/48

Features Representation


38/48

Examples of Descriptive Attributes

Water Wells (point features) Depth

Year Drilled

Volume of Water Production

Roads (line features) Name

Width

Number of Lanes

Land Parcels (polygon features) Area

Owner Name and Address

Permit Number


39/48

Location and Attributes


40/48

Location and Attributes

OBJECTI DISTID DISTNAME NO_ YEAR_1995 RICEKA RICEKP RICERA RICERP

23 123 Adilabad 113 1995 63 64 7 19

16 116 Nizamabad 78 1995 102 206 34 84

22 122 Karimnagar 108 1995 104 260 88 252

17 117 Medak 83 1995 64 111 41 78

15 115 Hyderabad 73 1995 1 1 1 1

14 114 Rangareddi 68 1995 22 47 18 35

OBJECTI ID Dist_name Dist_ID GeometryShape_Len Shape_Area

1 1 Adilabad 123 1Bo 753337 16838673859.80

2 2 Ni zamabad 116 1BoG( 430537 7655003826. 81

3 3 Karimnagar 122 1BoG 662231 11771979304.40

4 4 Medak 117 1BoG( 573986 9510748717.53

5 5 Hyderabad 115 1BoG\ 53851 203218046.01

6 6 Rangareddy 114 1BoG( 587854 7813591915.82

7 7 Warangal 120 1BoG 674389 12701135906. 20

Theme map of Rice_Kp

Attribute table of Dist

Rice_1995 table

LINKING SPATIAL AND ATTRIBUTE DATA


41/48

Layers Concept

GIS, data for an area are divided into layersor themes. Data theme is a collection ofcommon geographic elements divided by type

for the dual purposes of display and analysis.

The database can be divided into as manylayers as is necessary, where each layer

contains one characteristic such as soils, landuse, drainage, etc. The layers overlay eachother perfectly as a result of Georeferencingand enabling analysis betwee


42/48

Layers Concept


43/48

What a GIS Can Do

There are five basic questions which a complete GIS must answer. These are:

What exists at a particular location? Given a geographic reference (eg lat,long) fora location, the GIS must describe the features of that location

Where can specific features be found?This is the converse of the first question.For example, where are the districts with rainfall greater than 500 mm and lessthan less than 750 mm?

Trends or What has changed over time? This involves answering both questionsabove. For example, at what locations are the crop yields showing decliningtrends?

What spatial patterns exist? if occurrence of a pest is associated with ahypothesized set of conditions of temperature, precipitation, humidity, where dothose conditions exist?

Modelling or What if ? This is a higher level application of GIS and answersquestions like what would be the nitrate distribution in groundwater over the areaif fertilizer use is doubled?


44/48

4 Ms

Key activities that can be enhanced through the useof GIS

Measure

Map

Monitor

Model

Environment

Development

Change space and time

Alternate action , Process operating

GIS are a means of integrating spatial data acquired at different scale,

time an format

Classification of


45/48

Classification ofGIS Operations

Gettingprogressivelymore involved


46/48

GIS Applications

Business Site Location, Delivery stems,Marketing

Government Central, State,District etc Economic Development Population Studies, Incomes,

Census and DemographicStudies

Emergency Services Fire & Police

Environmental Monitoring & Modeling Industry Transportation,

Communication,Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare

Public Health Epidemiology Studies Urban Planning Land Use, Historic studies,

Environmental andConservationStudies, Housing Studies,Crime Analysis

Politics Elections and Reappointment Education Research, Teaching Tool,

Administration

Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed


47/48

Scholarly Journals Emphasizing

GIS Research

International Journal of GIScience (formerly International Journal ofGISystems)*

Cartography and GIScience (formerly American Cartographer andCartography and GISystems)

Computers and Geosciences* Computers, Environment and Urban Systems

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing*

Transactions in GISystems

Geographical and Environmental Modeling

Geographical Analysis*

GeoInformatica*

Annals of the Association of American Geographers*

Journal of Geographical Systems* (successor to Geographical Systems)*UD subscribes


48/48

Thank You

Documents

Gis Chapter1 2011 Introduction