Giao Trinh Xu Ly Su Co May Tinh Cuc Hay

Gio Trnh X L S C My Tnh Email: [email protected]

KTV: Lm Vn Hu Tel: 01688 795 090.Bin Son: 17/08/2009

Mc Lc Trang * Th thut ct BAD cng * Chn on bnh qua ting bp ca BIOS * m bo hot ng cho my in Laser * Lm th no pht hin li b nh ? * Gim ting n cho my tnh * Tng hp v nhng vn lin quan n cng! * Laptop ri xung nc * Mn hnh b h ? * Bo v a cng * Bo v v khi phc d liu trn b nh Flash * 10 s c in n thng gp v cch x l * T bo tr my vi tnh * Ti u hnh nh cho mn hnh LCD * G b Windows XP SP 2 mt cch an ton * B cng c chn on li cng * Quy trnh bo dng PC * Bn th thut ko di tui th PC * X l nhng s c my tnh xu nht * Kinh Nghim X L Li Kh Xc nh Nguyn Nhn * My T ng Tt Khi Chy Nhiu Chng Trnh * B quyt phn cng * My In * Ha * Bin giao din Windows XP thnh Windows Vista * Khi ng nhanh Windows * Cc li thng gp khi khi ng my 4 5 7 8 11 15 22 27 28 29 35 37 38 41 42 46 47 50 60 63 63 67 69 73 74 74

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S Tay X L S C My Tnh

Phin bn 1.0

LI NOI U Tai liu nay c bin soan nhm muc inh ph bin kin thc c ban v phn cng may tinh giup cac ban mi bt u vi tin hoc co iu kin hiu bit hn v may tinh. Mong nhn s ong gop y kin cua cac ban xy dng tai liu ngay

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mt hoan thin hn phuc vu cng ng. Tc gi

Lm Vn Hu

S C PHN CNG* Th thut ct BAD cngThng thng khi cng (HDD) ca bn b h hng (xut hin Bad Sector) th bo m an ton d liu, cch tt nht l thay a cng mi. Tuy nhin, gi mt cng khng phi r, bn ng vi vt n vo st rc m hy c gng cu cha n bng cc tin ch chuyn dng. Nhn bit a cng b bad: 1. Trong lc ang ci t Windows h thng b treo m khng h xut hin mt thng bo li no (a ci t Windows vn cn tt), mc d vn c th dng Partition Magic phn vng cho HDD mt cch bnh thng. 2. khng Fdisk c: khi Fdisk bo li no fixed disk present (a cng hin ti khng th phn chia) hoc Fdisk c nhng rt c th my s b treo trong qu trnh Fdisk. 3. khng Format c HDD: khi tin hnh format a cng my bo li Bad Track 0 Disk Unsable. 4. khi ang format th my bo Trying to recover allocation unit xxxx. Lc ny my bo cho ta bit cluster xxxx b h v n ang c gng phc hi li cluster nhng thng thng ci ta nhn c l mt bad sector! 5. ang chy bt k ng dng no, nhn c mt cu thng bo nh Error reading data on dirver C:, Retry, Abort, Ignore, fail? Hoc A serious error occur when reading driver C:, Retry or Abort? 6. khi chy Scandisk hay NDD (Norton Disk Doctor) hay bt k phn mm kim tra b mt a (surface scan) no, ta s gp rt nhiu bad sector. Cch khc phc: (tt c cc chng trnh gii thiu di y nm gn trong a Hirens Boot c bn cc ca hng phn mm tin hc phin bn 9.0 n 9.9). Cch 1: Dng partition Magic ct b ch bad. Thc hin nh sau: u tin dng chng trnh NDD, khi ng t a Hirens Boot, menu ca chng trnh chn mc 6. Hard Disk Tools, chn tip 6. Norton Utilities, chn 1.Norton Disk Doctor. Sau khi dng NDD xc nh c v tr b bad trn HDD, tin hnh chy chng trnh Partition Magic ct b phn b bad bng cch t partition cha on hng thnh Hide Partition. V d: khong b bad t 6.3GB n 6.6GB, bn chia li partition, chn partition4


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C n 6GB, partition D bt u t 7GB, c nh th bn tin hnh loi b ht hn phn b bad. Cch ny s dng rt hiu qu tuy nhin n ch khc phc khi a cng ca bn c s lng bad thp. Cch 2: dng chng trnh HDD Regenerator: * Thng thng nh sn xut lun d phng mt s sector trn mi track hoc cylinder, v thc cht kch thc thc ca sector vn ln hn 512bytes rt nhiu (ty loi hng a). Nh th nu nh s sector b bad t hn s d phng cn tt th lc ny c th HDD Regenerator s ly nhng sector d phng cn tt p qua thay cho sector b h, nh vy b mt a tr nn sch hn v tt tr li. D nhin nu lng sector d phng cng t hn th cng s cn b bad mt t. Bn c th quay li cch 1. Cch thc hin: Khi ng h thng t a Hirens Boot. Ca s u tin xut hin, chn 6.Hard Disk Tools, chn tip 2. HDD Regenerator, bm phm bt k xc nhn. K n dng Starting sector (leave 0 to scan from the beginning) g vo dung lng ln nht hin c ca HDD, g xong bm Enter chng trnh thc hin. Thi gian ch, ty thuc vo dung lng a v s lng bad.

* Chn on bnh qua ting bp ca BIOS bao gi bn ch ti ting bp mi khi khi ng my tnh? N chnh l thng bo m ho cha ng thng tin kt qu ca qu trnh kim tra c s cc thit b phn cng trong my.Qu trnh kim tra ny c gi l POST (PowerOn-Self-Test). Nu POST cho ra kt qu tt, my tnh s pht mt ting bp v mi th din ra sun s. Nu cc thit b phn cng my c vn th loa s pht ra vi ting bp.Nu gii m c nhng ting bp ny th bn c th tit kim c nhiu thi gian trong vic chn on bnh ca my tnh. Trn cc my tnh i mi hin nay, mainboard c tch hp cc chip x l m nhim nhiu chc nng, gim bt card b sung cm trn bo mch. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm gim tnh c th ca vic chn on. V d, nu chip iu khin bn phm b li th gii php duy nht l phi thay c mainboard. Bi ny, ch cp ti 2 loi BIOS tng i ph dng l Phoenix v AMI. Rt tic, Award BIOS hin nay c rt nhiu phin bn v do nh sn xut bo mch ch h tr, do chng b thay i nhiu trc khi c tung ra th trng. V vy, Award BIOS khng c cp ti trong bi ny. (POST l qu trnh kim tra ni b my c tin hnh khi khi ng hoc khi ng li my tnh. L mt b phn ca BIOS, chng trnh POST kim tra b vi x l u tin, bng cch cho n chy th mt vi thao tc n gin. Sau POST c b nh CMOS RAM, trong lu tr thng tin v dung lng b nh v kiu loi cc a dng trong my ca bn. Tip theo, POST ghi vo ri c ra mt s mu d liu khc nhau i vi tng byte b nh (bn c th nhn thy cc byte c m trn mn hnh). Cui cng, POST tin hnh thng tin vi tng thit b; bn s nhn thy cc n bo bn phm v a nhp nhy v my in c reset chng hn. BIOS s tip tc kim th cc phn cng ri xt qua a A i vi DOS; nu a A khng tm thy, n chuyn qua xem xt a C). M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS AMI5


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1 ting bp ngn: Mt ting bp ngn l test h thng t yu cu, do l khi bn thy mi dng test hin th trn mn hnh. Nu bn khng thy g trn mn hnh th phi kim tra li monitor v card video trc tin, xem cm ng cha. Nu khng th mt s chip trn bo mch ch ca bn c vn . Xem li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn gp vn th c kh nng bo mch ch b li. Bn nn thay bo mch. 2 ting bp ngn: Li RAM. Tuy nhin, trc tin hy kim tra card mn hnh. Nu n hot ng tt th bn hy xem c thng bo li trn mn hnh khng. Nu khng c th b nh ca bn c li chn l (parity error). Cm li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn c li th o khe cm RAM. 3 ting bp ngn: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn. 4 ting: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn. Tuy nhin cng c th l do b t gi ca bo mch b hng. 5 ting bp ngn: Cm li RAM. Nu khng th c th phi thay bo mch ch. 6 ting bp ngn: Chip trn bo mch ch iu khin bn phm khng hot ng. Tuy nhin trc tin vn phi cm li keyboard hoc th dng keyboard khc. Nu tnh trng khng ci thin th ti lc phi thay bo mch ch khc. 7 ting bp ngn: CPU b hng. Thay CPU khc. 8 ting bp ngn: Card mn hnh khng hot ng. Cm li card. Nu vn ku bp th nguyn nhn l do card hng hoc chip nh trn card b li. Thay card mn hnh. 9 ting bp ngn: BIOS ca bn b li. Thay BIOS khc. 10 ting bp ngn: Vn ca bn chnh l CMOS. Tt nht l thay bo mch ch khc. 11 ting bp ngn: Chip b nh m trn bo mch ch b hng. Thay bo mch khc. 1 bp di, 3 bp ngn: Li RAM. Bn hy th cm li RAM, nu khng th phi thay RAM khc 1 bp di, 8 bp ngn: Khng test c video. Cm li card mn hnh. BIOS PHOENIX Ting bp ca BIOS Phoenix chi tit hn BIOS AMI mt cht. BIOS ny pht ra 3 lot ting bp mt. Chng hn, 1 bp dng-3 bp dng. Mi loi c tch ra nh mt khong dng ngn. Hy lng nghe ting bp, m s ln bp. M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS PHOENIX 1-1-3: My tnh ca bn khng th c c thng tin cu hnh lu trong CMOS. 1-1-4: BIOS cn phi thay. 1-2-1: Chip ng h trn mainboard b hng. 1-2-2: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-2-3: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-3-1: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch. 1-3-3: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch. 1-3-4: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-4-1: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-4-2: Xem li RAM. 2-_-_: Ting bp ko di sau 2 ln bp c ngha rng RAM ca bn c vn .6


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3-1-_: Mt trong nhng chip gn trn mainboard b hng. C kh nng phi thay mainboard. 3-2-4: Chip kim tra bn phm b hng. 3-3-4: My tnh ca bn khng tm thy card mn hnh. Th cm li card mn hnh hoc th vi card khc. 3-4-_: Card mn hnh ca bn khng hot ng. 4-2-1: Mt chip trn mainboard b hng. 4-2-2: Trc tin kim tra xem bn phm c vn g khng. Nu khng th mainboard c vn . 4-2-3: Tng t nh 4-2-2. 4-2-4: Mt trong nhng card b sung cm trn bo mch ch b hng. Bn th rt tng ci ra xc nh th phm. Nu khng tm thy c card b hng th gii php cui cng l phi thay mainboard mi. 4-3-1: Li bo mch ch. 4-3-2: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-3: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-4: ng h trn bo mch b hng. Th vo Setup CMOS v kim tra ngy gi. Nu ng h khng lm vic th phi thay pin CMOS. 4-4-1: C vn vi cng ni tip. Bn th cm li cng ny vo bo mch ch xem c c khng. Nu khng, bn phi tm jumper v hiu ho cng ni tip ny. 4-4-2: Xem 4-4-1 nhng ln ny l cng song song. 4-4-3: B ng x l s c vn . Nu vn nghim trng th tt nht nn thay. 1-1-2: Mainboard c vn . 1-1-3: C vn vi RAM CMOS, kim tra li pin CMOS v mainboard.

* m bo hot ng cho my in LaserMy in laser c nhn thng khng c c s h tr k thut, v vy bn cn bit cch gii quyt mt s s c. Tham vn wizard: Wizard Windows Printing Troubleshooter ch tp trung gii quyt cc trc trc c bn, nhng rt ng tham kho. Trong WinXP, bn chn Start.Help and Suport, g list of troubleshooter vo trong hp Search, v nhn . Nhn List of troubleshooters trong khung bn tri, chn Printing trong ct troubleshooter bn phi, v lm theo tng bc. Trong Win2000, bn nhn Start.Help, v chn Troubleshooting and Maintenance trn nhn Contents. Chn Win2000 troubleshooter, nhn Print trong danh sch cc wizard troubleshouter khung bn phi, v lm theo cc bc hng dn. m wizard ny trong WinMe, bn nhn Start.Help, g troubleshooter vo hp Search, v nhn OK. Trong Win98, bn chn Start.Help.Contents.Troubleshooting.Windows 98 Troubleshooter.Print, v lm theo wizard hng dn. Kim tra c bn: Kim tra in vo my in. Cm cht cc u ni cp. Nhiu my in c nt iu khin online/offline mt trc v c th b v tnh chm vo.

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In trang th: Hu ht cc my in u c th chy qu trnh t kim tra nu bn nhn v gi mt hay nhiu nt trn panel iu khin. Nu nh trang kim tra tt th trc trc nm cp d liu, PC, hoc phn mm. Nu trang in th khng tt, bn tham kho bng Nhng trc trc ph bin tm cch gii quyt. Dng th mi nht: Ci t driver v phn mm mi nht cho my in. C hai th ny u c trang web ca hng sn xut. ci t driver mi trong WinXP, bn chn Start.Printers and Faxes v chn Add a Printer bn di Printer Tasks trn thanh Explorer trong ca s Printer and Faxes. Trong Win 2000/Me/98, bn loi b driver ca my in v ci t li. Chn Start.Settings.Printers m ca s Printers. Nhn phi my in ny, chn Delete (chn Yes nu c hi xc nhn), m li ca s Printers nu n b ng, nhn p Add Printer, v hon tt vic ci t li. Chm dt kt giy: Tho b cc t giy b kt bng cch ko chng ra theo chiu thun nh khi in. Nu my in b kt thng xuyn, bn ngt in khi my, cho my ngui, tho cartridge mc ra ngoi, v kim tra xem c vt g gy cn tr bn trong khng. Kim tra u ni: Nu my in dng u ni USB, bn m Device Manager v tm du X mu , hoc du chm than trong vng trn mu vng nm k bn nhng lit k thit b USB. (Trong Win XP/2000/Me, bn nhn Start, nhn phi My Computer, v chn Properties.Hardware.Device Manager. Trong Win98, bn nhn phi My Computer v chn Properties.Devices Manager). Nhng biu tng ny c th l du hiu ca trc trc trong kt ni my in vi PC. Nu my in ngng hot ng khi h thng ra khi ch hibernate hay ch ch (suspend), bn nhn p ln tng Root Hub bn di mc USB, chn Power Management, v b chn i vi Allow the computer to turn off this device to save power. Trng hp ang dng hub USB, bn th ni trc tip my in vi cng USB trn PC xem c gii quyt c trc trc khng.

* Lm th no pht hin li b nh ?Bn gp phi trc trc h thng vi nhiu li h thng k l v nghi ng liu c phi do nhng thanh nh RAM cht lng km ? Bi vit ny s gip bn ln theo du vt v xc nh ngun gc nhng li . Chic my tnh chy h iu hnh Windows ca bn gp li m khng c l do no c ? Chuyn ny cng bnh thng thi, vi hng triu dng lnh cho Windows v cc phn mm, sai st l iu kh trnh khi. Th nhng nu n c lp li nhiu ln vo nhng thi im ln xn li l mt vn khc. Trong trng hp ny, c nhiu kh nng b nh ca my tnh bn ang s dng c vn bt n. B nh li s khin cho my tnh khng n nh v gp nhiu li kh xc nh. Nhng li ny i khi khin cho bn tr nn k ng ngn trc nhng k thut vin cc ca hng v chng cc kh ti hin li. Trong bi vit ny, chng ta s cng cp ti cc triu chng thng gp ca b nh b li cng nh tm hiu mt s phn mm kim tra RAM s gip bn r sot cc trc trc c th pht sinh. I Khi b nh tt gp trc trc: Mt thanh RAM my tnh bao gm nhiu chip nh Silicon hn vo mt bn8


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mch. Cu trc ny khin cho b nh c t l an ton cao hn nhiu so vi cc linh kin khc trong PC. Tuy nhin n li l mt trong nhng thnh phn c sn xut vi s lng nhiu v nhanh nht. Cc chip DRAM c kim tra trc khi vn chuyn i. Quy trnh ny s loi b phn ln cc chip li. Mc d vy, mt thanh nh tt c th chuyn thnh li vi v vn kh nng khc nhau. Trc tin cn cp ti vn tnh in t nhng thao tc lp rp hoc vn hnh thit b sai quy cch. Bn nn trnh vut ve ch mo khi ang lp cp RAM 1GB t tin mi mua. Tng t nh vy, xung in hoc nhng b ngun km cht lng s luc cp RAM ca bn nhanh hn trc khi bn kp nhn ra. Ngoi ra, nu bn l dn chi p xung, thao tc p in RAM ln qu cao cng s lm hng nhng chng loi RAM vi chip nh km sc chu ng. L do th hai chnh l vn bi bm trong my tnh hoc hi m trong khng kh s gy ra chm mch gia cc on mch gn nhau khin cho RAM b hng. Nhng tc ng vt l nh ri, dnh nc, nhit cao cng c tc ng xu. Mt l do na him xy ra nhng bn cng nn l vic bo mch ch ca bn c cc khe RAM li. Bt c thanh RAM no tt khi gn vo cc khe cm li cng tr nn bt n mc d chng khng phi nh vy. Tht may mn khi b nh my tnh hin i c sn xut cng nghip vi s lng ln ng lot nn c rt t li t pha nh sn xut so vi cc sn phm linh kin cn li. i a s ni bn u cung cp ch bo hnh ln ti vi nm. Thm ch nhng nh sn xut nh Corsair, Crucial hay Kingston cn bo hnh trn i cho cc thanh RAM ca h. Tt nhin ngi dng phi trc tip gi v tn hng sau thi hn bo hnh do i l t ra. II Du hiu nhn bit b nh b li: C hng trm, thm ch hng ngn du hiu ngi dng xc nh b nh gp trc trc, tuy nhin chng ta hy bt u vi nhng th thng dng nht: 1. Mn hnh xanh BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) trong khi bn ang ci h iu hnh Windows 2000/XP. y l du hiu r rng nht ca vic b nh hot ng bt bnh thng. 2. Trong khi chy Windows 2000/XP, h thng thnh thong pht sinh li gy sp ngu nhin hoc t nhy ra BSOD. Chi tit ny i khi cn l do qu ti nhit nn bn cn kim tra k lng thm trc khi kt lun. 3. Li trong khi bn ang s dng nhng ng dng i hi nhiu RAM v d nh game 3D, cc php th nghim, dch m, photoshop 4. Hnh nh trn mn hnh b v, x li ny i khi cn do card ha, bn nn kim tra thm. 5. My tnh khng khi ng c. Du hiu ny i khi cn i km thng bo ca BIOS v li b nh vi nhng tip bp di lp li lin tc. i vi trng hp ny, bn khng th s dng cc ng dng kim tra m nn yu cu c thit b chuyn dng hoc gi tr RAM v ni mua nhn c ch bo hnh thch hp. III Th thut kim tra li b nh: Trc khi tin hnh chy bt c chng trnh kim tra no c nu ra di y, bn nn xc nh c bao nhiu thanh nh RAM ang c s dng trong h thng. Nu bn bit con s ny, bn c th chuyn thng sang bc tip theo. Nu khng, bn m np my tnh ri xc nh v tr RAM trn bo mch9


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ch tng t nh trong hnh bn (thng nm ngay st CPU). Ch khng ng ti nhng thnh phn c dn tem bo hnh. Tht chng thch th cht no khi va pht hin ra li h thng va lm mt gi tr bo hnh ca my. Cc chng trnh chn on bao gm: - Memtest86+ (www.memtest.org): Cng tng t nh Windows Memory Diagnostic c nu ln pha di bi vit, Memtest86+ c hai phin bn mt trn a mm khi ng v mt trn CD. Phin bn mi nht ca chng trnh ny cn nhn din c mt s thng tin v my tnh v d nh s hiu chipset, chng loi CPU v tc b nh. Kh nng c bn ca Memtest86+ l thc hin nhiu php th mc thng ln nng cao vi nhng khong thi gian v nng bin i lin tc. iu ny gip cho b nh tri qua mi iu kin lm vic a dng to kh nng cho li xut hin d dng hn nu chng ang tim n. s dng chng trnh, bn ti v mt trong hai phin bn nh a mm hoc file ISO nh a CDROM. i vi file nh a mm, bn ch vic chy n v cho mt a mm trng vo , chng trnh s t ng to a khi ng. Vi CDROM, cc bc phc tp hn v sau khi ti c file nh CD v my, bn phi s dng mt trong cc chng trnh ghi a chuyn dng v d nh Nero Burning ROM hay Easy CD Creator ghi ra CD trng di dng a khi ng Boot-CD. Sau khi xong, bn khi ng li my tnh ch boot t CD hay a mm (xc lp trong BIOS bng cch nhn phm Del khi c thng bo hin ra trn mn hnh). Memtest s t ng c kch hot v kim tra b nh. Cc thng tin chi tit v h thng s hin th gc tri mn hnh. Bn c th m menu chc nng thng qua phm C v chn gia cc menu bng cc con s thit lp ch kim tra ph hp vi nhu cu ca mnh. Thng thng php th s 5 v s 8 l nng n nht. - Docmem: Docmem l mt tin ch ca Simmtester v n c mt trn th trng t rt lu, tuy nhin a s c s dng trong cc ca hng my tnh hoc trung tm bo hnh. Mc d c phn phi min ph nhng ti Docmem v my tnh ca mnh, bn phi thc hin vic ng k ti khon trn website ca hng ti (www.simmtester.com/PAGE /products/doc/docinfo.asp) Tng t nh vi Memtest, bn phi ci t Docmem ln mt a mm ri dng n khi ng h thng. Chng trnh s tin hnh kim tra b nh hai ch nhanh (Quick Test) hoc ko di th bn (Burn-In), ch ny ch ngng li khi c lnh ca bn. Bt c li nh no c pht hin s hin ln pha di mn hnh. - Windows Memory Diagnostic: y l mt cng c min ph ca Microsoft vi chc nng hot ng tng t nh Memtest. N c hai phin bn a mm v a CD ROM, cch ci t hon ton ging nh Memtest. Tnh nng ca Windows Memory Diagnostic c phn n gin hn so vi hai cng c trn nhng vn y nhng php th c bn v nng cao. Thm ch i khi n cn c th bo vi bn chnh xc thanh RAM no b li (Rt tuyt phi khng no). Sau khi kch hot thnh cng chng trnh, cc php th s ln lt c tin hnh. Mi khi mun dng li, bn nhn phm X. Nhng li pht sinh s xut hin pha di mn hnh.10


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IV Nhng bc c bn khc phc li: Mt khi bn xc nh c rng h thng ca mnh ang pht sinh li khi kim tra bng nhng chng trnh th nghim trn, bc tip theo chnh l vn phi nh v c ngun gc li. Trong trng hp li nm b nh, bn chc chn s phi cn ti dch v bo hnh v thay th nn vic phi xc nh ng thanh nh li rt quan trng. Nu ch c mt thanh RAM trong my, mi vic s n gin hn rt nhiu, bn ch cn chy thm mt hoc ba ng dng nu trn, nu tt c chng u bo li, bn hy tho RAM v cm sang khe khc ri th li v c th khe cm RAM trn bo mch ch b li. Ch khi thay khe RAM, bn phi tt in ton h thng (rt dy ngun l tt nht), ri nhn cng tc my vi ln x ht in tch trong b ngun. Sau nhn hai u cht gi RAM bt n ra khi khe cm ri t sang khe khc v nhn nh nhng vo v tr. Nu lm ng th hai cht gi s t ng di chuyn vo v tr kha. Nu khng, bn kim tra li xem c t thanh RAM vo khe ngc chiu hay khng. Khi hon thnh cng vic, bn hy bt li my v tip tc chy cc chng trnh th, nu li vn xy ra th c v nh thanh RAM ca bn cn phi gi i bo hnh ri . Trong trng hp h thng ca bn c nhiu thanh RAM khc nhau (thng thy trn cc my tnh hin i do cng ngh b nh knh i Dual-Channel yu cu ti thiu hai thanh RAM ging nhau). Vic th li mt nhiu thi gian hn do bn phi tho ton b RAM ri th chi tit trn tng thnh nhn din linh kin c vn . Ch nu tt c cc thanh RAM u bo li, bn s cn phi kim tra li c bo mch ch hoc CPU v iu ny cc k him khi xy ra. Ngoi ra, nu khi kim tra tng thanh bn khng gp li m ch gp li khi chy nhiu thanh RAM, bn nn xem li cc khe cm RAM hoc kim tra thng s b nh trong phn Advance Chipset Configurations trong BIOS ca my tnh nhm m bo chng c thit lp ng vi ch s nh sn xut RAM yu cu (chi tit thng s thit lp nng cao c th tham kho thm ti www.xtremevn.com ). D nhin, bn c th tm c nhiu thit b kim tra RAM chuyn nghip v d nh mt s sn phm ca Innoventions. Nhng thit b nh vy ngoi vic bo li cn c th ch r chi tit tng on mch b in li trn mi thanh nh. Tuy vy, vi mc gi hng ngn USD, n ph hp hn cho mi trng kinh doanh chuyn nghip hn l ngi dng n l. Trong iu kin ti chnh tng i hn hp, nhng bc nh nu c l vn l s la chn hng u pht hin li b nh trn my tnh PC.

* Gim ting n cho my tnhBn c ngh nhng h thng my tnh hin nay to ra qu nhiu ting n khng? D chng ta b khng t tin trang b nhng b loa cht lng cao nhm thng thc m nhc hay hn, nhng m thanh t loa cng vi ting n pht ra t my tnh lm cho gian phng tr nn m v hn lon.11


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Ni chung, my tnh lm vic cng m i th chng ta cng d chu. Lm cho ting n ca my tnh gim n mc chp nhn c l chuyn d dng v khng my tn km. Bn khng nht thit phi lm cho my tnh tr nn hon ton cm lng (thc t l khng c bt k bin php no thc hin iu ), m ch cn lm cho h thng vn hnh trong im lng mc gi l tm ". Bi vit s gip bn xc nh v di di cc b phn l th phm chnh gy ra nhng ting n kh chu trong my tnh. Ting n v nhit B phn pht ra nhiu ting n nht trong h thng l qut lm mt v hu ht mi my tnh u c trang b cng lc nhiu thit b ny. V d, my tnh Pentium 4 c PC World M th nghim khi thc hin bi vit ny c trang b n bn qut lm mt: b ngun cp in, CPU, card ha v mt sau thng my. D nhin, nhng chic qut ny c chc nng lm mt cho cc mch in mng manh bn trong thng my v l mt nhim v ht sc quan trng. Tuy nhin vi nhng thit b ph hp, bn c th va bo v my tnh nhit khng qu nng va vn hnh m i hn. Trc ht bn cn mua qut lm mt mi. Loi qut lm mt vi tc quay chm tuy pht ra t ting n nhng khng th cung cp nhiu kh mt cho CPU v cc b phn trong thng my. Nhng loi qut c kch thc ln hn c th quay chm hn na nhng chng thi c nhiu khng kh mt vo bn trong hn. Tuy nhin v cnh qut qu to nn c th khng va vi thng my. Mt s loi qut lm mt t tin (khong 20 USD tr ln thay v ch 2 USD nh thng thng) c cng kch thc v tc c thit k c bit nhm gim thiu ting n. Cui cng, bn c th gim bt ph thuc vo qut lm mt bng cch lp nhng phin ta nhit hiu qu cao trn CPU v nhng ni khc trong h thng. nh gi nhit ca h thng, bn c th dng mt chng trnh theo di nhit . Thng thng, cc my tnh hoc bo mch ch u i km mt chng trnh nh vy, hng sn xut my tnh cng c th cung cp cho bn di dng mt phn mm ti v min ph t Internet. Nu my tnh ca bn khng c cng c ny, hy dng th tin ch Motherboard Monitor min ph ca Alex Van Kaam (ti v ti www.pcworld.com.vn, ID: 47642;). Chng trnh ny cho bit nhit ca my tnh v thm ch a ra thng tin cnh bo khi nhit trong thng my xp x mc nguy him c bn thit lp sn. Mt phng n khc l dng tin ch CPUCool gi 15USD ca Podien (ti v bn dng th ti find.pcworld.com/48561). Trc khi m thng my v ng n cc b phn bn trong, bn phi nh k mt s bin php an ton: Rt cp in ra khi cm ( c hai u). i vi mi b phn khng phi l a, bn nm my tnh vi bo mch ch di12


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y, khi tho mt b phn, bn m tt c cc vt ri mi nhc n ra. V khi lp mt b phn vo, bn cm tt c cc vt, vn na vng ri mi vn cht. Sau khi xong mi vic, cm cp ngun v bt in my tnh, nu my hot ng tt, bn hy tt in mt ln na, tho cp in, ng thng my li v sau mi cm li cp ngun. Xc nh nguyn nhn gy n Vic thay tt c cc b phn gy n trong my tnh s lng ph nhiu thi gian v tin bc, cho nn bn hy bt u vi thit b pht ra ting n ln nht. Nu my vn cn qu n, hy tip tc thay b phn pht ra ting n mc th hai. xc nh ngun gc ting n, bn dng ng th Cardboard Tube Test thng dng. Bng cch t mt u ca ng c gn loa giy vo tai, u kia t gn a, qut lm mt v cc thit b khc trong thng my, bn c th xc dnh u l b phn n nht. Nu ng th ny khng tin cy, bn c th dng bin php Elimination Test: tt v m ln lt cc qut lm mt v a cng xem th thit b no gy n nht (khng c g nguy him khi my tnh vi thng my c m hot ng khng c qut trong vi giy). lm cm mt chic qut lm mt hay mt a cng (b phn gy n ch yu ngoi qut), bn hy tho in cung cp cho thit b (phi bo m my tnh c ngt in trc ). Qut lm mt thng c ni in qua mt chn cm nh (ba l) trn bo mch ch; cng th dng u ni ln c bn chn t b ngun my tnh. Cm li cp in ca my tnh vo cm, bt my ln v ch lng nghe m khng dng n ng Cardboard. ng nhin, phng php ny khng th thc hin c i vi qut trn b ngun v bn khng th ngt in cung cp cho thit b ny. Nu my tnh tt in nhng vn cm cp in vo cm, bn hy ci mt que tm nh vo gia cc cnh qut v gi n trong khi bt in my tnh; nu my tnh tr nn yn tnh th bn tm ra th phm. B ngun cp in thng l thit b u tin m bn mun thay, v qut lm mt bn trong thit b ny thng gy n nht trong thng my. Hy tm mt b ngun thay th mi c cng sut t nht cng phi bng cng sut ca b ngun ang s dng. Tuy nhin, bn cn nh b ngun cng sut ln c kh nng d phng cho vic nng cp thit b trong tng lai thng c gi cao hn v pht ra nhiu ting n hn so vi nhng b ngun cng sut nh. Bn c th dng b ngun S12-330 ca Saesonic c cng sut 330 watt (find. pcworld.com/48562; xem hnh 2) c bn trn mng vi gi khong 60 USD. Vi c cnh 120 mm, qut lm mt ny quay chm hn v pht ra ting n nh hn so vi loi qut c c cnh 80mm ph bin trong hu ht cc b ngun hin nay. Thm ch, sn phm ny cn cho php lm chm tc ca qut lm mt CPU v qut mt sau thng my.13


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Nu b ngun Seasonic cha lm bn hi lng, th th dng b ngun Phantom 500 ca Antec c cng sut 500 Wat (find.pcworld.com /48564). B ngun ny hot ng tuyt i yn tnh trong hu ht thi gian. Tuy nhin, Phantom 500 c kch thc to, nng v rt t (gi trn mng khong 175 USD). Thn b ngun Phantom ng thi l b phn tn nhit v qut lm mt ch hot ng khi nhit vt qua ngng c ngi dng nh sn. D vy, i vi nhiu ngi, s im lng tuyt i khng tt bng khi lm vic vi mt cht ting n. Ngi dng c th d dng chp nhn ting n nh thng xuyn hn l lc n lc khng. Vic lp t b ngun mi cng khng c g kh khn. Bn ch cn tho in cung cp cho bo mch ch v cc a, tho vt v nhc b ngun c ra. Sau , t b ngun mi vo, vn cht cc vt v cm mi th nh c. B ngun Seasonic v Antec c km theo hng dn lp t nhng khng phi mi nh sn xut u c. Nu my tnh s dng qut lm mt gn vo thng my (ch khng phi gn vo CPU, b ngun hay cc thit b khc) th bn c th thay bng loi khc t n hn. Qut lm mt kch thc 92mm trong my tnh th nghim l b phn pht ra nhiu ting n nht. Gii php tt nht l thay th bng mt qut ln hn, nhng rt kh v thng my ca bn c nhiu kh nng khng c ch trng cho qut kch thc 120 mm. Ngoi ra, vic dng qut tt hn (v c l quay chm hn) s lm gim ting n ca h thng. Hng News sn xut cc loi qut lm mt gn vo thng my khng gy n vi nhiu kch c khc nhau, c gi di 20 USD. Cc qut ny khng c bn hng dn lp t, nhng vic thay th chng kh n gin: ch cn tho dy cp in cho qut c, tho qut, lp qut mi vo v cm li dy cp in. Qut lm mt Real Silent 92mm ca Nexus (find.pcworld.com/58566; xem hnh 3) lm vic tt trong h thng th nghim ca PC World M. Ch cn mt bn tm nh: chng trnh theo di cc thng s trn bo mch ch cho thy qut ny ch quay bng na tc ca qut c. Tuy nhin, tc ny khng lm cho nhit ca my tnh tng ln. Hu ht cc a cng u khng c qut lm mt nhng chng vn gy ra nhiu ting n trong qu trnh hot ng. Tuy nhin, c nhiu model mi t gy ting n v chng dng trc dng lu cht thay cho trc bi. Cho nn, nu bn cn my tnh hot ng m i hn th y l c hi tt nng cp a cng. Bc kn a cng Mt bin php khc, bn c th t a cng ang dng vo trong hp cch m lp va vo khoang 5,25 inch (dng cho CD hoc DVD) nh loi Nexus Drive-A-Way c gi khong 60 USD (find.pcworld.com/48568). Nhm th nghim tin hnh lp t thit b ny vi vi trc trc nh trc khi c c hng dn c ghi di y hp. Drive-Way hon ton trit tiu ting n14


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ca a cng trn my tnh th nghim. B phn lm mt CPU hiu qu nht l phin tn nhit nh cng vi mt qut r tin nhng nhiu ting n. Thm mt t tin, bn c th mua c loi tt hn. Tuy nhin, vic thay b phn lm mt cho CPU khng th thc hin d dng. Mt phn ca kh khn ny l kch thc phi tuyt i chnh xc. B phn lm mt CPU khng gy n c th kh knh cng, vi phin tn nhit ging nh cc ngi nh cao tng thu nh, c gn vi qut c kch thc bng my nghe a xch tay. Bn phi bo m b lm mt mi ny lp va trn bo mch ch v cm CPU (socket). C th bn bit r mnh c loi b vi x l no, nhng mt s CPU c kh nng ph hp vi nhiu loi cm. Hy tham kho ti liu k thut i km ca my hoc bo mch ch (hay website ca hng sn xut). Khi tm c b lm mt cn thit, bn phi tin hnh lp t. Trc ht phi tho b b lm mt c. Nhiu kh nng b lm mt c c kp vo cm bng nhng cch m bn khng th nhn thy bng mt v nhng ni khng th thao tc c bng tay. Tip theo, bn hy lau sch lp kem dn nhit c trn mt CPU, ri bi mt lp mng kem mi (b lm mt mi c th km theo ng kem ny). Cui cng, bn ci b lm mt vo trong cc kp gi. i vi cc bo mch ch h tr socket 478, bn nn dng b phn lm mt Freezer 4 tng i gn ca Arctic Cooling (find.pcworld.com/48570; xem hnh 4). Mc d thit b ny hot ng khng m bng mt loi kch thc ln khc, nhng Freezer 4 c nhiu kh nng lp va trong my tnh thng thng v c gi bn trn mng vo khong 30 USD (Arctic Cooling cng cung cp cc b lm mt dng cho nhng dng cm khc). Nu vic thay b lm mt CPU trong my tnh lm bn qu nn lng, hy ng xem xt n vic thay i cc qut lm mt nh c gn trn card ha. Loi qut ny thng khng gy n ng k, v vic thao tc trn card ha l mt vic lm ht sc nguy him. Chng ti cng khuyn cc bn khng nn thc hin ngn cch thng my. Vic dng vt liu cao su xp gn bn trong thng my cch m thng mt nhiu cng sc nhng hiu qu t c li khng ng k.

* Tng hp v nhng vn lin quan n cng!Nhng b n ca a cng Gii hn 32GB ca FAT32 trong Windows 2000 Theo l thuyt, kch thc ca phn vng (partition) a i vi FAT32 trong Windows 2000 l 2 TB (Terrabytes) (xp x 2000GB). Tuy nhin, trn thc t kch thc ln nht ca mt phn vng (cng l kch thc ca mt a logic) khi s dng FAT32 l 32GB. Lu : Khi c gng nh dng mt phn vng a FAT32 ln hn 32GB, vic nh dng s kt thc tht bi gn cui qu trnh vi thng bo li sau y:

15


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Logical Disk Manager: Volume size too big. Nh vy nu bn c mt a cng t 40GB tr ln bn nn chia thnh nhiu phn vng, mi phn vng c kch thc ti a l 32GB, nu bn quyt nh s dng h thng tp tin FAT32. Thiu st vng a trng (Free Space Flaw) ca FAT32 Hin tng Free Space Flaw (Thiu st vng a trng) l mt s st nh i vi h thng FAT32, n lm cho Windows thnh thong khng bo ng dung lng a cn trng (v d n bo ch cn vi chc MB a trng, trong khi thc t l hn 500 MB), c bit l khi my tnh ca bn b treo hay tt my khng ng th tc (do cp in chng hn). Tnh trng ny khng c g nguy him v tt c nhng g bn cn lm sa cha l chy tin ch Scandisk (scandskw.exe trong Windows, scandisk.exe trong DOS). Nn nh rng Scandisk ch gii quyt nht thi, vn ny vn c th xy ra sau mi khi my ca bn b treo hay bn tt my khng ng cch. Lu : * Windows 95 OSR 2.x v cc Windows 9x sau ny c ci t ch t ng chy Scandisk mi khi h thng ca Bn b tt khng ng th tc. * Thiu st ny ch nh hng n vng a trng do Windows tnh ton ch khng phi l ngun gc ca vic mt d liu. DMA Tng t nh CD (xem bi DMA v nhng vn lin quan n CD v CD R/W bo e-Chip s 4), khi thit lp c tnh h tr DMA cho a cng bn c th lm cho h thng ca bn chy nhanh hn nu h thng ca bn p ng c y cc yu cu k thut (loi chipset trn bo mch ch h tr Bus Mastering DMA, trnh iu khin thit b thch hp, cng h tr DMA). Ngc li, bn cng c th gp nhiu rc ri vi n. C mt iu lc quan l hin nay ht cc bo mch ch v cng c mt trn th trng trong thi gian gn y u h tr UDMA. a cng qu nng Ni chung khi nhit trong my tng ln qu cao (do qut thot nhit b h hay h thng thot nhit khng hiu qu) c th gy ra nhiu s c au u nu bn cha c kinh nghim v chuyn ny. Ring v a cng, nu nhit trong mi trng gn n tng cao c th gy ra li khi ghi a (disk write errors). Nu bn thy khi my mi chy th khng c g xy ra, nhng khi chy c mt thi gian (khong 30 pht) my bt u bo li th bn c th nghi ng h thng thot nhit ca bn c vn . Qut lm mt C mt s a cng c tng cng lm mt bng cch gn thm qut mt di ca a (phn gn bo mch). Tuy nhin, nu qut c cht lng dm th sau mt thi gian qut b trc trc (chy chm, git cc hay khng khi ng ni) v iu ny c th lm nh hng n a cng, thm ch c th lm h a cng. Nu bn cm thy my ca bn t ni thong mt, hoc trong phng lnh th bn c th khng cn s dng qut lm mt ny bng cch ngt ngun cp in cho qut hoc thay bng mt qut m bo cht lng cao bo v 16


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a cng. Nhng thng s bit ni Khi mua a cng thng bn ch quan tm n dung lng a cng, tc ATA, tc quay (5400, 7200 RPM...) ch bn t khi quan tm n nhng thng s khc. Thc ra, a cng cn nhiu thng s bit ni khc gip bn d dng nhn nh cht lng ca a cng hoc khi nghe qung co v mt a cng mi bn cng khng cm thy , cc cc. C TRNG K THUT TC DNG 9, 11MS AVERAGE SEEK TIME Truy xut nhanh (cng nh cng tt) AT/IDE INTERFACE Giao din thng dng nht Tit kim hn 300,000 / 500,000 HOURS MTBF Tui th cao, bn 8.33MB/SEC DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS Hiu sut a v h thng c ci thin POWER MANAGEMENT FOR GREEN PC Tiu th t nng lng SELF DIAGNOSTICS Xc nhn cht lng v tin cy ca a SHOCK & VIBRATION kim tra hot ng di nhng iu kin bt thng (nh va p hay rung ng) HIGHER RPM MOTOR Tng hiu sut chung ca a DATA TRANSFER RATE Lung lu thng d liu nhanh hn AUTO PARKING & LOAD Gim thiu nguy c lm hng a cng AUTO REASSIGN DEFECTIVE SECTOR Tnh ton vn d liu c nng cao BUFFER Tc truyn dn d liu c nng cao VARIETY OF HIGH CAPACITY DRIVES Cn thit cho nhiu i tng s dng cng nh nhiu ng dng khc nhau FORMATTED CAPACITY a cung cp thm nhiu vng lu tr ENHANCED IDE COMPLIANT/FAST ATA C kh nng tng thch hon ton Ti u ha hot ng ca a cng Khi cc my vi tnh tr nn mnh m hn, vi cc b vi x l ln n hng gigahertz (GHz) v gi RAM gim nhanh, bn s nhn thy rng h thng ca bn vn cn b n tc (tc hiu ng nght c chai) ngay vic truy xut a cng. Mc d bn khng giu nh... Bill Gate sm mt dy a SCSI cao tc (high-speed SCSI disk arrays) cho my ca bn, nhng bn vn c cch ti u ha hot ng ca a cng, nh lm tng kh nng hot ng ca ton b h thng. Trong bi ny, chng ta s cng kho st mt s cch c th lm cho cng t c hiu sut ti a m n c th cung cp c. Cc h thng tp tin v tnh hiu qu Windows 2000 h tr cc h thng tp tin FAT16 (FAT), FAT32 v NTFS. C nhiu l do thuyt phc s dng NTFS trn tt c cc phn vng a cng ca bn. Vic m ho tp tin (File encryption), nn tp tin, cp hn ngch a (disk quotas), tnh bo mt mc tng tp tin, v nhng c trng khc ca Windows 2000 i hi NTFS; Bn khng th s dng cc c tnh ny trn cc phn vng c nh dng trong cc h thng tp tin FAT. V NTFS l mt h thng tp tin mnh hn, n cng i hi s phc v nhiu hn ca h thng (tc l lm cho hiu sut ca h thng gim i cht xu). Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc trng hp, s khc bit nh v hiu sut khng ng k so vi nhng u17


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im n mang li. nh dng so vi chuyn i C mt iu m nhiu ngi khng l bn c th tng hiu sut hot ng ca a cng bng cch tin hnh nh dng sch trong NTFS. Windows 2000 cho php bn chuyn i t mt phn vng FAT hay FAT32 thnh NTFS, nhng mt a c chuyn i s khng ngon lnh nh mt a c nh dng NTFS ngay t u. Nh vy, nu bn phi chn la gia chuyn i v nh dng, bn c th cn lu li d liu v nh dng phn vng NTFS. Li khuyn Nh lu li bt k d liu no trn a FAT/FAT32 trc khi bn nh dng n NTFS, v vic nh dng lm cho bn b mt tt c d liu trn phn vng. Tinh chnh hiu sut ca NTFS Bng cch v hiu ha cc chc nng v nhng c tnh khng cn thit, bn c th ci thin ng k hiu sut ca NTFS. Do kh nng tng thch li (backward compatibility), NTFS to ra mt tp tin tm-chm-ba (tn tp tin kiu MS-DOS) song hnh vi tn tp tin di m bn gn cho mt tp tin. Nu bn khng chia x cc tp tin vi cc h iu hnh 16-bit (MS-DOS, Windows 3.x) hay cc ng dng chy di du nhc DOS (nh Foxpro for DOS chng hn), bn khng cn n c tnh ny. Khi v hiu ha vic to t ng cc tn ngn s loi tr ph tn cn thc hin nhim v ny v nng cao hiu sut. Mt c tnh khc ca NTFS c th cho v hiu ha ci thin hiu sut l t ng cp nht du ngy/gi (cho bit thi gian truy cp gn y nht) khi bn lt qua mt th mc. C hai s iu chnh nhm tinh chnh hiu sut a cng ny i hi bn phi iu chnh Registry. Nh lun lun thn trng khi thay i trc tip i vi Registry. Li khuyn Trn cc phn vng NTFS nh th nh hng v hiu sut do vic t ng cp nht ngy/gi truy cp gn y nht c th khng ng k nhng trn cc phn vng ln th kh ng k. T lnh Run trn trnh n Start, nh Regedit hay Regedt32 v truy xut kha di y (xem Hnh A): HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem Bn c th nng cao hiu sut hot ng ca a cng bng cch iu chnh Registry v hiu ha cc c tnh NTFS khng cn thit. v hiu ha cc tn tp tin ngn, thay i tr ca NtfsDisable8dot3NameCreation thnh 1. v hiu ha vic cp nht nhn thi gian truy cp gn y nht, thay i tr ca NtfsDisableLastAccessUpdate thnh 1. Nu mc kin cha c sn, bn s phi to n. Cc a ng (Dynamic disks) Windows 2000 h tr vic to mt kiu a mi (cch thc truyn thng t chc cc a l chia chng thnh cc phn vng, c gi l mt a c bn basic disk), kiu a mi ny, c tn gi l cc a ng (dynamic disks), h tr cc cp RAID phn mm 0, 1, v 5. Cc cp RAID ny cung cp kh nng chu ng sai st (fault tolerance) v cng c th lm tng hiu sut. Cc cp RAID chu ng sai st (1 v 5) ch c sn trn Windows 2000 Server, nhng Windows 2000 Professional cho php bn to striped volumes trn cc a18


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ng. Li khuyn Mc nhin, cc ia c cu hnh nh l cc a c bn. chuyn i mt a c bn thnh a ng, m Disk Manager (bm nt phi con chut trn My Computer, chn Manage, v chn Storage | Disk Management trong khung ca s bn tri). Bm nt phi chut trn a trong ca s bn phi v chn Upgrade To Dynamic Disk (trong Windows 2000 Server). Lu l bn khng th o ngc qu trnh v ging cp v a c bn m khng lm mt tt c cc d liu trn a. Hiu qu hot ng ca cc striped volumes Cc Striped volumes (RAID 0) khng c tc dng g v mt chu ng sai st. Mc ch ca vic to mt volum RAID 0 l nng cao hiu sut ca a. Mt Striped volume ri d liu xuyn sut qua hai hay nhiu a cng vt l, cc a cng ny to thnh mt a trn phng din logic, theo sc (tc ghi lun phin cc kh?i d liu trn a th nht, n th hai,... ri li quay tr li a th nht v c nh th). Thng lng (hay nng sut chuyn ti d liu) c tng ln, v h iu hnh c th truy xut ng thi c hai a. Striped volumes cung cp hiu sut tt nht trong tt c cc loi volums ca Windows 2000. on t a cng Phn mnh a l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ph bin nht i vi vic lm suy gim hiu sut a cng. Mt a cng b phn mnh khi cc tp tin b xa v cc tp tin mi c ghi ln a, v cc tp tin mi khng c lu tr trong cc lin cung k cn nhau. iu ny lm tng thi gian tm kim v h thng phi tm tt c cc mnh ca tp tin b phn chia t tn trong cc v tr vt l khc nhau trn a. Mt cng c on t a cng ti sp xp li d liu trn a sao cho cc tp tin c lu tr trn cc lin cung lin k nhau. Windows 2000 Professional cha mt cng c gi l Disk Defragmenter, truy xut bng Computer Management hay thng qua Start | Programs | Accessories | System Tools. Bn nn s dng cng c Disk Defragmenter phn tch cc a cng ca bn thng xuyn (nh m t trong Hnh B) v on t khi cn thit. iu ny c th lm tng tc truy cp a ng k. Bn nn phn tch a thng xuyn v on t khi cn. Kt lun Hin tng tht c chai a cng l k ti ng nghi nht khi my chy Windows 2000 Professional (k c bt k h iu hnh no) b chm li. Ta cn phi thc hin mt s thao tc ti u ha hiu sut a cng v tng tc chung cho c h thng trc khi mc hu bao cho vic nng cp phn cng. Bt mch a cng dm bn Hi: My ca ti gn y chy chm v hay b treo my. Ti cho chy ScanDisk vi kiu kim tra (Type of test) l Thorough v chn Automatically fix errors (t ng sa li) nhng ch chy c khong 10% th my b ng. C cch no khc phc khng? p: Khi chy ScanDisk, chn kiu kim tra l Throrough v bm chn nt Options... Khi xut hin khung thoi Surface Scan Options, chn Data area only v Do not perform write-testing (xem hnh), ri bm OK, bm Start bt u kim tra a. Nu a cng khng gp vn g qu nghim trng th hy19


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vng bn vt qua c ca i ny. Nu kim tra thnh cng, Bn c th chy li ScanDisk nhng ln ny chn System area only (tt nhin vn chn Do not perform write-testing). Nu vic kim tra ln th hai din ra sun s th bn th cho chy li ScanDisk ln th ba nhng ln ny chn System and data areas v khng chn Do not perform write-testing. - Nu ln kim tra th ba my b treo th a cng ca bn c th gp vn khi ghi ln a. C nhiu nguyn nhn nh: a cng c li v phn cng, my b virus, trnh iu khin thit b a cng b h, c tranh chp gia cc phn mm khng tng thch, a cng qu nng... Trc khi cu cu chuyn gia, bn th thc hin cc bc di y: - Tt my, ch cho my ngui khong 30 pht. - Kim tra cc cp ngun v cp d liu ni vi a cng xem c b lng khng. Nu c th gn li cho chc. - Bt my li. Nu my khi ng vo Windows bnh thng, lu li tt c nhng d liu cn thit (phng khi a sp b h tht s). y l bc quan trng m bn nn lm ngay. - Qut virus. - G b bt nhng phn mm mi ci t trong thi gian gn y hay phn mm m bn thy khng cn thit. - Np li (t a km theo bo mch ch) hay nng cp trnh iu khin thit b a cng (download t web site ca hng sn xut bo mch ch trn internet). - Nu tt c cc bc trn cng khng gii quyt c vn , c l bn phi thc hin bc sau cng (d bn khng h mun) l ci li h iu hnh Windows (nu a vn cn c/ghi bnh thng). Hi: Khi chy bt k ng dng no, ti thy khi n bt u thc hin tc v ghi ln a cng l xut hin thng bo li Serious Disk Error Writing (li ghi a nghim trng). C phi a cng ca ti sp b h khng? Ti phi x l nh th no y? p: Ch mt x (x), ng tt c cc chng trnh ang chy khc, th cho thc hin li tc v ghi a (bng cch nhn nt Retry chng hn). Nu vn khng c tc dng, bn th cho chy chng trnh ScanDisk: chn Windows Start/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/Scandisk. Chn a cng, bm chn Thorough, v sau bm chn Start. Nu Scandisk b ng, th ng li v khi ng li ScanDisk. Nu Scandisk bo li m n c th khc phc c, bm Finish v kim tra xem li c c khc phc khng. Nu Scandisk bo l khng th khc phc c (c th do s c phn cng hay h hng vt l), bn tt my v tho np my kim tra bn trong. Kim tra li cc u cp ni (gn cht nu cn) ng thi kim tra xem nhit mi trng. Nu my qu nng, bn cn ch khong 30 pht n mt ting cho my ngui hn sau bt my tr li. Nu my vo c Windows bnh thng v khng bo li ghi a th cp lng hay my qu nng l nguyn nhn ca vn , lc ny bn nn tranh th sao lu tt c cc d liu cn thit ln a khc. Nu li ghi a vn tip tc xut hin v my cng khng qu nng th a cng ca bn c trc trc v vt l, bn cn lin h vi nh cung cp nu cn thi gian bo hnh. Hi: Ti sao h thng ca ti (chy Windows 2000) b treo v hin th li20


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0x00000054 trn mt mn hnh xanh? p: Bn c th nhn c thng bo li ny khi bn gn mt k t a cho mt phn vng (partition) a cha c nh dng. Tuy nhin, tu thuc vo cu hnh, my c th t ng khi ng li trc khi bn c th pht hin c vn . Cho d my ca bn c khi ng li hay khng, bn c th thy trong bn ghi nht k s c (event log), phn thng tin v li nh sau: Event Type: Information Event Source: Save Dump Event Category: None Event ID: 1001 Description: The computer has rebooted from a bugcheck. The bugcheck was: 0x00000054 (0x003612ca, 0xf2688d00, 0x00000000, 0x00000000). gii quyt li ny, Bn thc hin mt trong cc ng tc sau: * S dng thnh phn Disk Management ca Computer Management Microsoft Management Console (MMC) ca Windows 2000 xa phn vng cha c nh dng. * S dng thnh phn Disk Management ca Computer Management MMC ca Win2K nh dng phn vng. * S dng thnh phn Disk Management ca Computer Management MMC ca Win2K g b k t a. chy thnh phn Disk management ca MMC trong Win2K Professional, Bn dng chut bm chn cc mc theo trnh t nh sau (tt nhin vi iu kin l Bn phi ng k vo my bng ti khon ngi dng c quyn hn ca mt local Administrator) Start \Settings \Control Panel \Administrative Tools \Computer Management \Disk management. Hi: Ti sao ti nhn c cc li v b nh hay vng a trng (storage space) sau khi ci t phn mm mi? p: Windows XP, Windows 2000, v Windows NT u c mt tr IRPStackSize kim sot vic c bao nhiu dung lng RAM v dung lng a cng vt l cn trng i vi cc ng dng mi, nhng mt s phn mm mi ci t li thit lp tr ny khng ng. Tr ny trong phm vi t 11 n 20 i vi XP v t 11 n 15 i vi Win2K v NT. Nu Bn thit lp tr ny nh hn 11, Bn s nhn c mt thng bo li cho bit rng h thng khng c vng lu tr trng trn my ch (hoc my ng vai tr my ch trong mt tc v ch/khch no ). Kt qu l cc my trm (clients) s khng th truy cp cc ti nguyn dng chung trn mng v m bin c (Event ID) 2011 s xut hin trong bn nht k h thng (System log). thit lp IRPStackSize tr li tr mc nhin (15 i vi XP, 11 i vi NT), Bn thc hin cc bc sau: 1. Khi ng registry editor (tc l regedit.exe). 2. Duyt n mc kha HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\lanmanserv er\parameters. 3. Bm kp IRPStackSize (hoc nu mc ny cha c, to mi mc d liu21


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IRPStackSize (nh ng ch in v ch thng) c kiu l DWORD. 4. Thay i base v decimal, thit lp tr 11 i vi Win2K hay NT hay 15 i vi XP, v bm OK. Khi ng li my tnh. Hi: Ti sao khi ci t Windows 2000 h thng b treo vi mt li 0x0000001E exception error? p: Nu my tnh ca bn s dng mt bo mch ch vi chipset VIA MVP3 v mt cng Ultra ATA/100, Win2K c th treo vi li m bn cp. Ni chung, nhng bo mch ch ny khng h tr UDMA 100 m cc a cng c c trng k thut ATA/100 yu cu (nhng bo mch ch ny thng ch h tr UDMA 33 hay UDMA 33/66). R rng l a khng bo cho h thng bit v kh nng tng thch li (backward compatibility), v v qu trnh ci t Win2K li ch rt k v phn cng, h thng b treo im ny C th thc hin 1 trong hai gii php sau khc phc: * Nng cp BIOS ca bn, nu vic lm s cho php h thng ca bn h tr ATA/100 (UDMA 100). * Thc hin nhng thay i sau y i vi BIOS ca bn: 1. Vo BIOS v v hiu ha (tt) UDMA trn knh IDE ni vi a cng ca Bn (chng hn knh Primary IDE). 2. Vn trong BIOS, thit lp ch programmed input/output (PIO) Mode 4 thay v auto. 3. Ci t Win2K. Vic ci t s tip tc m khng gp rc ri g. 4. Khi phc li hai thay i i vi BIOS m bn thc hin bc 1 v 2 tr li cc tr c trc v xem th Win2K c cn chy n nh khng. 5. Nu Win2K khng n nh, c l cn s cn phi gi li 2 thay i m bn thc hin i vi BIOS nu nh Bn vn s dng a . Bn nn s dng a cng ATA/100 vi mt bo mch ch cng h tr ATA/100. Hi: Khi ci t Windows 2000 ti gp phi li "Windows 2000 could not locate your hard disk". Ti sao xy ra chuyn ny? p: C nhiu kh nng Bn cn phi ci t cc trnh iu khin thit b lu tr tam nhn (third party mass storage device drivers) vo lc bt u qu trnh ci t bng cch nhn phm F6. Bc ny s cho php Bn m t v ci t cc trnh iu khin SCSI hay UDMA 100/66 do hng sn xut cung cp. Hi: Ti c mt h thng dual-boot gm Windows 98SE v Windows 2000 trn cc phn vng (partitions) ring bit. Mi th u lm vic tt ngoi tr mt iu l ti khng th c c phn vng Windows 2000 khi khi ng Windows 98SE. Ti sao vy? p: Khi Bn ci Windows 2000 Bn chn nh dng phn vng NTFS. Windows 98SE ch c c FAT 16 v FAT 32. "Disk Manager" DISK MANAGER (DM) l mt chng trnh chy ngoi MS-DOS x l cng, nh nh dng, phn vng,... DM chia a cc k nhanh. c bit l n nh dng HDD vi dung lng chnh xc nht v c coi l ti u trong chuyn x cc g HDD c dung lng khng l. Bn phi dng DM to a mm khi ng v ci t DM ln a mm ny. Bn ch22


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c s dng DM ca ng nhn hiu cng. nh dng v phn vng HDD: Giai on ban u ca mi DM tuy c th khc nhau, nhng phn c bn cng tng t nhau. Hin nay, hu ht cc a mm DM u t boot v t chy. Sau nhng th tc ban u, bn chn chc nng Install HDD. DM ca IBM, bn phi chn ngay tc v cn thc hin. Nu mun nh dng HDD, bn nhn phm s 2 chn tc v DM. _ Menu Disk Manager Main Menu c bn mc: - (E)asy Disk Installation: nh dng n gin. - (A)dvanced Options: Cc ty chn nng cao. - (V)iew/Print Online Manual: Xem v in hng dn s dng on-line. - Exit Disk Manager: Thot khi DM. Bn chn mc 2 (A)dvanced Options nh dng HDD. _ Menu Advanced Options gm bn mc: - (A)dvanced Disk Installation: Ci t a nng cao. - (M)aintenance Options: Cc ty chn bo dng. - (U)pgrade Disk Manager: Nng cp DM. Bn chn mc 1 (A)dvanced Disk Installation ci t HDD nng cao. _ DM nhn din HDD ang c trong h thng ca bn. Chn Yes xc nhn. Khi trong my c ti hai HDD, bn phi cn thn chn ng HDD mnh mun x. _ Trn mn hnh chn loi h iu hnh, bn chn loi d nh s dng. C cc ty chn: - Windows 95, 95A, 95 OSR1 (FAT 16) - Windows 95 OSR2, 98, 98SE, Me, 2000 (FAT 16 or 32) - Windows NT 3.51 (or earlier) - Windows NT 4.0 (or later) or OS/2 - DOS/Windows 3.1x (FAT 16) - Other Operating System Bn nn chn mc 2 Windows 95 OSR2, 98, 98SE, Me, 2000 (FAT 16 or 32) cho n rng ng binh sau ny. _ DM hi bn c ng cho n format HDD bng h thng file FAT 32 hay khng? Nn chn Yes. _ Trn menu Select a Partition Option, bn chn mt ty chn phn vng (hay gi l chia partition) m mnh mun. _ Nu mun nguyn HDD lm mt partition, bn chn OPTION (A). Nu DM chia thnh bn partition bng nhau, bn chn OPTION (B). Cn trong trng hp mun phn cc vng c dung lng khc nhau theo mnh, bn chn OPTION (C). Xin lu : Khi chia HDD ra cng nhiu vng, bn s cng mt nhiu ti nguyn cho chuyn qun l tng vng v tc HDD s b chm li. Vi cc HDD c dung lng ln, dt khot bn phi chia vng nhng phn mm h thng c chng b sc, c th nhn din c; ng thi khi cn xa phn mnh (defragment), cng c ny chy nh hn v nhanh hn. Bn ln lt g dung lng tng vng vo hp Size of Partition.23


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Vi BestCrypt bn c th to nhiu a o trn mt a thc v ch c bn hay nhng ngi c bn cho php mi s dng c nhng a o ny. Thc cht, mi a o l mt file c tn ui .jbc (gi l file container) v ni dung ca file chnh l ni dung c m ho ca a o. Bestcrypt hot ng nh mt b phn ca h iu hnh (t ng m ho v gii m khi c/ghi a), bn ch cn nhp ng mt khu m file container l bn c th lm vic vi file ny nh vi mt a thc th, thm ch bn cn c th chia s (share) a o trn mng cho mi ngi xi. c im ca BestCrypt - Tng thch hon ton vi Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP - C th di chuyn file container qua mt vt tr tin khc nh: ri, quang, mng (k c khi my tnhtrn mng khng cng h iu hnh) m vn truy xut c bnh thng. - T ng ng a o nu khng s dng sau mt thi gian quy nh. - Cho php ngi dng chn la thut ton m ho trong s cc thut ton chun: Blowfish, Twofish, GOST, Rijndael. Ngoi ra BestCrypt cn cho php nhng thm cc thnh phn m ho ca hng th ba. - T ng lu cc thng tin v vic chia s a o trong mng ngi dng khi mc cng ti lp mi khi khi ng li my. 1/ To a o: Cho php to a o c dung lng ti thiu 20Kb v ti a l 512Gb (NTFS), 4Gb (FAT32), 2Gb ( FAT). - Chy BestCrypt, m menu Container/New container. Trong hp thoi New container, t tn cho file container (FileName), ch nh a cha file container (Location), ch nh dung lng cho a o (Size), chn thut ton m ho (Algorithm), ch nh k t cho a o (Mount drive). Bm nt Creat. - Trong hp thoi Enter Password, nhp mt khu truy cp a o 2 ln (t nht l 8 k t). - Bm phm bt k lin tc cho n khi nt OK trong hp thoi Seed value generation c hiu lc, bm OK. - Format a o theo FAT, FAT32 hay NTFS. 2/ Ci/G a o - s dng, bn cn phi ci (mount) a o vo h thng bng cch chn file container ri chn menu Container/Mount (hay bm phm phi chut ln file m menu rt gn). Trong hp thoi Enter Password, ch nh k t a, nhp mt khu, chn Auto Mount t ng ci a o mi khi khi ng Windows, chn Read only (ch c) nu khng cho php ghi. Ch : Cc a o mi to s t ng c ci vo h thng ngay lp tc. - g a o, chn a ang ci ri chn menu Container/Dismount. 3/ Thay i xc lp i vi nhng a o cha ci, bn bm phm phi chut vo file container ri chn Properties. Trong hp thoi Change container properties, bn c th thay i tn v di chuyn file container, thay i cc m ho v mt khu, thm hay b bt mt khu (khi c nhiu ngi cng s dng file container). Bn c th ti phn mm v ng k key bn quyn ti website24


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http://www.jetico.com hay tm key trn a CDROM cc ca hng dch v Tin hc. Gii quyt s c a cng Nh thng l, khi bt my tnh, thay v logo Windows quen thuc, th hm nay bn chng nhn thy g c. Bn ngh, th l a cng ca mnh i t ri!, v bt u lo lng, phi lm g y? Cng ging nh vin phi cng khi i mt vi mt s c nghim trng: dng cun cm nang cu h v c gng chnh tng th mt. 1. ng qu lo lng: Mn hnh trng rng hoc trc trc trong qu trnh khi ng khng phi lc no cng do hng a cng. a cng hin nay thng th hn cc b phn khc ca PC, cng nh vic chy cc tin ch h thng khng cn thit hoc thay v ci t li phn cng thng. 2. Khi ng li: Tt my tnh, ch 10 giy, v bt my li. ng tc ny s iu chnh li my tnh - v thng thng th vy l gii quyt trc trc ny. 3. Kim tra bn ngoi: Nu mn hnh vn trng rng, kim tra li tt c cc dy tip in, cp ni, v cc u ni bo m l chng khng b lng. Kim tra thit b chng t bin in, bo m cu ch ca n cha b t hoc cha b h hng. ng thi phi kim tra li cc nm vn tng phn v xem sng mn hnh c b vn xung mc thp nht khng. 4. Lng nghe ting ng: Khi PC khi ng bn phi lng nghe ting qut chy b ngun cp in. Bn cng phi nghe thy ting quay ca a cng. Nu tt c u im lng, c th ngun cp in b hng hay mt ch ni in b lng. Hy m np hp my v kim tra bo m tt c cc dy cp u c gn chc. Nn nh l phi lun eo vng chng tnh in hay c cc bin php kh tnh in thn th trc khi chm vo bt k mt b phn no bn trong PC. Nu nghe thy mt lot ting bip trc khi h thng b treo, bn phi ghi nh s ting bip v cc ting di hay ngn. Thng bo li bng m thanh ny c to ra t BIOS h thng v cho bn bit nhng thng tin v mt trc trc c pht hin. Tm nh sn xut my tnh xc nh thng bo li c ngha c th l g. 5. Tm cc u mi: Khi khi ng PC chy chng trnh Power-On Self Test (Kim tra khi m my) xc nhn s hin din ca cc b phn phn cng ch yu nh chip nh, card video v a. Quan st k cc thng bo li xut hin trn mn hnh. Bn cng c th c thy cu xc nhn hoc thng bo li khi h thng khi ng cc thit b cao cp hn nh CD-ROM. Tuy vy, khng phi lc no cng cn thng bo li. Nu h thng b treo trong khi ang thit lp cu hnh cho mt thit b ngoi vi th c kh nng chnh l th phm. Nu h thng ca bn khi ng Windows th t nht mt phn a ca bn vn hot ng. Windows 95 v 98 vn dng cc tp tin DOS autoexec.bat v config.sys np cc driver i vi mt s b phn phn cng c. Nu PC ca bn b treo trong lc np driver ny, hy nhn sau khi thy Starting Windows 9x. ng tc ny cho php bn chy cc tp tin mi ln mt dng thy r

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trc trc xy ra khi ang np thit b no. - Nu nhn thy thng bo li Boot disk failure hoc Operating system not found thay v thng bo Starting windows 9x, th c ngha l PC khng np c Windows t a cng. C th a cng b hng nng. 6. Khi ng t a mm. Qu trnh ny s b qua a cng v dng xc nhn my tnh ca bn vn bnh thng. Dng a khi ng Windows km theo my ca bn (nu khng c a khi ng ny th tt nht l to ra mt a nh vy). Cch lm nh sau: a a vo a mm, nhn Add/Remove Programs trong Control Panel, chn Startup Disk v nhn Create Disk. Khi ng li h thng bng a khi ng trong a mm. Nu h thng khi ng thnh cng v hin th du nhc A:\> c ngha l PC ca bn ang hot ng tt. Th truy cp a cng bng cch g C: v nhn . Nu thy xut hin du nhc C:\>, th chuyn i cc th mc v th chp mt tp tin nh vo a mm. Nu thnh cng, bn c th ghi vo a cng, v a cng c th vn cn mt sc sng no (i khi cc a cng cht t t). Tn dng thi c sao lu cc tp tin quan trng, sau chy mt tin ch chn on a cng nh ScanDisk hoc Norton Disk Doctor. 7. Kim tra thng s CMOS. Nu gp thng bo li Dirve C: not found (hoc i khi nh vy), c th PC ca bn khng nhn ra a cng v b mt cc thng s thit lp CMOS. iu ny xy ra khi pin nui CMOS yu hoc hng. khc phc, vo chng trnh setup CMOS: Trong khi PC ang khi ng, nhn phm hoc hoc hoc bt k phm no do nh sn xut PC quy nh (xem ti liu k thut km theo my). Nu khng c a cng no c lit k, bn phi nhp li thng s ci t a cng ny. Bn c th khai bo cc thng s mt cch th cng (cc thng s ny thng c in trn v a cng), nhng hu ht cc PC s nhp li chng dm bn bng tin ch t ng lp cu hnh cng ca chng trnh ci t CMOS. Nu thc hin tt c cc bc k trn m a cng ca bn vn b trc trc th n lc phi hi cc chuyn gia.

* Laptop ri xung ncSau khi chic my tnh xch tay b "v nc" v khng cn hot ng c, bn phi tin hnh mt s thao tc sau hy vng hi phc li my v ly li d liu. 1. Tho pin ra khng t cc thit b cn li bn trong my. 2. Dc my ln cho nc chy ra. 3. Tho my: ly quang v bn phm ra. iu ny c th hi kh khn, bn nn tham kho thm ti liu hng dn i km my. Sau khi tho ra, dng khn thm lau sch nhng ch cn nc. Theo mt chuyn gia k thut ca HP, bn cng c th dng my sy tc lm kh nc. Nc l him ho tim n i vi my tnh 4. Hy kh my t 12 n 24 gi. Theo chuyn gia ca IBM, bn khng nn bt my ln khi my cha hon ton kh. 5. Bt li my, nu my hot ng li c, sao chp mi d liu quan trng v

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gi in cho nh sn xut, cc i l hay knh phn phi chnh thc ca hng, v ngay c khi my hot ng li, rt cn s kim tra ca cc chuyn gia. 6. Nu mi vic vn cha n, bn cn mt ty chn na l nh cc c s dch v phc hi d liu t cng.

* MN HNH B H ?Theo mt s nh "ngm ku" th my tnh thuc ging ci v n ni khng l c, ni c l ...cha chc. Mn hnh ti thui cha chc ti mn hnh h. Theo ti bnh ca n c th do mt s nguyn nhn sau: * Bn (hay ai ) t phn gii mn hnh (hoc tn s refresh) qu cao ngoi tm ca ci monitor. Th d monitor ca bn c phn gii ln nht l 1024x768. Trong Windows bn li t l 1280x1024. Triu chng: khi mn hnh chuyn t text mode (c phn gii thp) sang graphic mode (c phn gii cao) th mn hnh b chp, sc, tri, hnh nh chng ln nhau... lu c th lm "t bng". Nguyn nhn ny t c kh nng xy ra v nu bn t sai thng s th mn hnh s tt ngay sau khi bn set. 15 giy sau Windows s t ng tr v nh c tr phi bn v tnh click trng nt OK. Cch x l: mn mt ci monitor c phn gii cao gn vo, chnh phn gii xung mc thp nht. Thay tr li monitor c v tng dn phn gii ln n khi va . * Monitor ca bn b "tai bin mch mu no, lit na ngi". Hm qua cn chy c phn gii cao. Hm nay ch chy c phn gii thp. Bn c th dng tm bng cch t phn gii thp xung trong khi ch em ra tim sa. Cch lm ging nh trn. * Bn khng ni r "n hnh tt" l sao? L ci mn hnh en thui hay ci n nh xu cnh ci cng tc khng sng? Nu ci n nh khng sng -> khng c tn hiu t Card mn hnh qua monitor, monitor chuyn sang ch standby tit kim in. -> kim tra li Card mn hnh. * Mn hnh ti thui do my b treo: Li phi xt ba trng hp: (1) Mi ln khi ng my u b treo sau mt khong thi gian c nh: (1a)Windows b li -> recover hoc reinstall. (1b) RAM b "thng", khi truy cp n nh hng th b treo: Vo CMOS chn Quickboot=Disable kim tra RAM. Nu my bn c nhiu thanh RAM th gn tng thanh mt tm xem thanh no h. (2) Ln u chy c 60 giy th treo, ln sau 30 giy, ln k 10 giy... -> My b treo do nng. Kim tra li xem c ci qut no khng quay khng? Gn thm qut th xem sao. (3) C khi chy 1 pht, c khi chy 2 pht mi treo: c mt ch no b lng, tip xc khng tt: v sinh my, tho ri tng b phn v lp li .* i khi ngun in khng cng gy ra nhng hin tng "k k qui qui". Nu bn ang xi qua UPS hoc n p th hy th b chng ra xem sao. C th UPS/n p ca bn cho ra in p ch c 200V hoc thp hn. Hoc thay27


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lun ci b ngun mi c cng sut ln hn. Ti tng gp trng hp ci my tnh mi rp chy hon ton bnh thng ch tr mt vic l khng in c. Mi u ti ngh l do cng USB b hng nn em ra bo hnh i ci mainboard mi. Sau khi test ti ch cn thn em v nh th vn b y nh c. n khi thay b ngun khc th mi ht bnh.Ni tm li mi h hng ca my tnh u khng c nguyn nhn r rng. Khng th chn on t xa m cho ra kt qu chnh xc c. Phi nhn tn mt, s tn tay, nghe tn tai, ngi tn mi, thay ci ny, th ci kia... mi bit h ci g. Chc bn thnh cng.

* Bo v a cngC nhiu loi thit b lu tr khc nhau nh a mm, CD, DVD, th nh hay USB flash driver... Tuy nhin, i vi my tnh quan trng hng u vn l a cng HDD. Cng ngy a cng c dung lng cng ln v gi c th c xu hng r i. Cch y chng 5 nm ph bin l cc loi a c dung lng t 1,2 GB n ti a l 10 GB. By gi a cng c dung lng 40 GB, 80 GB, thm ch hng trm GB. Tuy nhin, ci v gi chnh l d liu cha trong a cng. Mt ngy khng p tri no a bt thnh lnh "t t" trong khi cha kp sao lu d liu th tht l tai ha. Chnh v vy, hy quan tm n sc khe ca thit b lu tr ht sc quan trng ny kp thi ng ph. Mt chun mc rt quan trng bt buc cc nh sn xut phi tch hp trong a cng em li nim tin cho ngi tiu dng l S.M.A.R.T (Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology - K thut t kim tra, phn tch v bo co cc trc trc). Khi pht hin ra cc du hiu h hng gn ngng quy nh c th lm a cng ngng hot ng, tnh nng ny s a ra cc cnh bo cho ngi dng. S.M.A.R.T c pht trin da trn k thut Predictive Failure Analysis - PFA (phn tch s c d bo trc) ca hng IBM ng dng cho cc Mainframe Computer (my tnh c ln dng trong qun s v cng nghip). Cn cng ty u tin nghin cu k thut ny cho my tnh bn l Compaq vi tn gi Drive Failure Prediction (d bo trc cc s c cho a). Bn nn bit hng IBM th nghim trn 3 triu a cng khc nhau c th a ra cc chun cho S.M.A.R.T. Nu kch hot tnh nng S.M.A.R.T trong mainboard t BIOS setup, nu a cng chun b hng, chng ta c th nhn c thng bo c ni dung "HDD Bad, Backup and Replace". K thut S.M.A.R.T Gm khong 35 c tnh khc nhau, gip d tm khong 70% li trong a cng. Bo co cho ngi dng bit thng qua mn hnh BIOS hoc thng qua mt phn mm chn on. Mi hng sn xut a tch hp vo sn phm ca mnh nhng c tnh c th khc nhau. Nhng mc tiu cui cng l phi d bo trc c nhng s c nguy him c th xy ra, d on gn chnh xc thi gian xy ra ngi dng kp thi sao lu d liu d phng. Mt s c tnh cc hng sn xut a cng thng tch hp trong k thut S.M.A.R.T l: ghi nhn nhit ca a cng, kh nng quay ca a cng, t l li th xy

28


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ra, m s ln khi ng v tt my... Cc phn mm chn on - HDD Health V 2.1: Ca tc gi Aleksey S Cherkasskiy, dung lng 879KB, tham kho thm v ti v t a ch www.panterasoft.com. Phn mm ny phn tch c 15 c tnh k thut. Quan trng nht l khi bn bm vo th Health, nu khung Known Problems ghi: "There are no problems with this hard drive" l tng i yn tm. Nu thm khung Overall health status cng nh khung Nearest T.E.C u k hiu N/A th chc chn a cng ca bn cn rt tt, khng phi lo lng g. - D-Temp: Dung lng kh b 144KB, min ph, khng cn ci t ch kch chut l n chy vi mt biu tng trn khay h thng c ghi nhit hin thi ca a cng. Ti v t a ch http://private.peterlink.ru/tochinov/download.html . - HDD Thermometer: Gim st nhit a cng, dung lng 213 KB l mt Free Software nhng khng hon ton min ph, n bt chng ta phi ng k s dng nhng khng phi tr tin. Nu cha ng k, mi ln chy chng trnh l mt ln gp Nag screen nhc nh phi ng k (Nag: m nheo, cu nhu). tin cy khi gim st nhit kh cao. Chng trnh ny cng hin th nhit a cng trn khay h thng.

* Bo v v khi phc d liu trn b nh FlashBn gp rc ri v mt d liu trn th nh USB hoc trn card Flash v khng bit phi lm g? Khi phc d liu t thit b nh l c th v khng qu phc tp. Vy cn chn ch g m khng kim mt phn mm c th gip bn gii quyt nhng rc ri trn. Th nh tr nn nhanh hn nhiu so vi nhng thit b nh ngoi vi ca my tnh trong thi gian gn y. Nhng th nh 32 hay 64MB ca 4 nm trc l mn hng th v v kh him thy mt phn v gi ca chng khng h r. Tuy nhin cho n nay vic mi ngi s dng my tnh c th s hu n khng cn l chuyn qu xa x. Chng tr nn bnh thng v rt ng tin cy ging nh a mm v a CD. Thit b s dng b nh Flash c mt vi u im chnh tt hn nhng chun lu tr lu ng khc l tnh thng dng ln. Chng cn c kh nng cha ng v tc truy xut ln hn rt nhiu so vi nhng a mm li thi, v cn bn hn a mm v a CD. Hin nay trnh iu khin USB c tch hp trc tip vo h iu hnh Windows v mt s khc nh Linux, MacOSX, nn i a s cc thit b Flash u c th s dng nh mt a cng nh lu ng, m khng vng phi nhng nhc im ca cng lu ng truyn thng nh c kch thc ln hay mng mnh d b trc trc do h thng c hc. Tuy nhin, khng c thit b no l hon ho, d c tt c nhng u im k trn tuy nhin USB v nhng thit b ghi nh khc nh compact flash v card SD cng c mt vi trc trc v nhng kh khn khng ng ti m bn ngi dng cn phi bit cch phng v khc phc khi vn pht sinh. 1. B nh Flash - C g c bit ? c im c trng ca b nh Flash chnh l tnh cht "tnh" ca n. Cc loi29


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b nh ng truyn thng cn mt ngun cp in n nh v in th lu tr c d liu, nhng cc loi b nh flash khng cn iu ny. Cng ging nh loi chip nh EEPROM thng c s dng lu thng s BIOS trn bo mch ch, b nh flash cn in c th ghi v c d liu nhng vn tip tc lu tr d liu sau khi ngun in b ngt. iu ny lm n tr nn v gi i vi vic s dng nhng thit b lu ng vi nhng rng buc nht nh v ngun in. Nt c trng ny c c nh s dng cc transistor nh l mt thit b lu tr d liu. Nhng transistor bn trong b nh flash c th c dng thay i trng thi (t gi tr 1 n gi tr 0 v ngc li) vi ngun in chnh, nhng s vn tip tc trng thi trong khi ngun in b ngt. Hu ht nhng thit b b nh flash hin nay s dng cng ngh NAND c t tn da trn trt t sp xp logic ca cc chip nh. Chip Flash NAND nh gn, bn v c kh nng thc hin tc v c/ghi rt nhanh. Mt thit b nh s dng cng ngh NAND thng s cha nhiu chip nh, tng t vi hnh thc ca cc module nh nh RAM hay trn card ha, v mch iu khin kt ni gia b nh v giao din iu khin ca n vi nhng thit b khc. Hu hu cc loi b nh Flash u dng h thng tp tin FAT-32 hay FAT-16 tu thuc vo dung lng. Card da vo thit b flash thng s dng FAT-16, trong khi th nh USB ni chung s dng FAT-32. Phn ln nhng my quay k thut s v cc thit b khc khng th c c th nh flash nh dng FAT-32. Bn c th s ngc nhin khi bit rng FAT-16 thc cht ging vi h thng tp tin c s dng trn a mm t ngy xa. Do vy chng c g l khi cc my tnh thng thng d dng c v ghi ln thit b flash. Mi khi USB lm vic, v c bn ging nh mt a mm vi dung lng ln. Ging nh tt c cc thit b s dng nh dng FAT (FAT 32 l h thng tp tin thng c s dng trn cc a cng), thit b flash nht thit phi bao gm Master Boot Record (MBR), rnh ghi khi ng (Boot Sector - BS) v bng phn b tp tin (File Allocation Table - FAT). Bng phn b tp tin cha mt danh sch nhng file trn thit b b nh flash, kch thc v v tr ca chng trong b nh. Mi ln thc hin quy trnh c ghi t thit b u phi ly thng tin v cp nht cho bng FAT. Tt c nhng g gy thit hi cho FAT s lm h hng trt t d liu v y l l do ti sao hai bn copy lc no cng hin hu nhng phn khc nhau ca thit b nh. 2. Mi him ha ca thit b Flash: Hy nhn mt cch tng quan mt vi iu khc nhau c th i ti sai lm trm trng khi s dng thit b nh flash v vi nhng d liu c lu trn . a. Ngi dng: Chng c g ngc nhin khi yu t thng gp nht gy ra vic mt d liu trn thit b nh Flash chnh l con ngi. Bt k em b 3 tui ca bn ang nghch ngm vi bn phm my tnh hay bn ang m mng lc 3h sng u c th dn sch ni dung ca mt th nh Flash trong chp mt. Tuy nhin vn ny d khc phc nu pht hin kp thi v nu phn a cha cc file mi xa cha b ghi ln th c hi phc hi bng mt vi phn mm chuyn dng rt ln. b. Safely Remove Hardware: L do th hai xut pht t h iu hnh tng thch USB trc y nh Windows 2000. H iu hnh bt lu ng phi dng hon ton thng qua tc30


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v Safely Remove Hardware sau khng c bt k d liu no c ghi ln na th ngi dng mi c php rt ra. iu ny ny sinh do thc t khi d liu c truyn ti ln mt thit b lu tr di ng, Windows thng hin th mt thanh trng thi mc d liu copy, tuy nhin khng phi khi thanh ny bin mt th d liu ca bn copy xong. Rc ri s ny sinh khi ngi s dng git thit b lu tr ra khi my tnh m khng s dng tu chn Safely Remove Hardware. Nhng file cha kp a ln s khng xut hin trong hoc b li do cha copy hon thin. c. nh ri thit b: Th n sau vn v tnh, c nhiu trng hp mt d liu cn ny sinh do chnh vic ngi dng lm mt thit b di ng. Ngay c nhng cng c ti tn v t tin nht cng khng th gip g nu bn nh ri bt lu tr USB ca mnh trn ng i lm. Trong trng hp ny, vic cu d liu l khng th, bn ch c th m bo rng d liu quan trng hoc nhy cm trong khng b l ra ngoi phng trng hp b k xu li dng. C nhiu thit b lu tr c ci t sn chng trnh m ha d liu cho php ngi dng t thit lp h thng bo v cho ring mnh. Nhng tn tui ln nh Corsair, Kingston, Crucial, Sandisk u tng km min ph tin ch bo mt khi khch hng mua sn phm ca h trong khi nhng nh sn xut nh hn thng b qua chi tit ny. d. D liu b h hi: Hu ht nhng thit b lu tr thng tin u s dng mt vi chun giao din hot-plug kt ni vi nhng thit b in khc nhau m chng h tr. Hot-plug cho php cm vo hoc rt ra trong khi ang hot ng m khng s b hng hc hay li phn cng. USB l th d in hnh nht ca cng ngh ny, v cng quen thuc vi tt c mi ngi. Vn nm ch ngi dng thng quen vi vic lp hay tho b thit b nh m khng rng thao tc chuyn di d liu kt thc hay cha. Trn thc t, chng c cch no lm d liu trong thit b lu tr ln tng pho ln tt hn vic rt n ra khe cm khi tc v ang c thc hin. Khng ging nh hu ht cc chun a cng, b nh Flash c s dng ph bin trong nhiu thit b khc nhau. My quay k thut s, my nghe nhc, u DA , u DVD v hng lot nhng thit b in t khc u c th s dng nhng cng c lu tr ny. Tuy nhin tnh linh ng cng i km vi mt vi rc ri: - Mc d ton b cc loi b nh Flash v thit b tng thch u c nhiu c tnh chung v d nh s dng bng FAT ghi thng tin nhng cch thc hin v quy trnh thao tc i khi li c im khc bit. Nu bn thng xuyn di chuyn thit b nh ca mnh trn nhiu loi my c khc nhau, trc trc c nhiu kh nng s pht sinh. - H thng tp tin trn Window XP ca bn rt mnh, c trang b tt x l nhng rc ri trong vic c, ghi v xo d liu trn nhng th nh nh. Cn i vi chic my nh s 3 nm tui th sao ? Cu tr li l cha chc. Mc d n cho php thc hin nhng thao tc n gin v d nh ghi nh ln thit b lu tr, xem nh hin th v cng c th xo chng khi cn thit nhng chng c th s khng gii quyt tt vi nhng nh dng file khng h tr hay d liu c31


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thm vo bng nhng thit b khc. e. Tui th v n mn: Nh cp trn, b nh flash cng c mt hn ch trong vic xo v ghi quay vng. Mt khi b nh NAND ch c th ghi v xo mt s ln hu hn trc khi hon ton mt kh nng ct gi thm d liu. i vi nhng thit b hin i, con s ny c th ln ti hng triu ln thao tc v tui th di hn c m bo bng thut ton tch hp s buc a ghi d liu u ln cc chip vi s ln trung bnh ngang nhau trnh mt khong nh no phi chu ti qu nhiu. y l phng thc kh gn gi vi cng ngh trnh Bad Sector trn a cng. Ngoi ra, mc d cc loi a USB v th nh thng dng c th s dng lin tc vi nm, tuy nhin nu bn thng xuyn truy xut chng v d nh chy ng dng hoc thm ch l h iu hnh th tui th s b rt ngn li ng k hoc thm ch l h hng. 3.Phc hi d liu b xo t Th nh Flash: Mt trong nhng li ch t vic s dng FAT cho thit b nh Flash l lm cho chng c kh nng tng thch vi nhiu chng trnh khi phc d liu c thit k truy tm nhng file tnh c b xo nhm. Phn nhiu nhng chng trnh ny h tr FAT 32 v 16 bi FAT 32 vn c chp nhn nh mt chun nh dng phn vng Windows thng thng. Nu bn v xo mt mt file quan trng trong thit b nh flash th cng khng phi qu lo lng. Cch tt nht tm li d liu b mt l s dng mt tin ch cho thao tc khng xo khi cng. y l mt tin ch n gin c th tm thy v truy lc d dng nhng file b xo t bt k thit b no h tr nh dng FAT. Mt trong nhng cng c tt nht l REST2514 (http://www.snapfiles.com/download/dlrestoration.html). Cng c n gin n kinh ngc ny s r qut bt k NTFS hay FAT32 no v tm li c danh sch nhng nhng file b xo t khi phc li c chng. Chng ta hy cng xem qua cch s dng: - Khi ng Restoration: - Chn bn mun qut trong Drives v n vo 'search by deleted files: Danh sch nhng file b xo s hin ra. khi phc 1 hoc nhiu file, highlight chng v n 'restore by copying' sau chn th mc n. Lu rng tn file m bn ang tm c th s bt u bng biu tng $, v y l biu tng c h iu hnh ni thm vo d liu khi n b xo.Cng xin lu rng khng nh PC inspector, qu trnh khi phc khng phn loi nhng file b xo bng folder, n n gin ch tt c vo trong mt danh sch n, iu ny s lm vic tm kim ca bn tr nn kh khn hn. Nu file bn cn khng c trong danh sch, th search li vi tu chn 'include used clusters by other files'. Vic ny s bao gm c nhng file hin ln trn danh sch trc . Ch l iu ny c th gip ch, c th khng v iu ny ng ngha vi chuyn file ca bn c th s b sa i sai lch i hoc khng th c c. 4. Khi phc d liu t thit b b nh dng li (Formatted): Nu bn format lu tr flash ca mnh v mun tm li ni dung trc , bn s phi cn ti nhng cng c mnh hn nhiu in hnh nh Test Disk min ph ca CG-Security. Mc d vic s dng khng n gin nhng hiu32


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qu mang li rt ln. Bn thn TestDisk khng lm vic tt trn thit b b nh flash, nhng im tt l nhng phin bn chng trnh gn y i km vi mt cng c phn mm khi phc c tn gi PhotoRec.PhotoRec c thit k c bit phc hi nh v nhng file nh dng khc t thit b nh flash. - S dng CGSecurity PhotoREC + Bn cm vo my v m bo n c nhn din chnh xc. Ci thm phn mm h tr i km nu cn thit. + Download phin bn mi nht ca TestDisk t website ca CGSecurity ri gii nn ra mt th mc trn a cng. Sau bn m th mc con win ri click p vo biu tng PhotoREC chy chng trnh. - Tuy chng trnh khng c giao din ha cho ngi dng nh bn khng cn phi hoang mang v trn thc t PhotoREC c xem nh l mt cng c d s dng hn ngi anh TestDisk ca n, mt phn v c nhng tu chn hu hiu hn. Mn hnh chnh s hin th danh sch nhng gn vi h thng, bao gm c thit b nh ca bn. Phng php d dng nht xc nh di ng l nhn vo kch thc ca mi (da theo Megabyte) v dung lng di ng Flash thng kh nh b so vi a cng. Thng thng chng trnh s hin th danh sch nhng cng ln u tin. Tu thuc vo kiu d liu bn mun khi phc, bn c th s mun truy cp vo thc n File Options trc khi tip tc. PhotoREC s dng ty chn mt nh tm kim rt nhiu nh dng file nhng cc file BMP, MP3, EXE v TXT khng thuc s . Nu bn mun phc hi nhng file ny, m menu v cun xung pha di ti mi mc nhp, nhn spacebar kch hot chng. Sau , bn phi chn cn thit bt u qu trnh khi phc bng cch quay tr li menu chnh v la chn t danh sch cc . Chuyn ti tu chn Search v n ENTER bt u quy trnh tm kim cc file tht lc. Chng trnh s bt u tm ton b cc d liu thng tin c trn xc nh s c mt ca mt s du hiu nhn dng chun file. Tt c nhng tp tin tha mn yu cu s c chuyn vo mt th mc con trong th mc chnh ca PhotoREC. Th mc con ny c t l 'recup_dir.1'. Mi ln bn khi ng mt qu trnh khi phc mi, chng trnh s to mt th mc con mi l 'recup_dir.# vi # l s th t tng dn. Khi qu trnh kt thc, Bn tm ti th mc 'recup_dir.#' bng Explorer v kim tra bt c file khi phc no. PhotoREC s ln danh sch chng ch n gin nh l F1, F2, F3.....nhng nh dng file s hin th r rng. Click p m mi file, sau Rename v di chuyn nhng ci no bn mun gi li. 5. C gng phc hi d liu t mt hng (Corrupted Drive) Trong phn ny, t l thnh cng ca bn s ty thuc vo tnh hung hng hc ca thit b. Nu h thng file b hng do my nh s hoc mt s thit b khc thc thi nhng thao tc sai hoc c khng chnh xc th nh, PhotoRec s rt hu ch phc hi li d liu ca bn bng cch lp li nhng bc ni trn. Tuy nhin, nu kh nng hot ng ca thit b tr nn yu do nhng h hi t nhin hay hao mn do s dng bnh thng gy ra, kh nng khi phc li d liu cn phi ph thuc hon ton vo phn no trn b nh flash b hng. C mt u im ca b nh Flash l n khng cha cc thnh phn c hc33


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chuyn ng nn s khng gy thm thit hi khi ngi dng c gng tm cch cu cha thng tin. PhotoRec ca SGSecurity l thch hp nht cho vic khi u mi c gng phc hi d liu, nhng nu tht bi c mt vi chng trnh khc bn c th th. Chng trnh Smart Recover ca PC Inspector (http://www.pcinspector.de/smart_medi...uk/welcome.htm ) l mt tin ch min ph vi giao din thn thip nhng n km linh ng so vi PhotoRec trong vic khi phc d liu. 6. S dng m ho bo v d liu: Nh cp, l do thng gp nht ca vic mt d liu trong thit b di ng Flash chnh l do ngi dng lm tht lc chnh thit b. Nhng mn chi cng nh b, t l kh nng mt cng cao. Khi vn xy ra, s tic nui d liu v ti sn phn cng ch l mt phn nh nu nh s d liu quan trng ri vo tay k xu ang mun gy nh hng khng tt ti cng vic ca bn. Nh vy iu cn quan tm y l mt phng php c th m bo rng k c khi bn b mt thit b ghi nh th nhng d liu lu trn s tr nn v dng i vi ngi khc ngoi ch s hu thc s. M ho file l cu tr li bn mong i. Hin nay c nhiu phn mm min ph hoc m ngun m cho php m ha file sn c, tuy nhin mt trong nhng chng trnh thng dng c yu thch nht l AxCrypt ca Axantum (http://axcrypt.sourceforge.net/). Chng trnh ny t thm ch mc ca n vo menu phm phi chut, cho php bn m ho file bng mt ci click p. Mt khu c s dng cho vic m ho cng nh gii m file c tch hp thng vo gi d liu m ha nn khi cn gii m, bn cng khng cn thit phi ci t AxCrypt m ch cn thc thi file m ha l c. Nu bn ang phi lo lng v nhng h hi xy ra vi d liu do v tnh, AxCrypt l mt bin php cu cha nhanh v d dng. n gin ch l copy nhng file vo thit b lu tr ca bn nh bnh thng, sau highlight tt c, click chut phi v m ho chng vi password m bn la chn m thi. Nhn chung, bt k th no th phng chm phng hn trnh vn l gii php ti u. Thay v mt mt v cung cung tm cch khc phc, hy tm nhng phng n an ton t trc nh s dng cc loi ti hay dy eo chuyn dng, m bo tnh to trc khi thao tc. Nghin cu k ti liu ca cc thit b c th trc khi tin hnh mt tc v i vi nhng thit b chu nhiu tc ng ca mi trng v d nh USB Flash, bn nn chn nhng loi c kh nng chu nc, chu la v chu va p. Mt s sn phm nh Flash Voyager ca Corsair thm ch cn chu c vi chc nht ba m khng h gp bt c trc trc no. Tt c chng s lm gim bt cho bn nhiu trc trc khng ng c. Chc bn may mn.

* Mi s c in n thng gp v cch x l gip bn trnh nhng s c trong khi in n, bi vit ny s im qua mt s trng hp trc trc thng gp nht v hng khc phc chng. Hy vng qua bi vit ny, bn s s dng chic my in, mt trong nhng cng c

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khng th thiu trong cng vic thng ngy vn phng, mt cch hiu qu hn. 1/Khng c g xut hin khi bn c in Khng th in bt c ni dung g l s c in thng thng nht nhng cch khc phc thng cng n gin nht: Bn phi kim tra xem dy ngun ca my in c cm vo in, my in c bt v ni vi my tnh hay cha (!). 2/Cc l v cc ngt dng trn cc trang ca bn u khng thch hp Cc l ca bn qu rng hoc bn in trn giy c kch c khng chnh xc (rt hay gp nu bn nhn ti liu t mt ngi khc). Trong trng hp ny hy chn File/Page Setup, nhn tab Paper trong hp thoi Page Setup v sau xem trong mc Paper Size bit loi giy Word s dng in ti liu. Nu bn thy mc Paper Size l A4 210x297mm th y l mt tiu chun kch c giy ngoi. Nhp Cancel trong hp thoi Page Setup v thc hin cc bc sau y gii quyt vn ny : +. Chn Tools/Options m hp thoi Options. +. Chn tab Print. +. Chn hp kim Allow A4/Letter Paper Resizing nu n cha c chn v nhp OK. +. In ti liu ca bn 3. Bn gp s c trong vic in mt ti liu di m bn chia thnh cc phn Vic in cc ti liu c t chc thnh cc phn ring bit l iu rc ri, c bit nu mi phn c s nh s ring ca n (v d, cc trang trong phn th nht ca ti liu phn mc lc chng hn - khng c nh s). Vic bit trang no m bn ang xem v cc trang no in c th l iu kh khn. Thanh Status cho bn bit rng bn ang trang 8 nhng tiu trn trang 8 li cho thy rng bn ang trang 5 (trang th 5 trong phn hai). V th, nu mt ti liu c t chc thnh cc phn c cch nh s trang khc nhau, hy in ln lt tng phn mt. 4. Cc Fonts c din mo khng thch hp Trc tin, bn hy xem ti liu t ca s Print Layout bn c th thy cc font hin th nh th no. Nu chng khng hin th ng th c th ti liu ca bn cha cc font m my in ca bn khng h tr. Hy thay th cc font ny bng cc font TrueType. Nhng font ny c cc mu t TT k bn tn ca chng trn menu Font, c c im l hin th ging nhau khi c xem trn mn hnh v khi c in ra giy. 5. Hnh nh khng c in ra My tnh ca bn c th thiu b nh. Th tt my, khi ng li my tnh v in li. Nu nh vy vn khng c g, hy kim tra nhng kh nng di y : + Chn File/Print v nhp nt Options trong hp thoi Print. Trong hp thoi Print th hai, hy m bo hp kim Drawing Object c chn. + Cng trong hp thoi Print th hai, hy nh du vo hp kim Draft Output yu cu Word in cc ti liu vi t nh dng hn. Ty chn ny dng lm35


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vic vi cc ti liu trong giai on sa bn in. 6. Mt trang trng c in ti cui ti liu Trang trng c in ra bi v bn li mt vi on trng cui ti liu. Nhn CTRL+ END i n cui ti liu, nhp nt Show/Hide xem cc k hiu nh dng on cui vn bn v xo cc k hiu ny. 7. Header v Footer xut hin khng chnh xc Nu header v footer ca bn khng nm va trn trang, khng c ch trng trong l dnh cho header hay footer hoc chng nm trong phn khng in ra ca trang. to nhiu ch trng hn cho cc header v footer, hy chn File/Page Setup, chn tab Margin trong hp thoi Page Setup v phng to l trn v l di. i n tab Layout v tng khong cch From Edge header v foooter khng b y vo phn khng in ca trang. 8. Word khng cho bn chn lnh File -> Print Nu lnh File/Print m i trn my tnh ca bn v bn khng th chn lnh ny l do my tnh ca bn khng bit rng n c lin kt vi mt my in. Hy ci t li my in. 9. Bn khng th in cc ng vin trang Hu ht cc my in khng th in text hay hnh nh nm qu gn mp ca trang. Theo mc nh, cc ng vin nm gn mp ca trang, y l l do ti sao my in ca bn khng th x l chng. Hy thc hin cc bc sau y gii quyt s c ny : +. Chn Format/Borders and Shading. Hp thoi Borders and Shading xut hin +. Chn tab Page Boder +. Nhp nt Options m hp thoi Borders and Shading Options. +. Bn di Margin, nhp cc kch c (tnh theo im nh) ln hn vo cc hp Top, Bottom, Left v Right di chuyn cc ng vin hi ra xa khi mp ca trang. +. Nhp OK hai ln. 10. My in ca bn in qu chm Tc in ph thuc vo tc x l cc yu cu in ti liu. In ch nn ngha l Word c th in cc tp trong khi bn thc hin nhng tc v khc - nh dng mt ti liu hay nhp vn bn chng hn. Bng cch tt ch in nn, bn yu cu Word dnh tt c ngun ti nguyn ca n vo tc v in v kt qu cc ti liu s c in nhanh hn. Tuy nhin, im bt li l bn khng th thc hin cng vic no c trn ti liu khi n ang c in ra. Thc hin cc bc sau nu bn mun tt c ch in trong nn - Chn Tools/Options. - Chn tab Print trong hp thoi Options. - Hy chn hp kim Background Printing v nhp OK. Mt s li khuyn khi s dng my in phc v cho vic in n - Bn nn chn mua chng loi giy in theo ng yu cu ca sch hng dn i km, khng nn mua nhng giy in km cht lng (nh qu mng chng hn) v giy cht lng km d b kt trong khi in. Khng nn giy in trong mi trng m t v nh vy khi in c th s c cc m mc trn giy. - Lun cp nht trnh iu khin (driver) cho my in t website ca nh sn xut36


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ci thin hot ng ca my in nh sa li cc s c in n trong my v c thm nhiu tnh nng mi. - Lun dnh thi gian v sinh my in hng tun, khng bi bn bm vo my in hay giy vn st li trong my v n s dn n hin tng kt giy v nht l bn phi gi cho u in (printhead) lun c sch.

* T bo tr my vi tnhTrong qu trnh s dng my vi tnh, bn nn b ra mt cht thi gian chm sc n. Mt s thao tc n gin c th gip my chy nhanh v m hn, cng nh c th phng trnh nhng h hng Nhng vic nn lm thng xuyn l:- Lau chi v tra du cho qut: Trong cc thit b ca my vi tnh th qut d b ng bi v gy ting n nht. lau chi, trc tin bn phi tho qut ra, sau dng mt chi lng mm qut sch bi xung quanh v trn cnh qut. Ch , bn khng nn dng kh nn thi bi trn cc cnh qut, v tc thi ca kh nn c th lm cnh qut quay qu tc gii hn v lm hng qut. tra du cho qut th trc tin bn dng vt hay vt nhn no tho np nha y trn qut (c mt s qut khng c np ny), tip theo g ming bo v ra, sau nh duy nht mt git du vo l chnh gia ca qut, ri y kn li l xong. - Lm sch cc b phn bn trong: Cng vic ny nn lm t nht hai ln mi nm. u tin, bn m thng my ra v dng kh nn thi vo cc gc khut ca my trc, sau bn mi thi ti cc phn cn li, nu khng c dng c thi kh nn th bn c th dng chi lng mm lau chi cng c, sau ly qut gi thng thi sch bi cn bm vo my. Bn cng cn lm sch b phn tn nhit ca CPU v cc b tn nhit khc. Tho qut CPU ra, sau ly kh nn hay chi lng lm sch cc cnh tn nhit, gip CPU gii nhit tt hn. - t my v tr thong mt: t my vi tnh cao hn mt t t nht 30 cm v xa tng khong cch tng t. Ch khng nn t my gc tng v trong phng kn v n c th lm khng kh trong phng nng ln v gy nng my! Bn cng nn trnh ch, mo n gn my v lng ca n c th bay vo my tnh, qut, bn phm... - Thng xuyn kim tra h iu hnh: Tt nht l nn nng cp n ln phin bn mi nht, cng nh ti cc bn update v cc l hng. - Chy Defragment cho cng: Thc hin thao tc ny t nht mt ln mi thng nhm sp xp li cc d liu trn cng, gip my chy nhanh hn. chy Defragment th bn vo phn: Start\programs\accessories\system tools\disk defragmenter.

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KTV: Lm Vn Hu Tel: 01688 795 090.

- Loi b cc chng trnh chy ch Startup: Qu nhiu chng trnh ch Startup s lm my vi tnh ca bn chy chm trong qu trnh khi ng. b bt c hai cch: 1- B du chn chy ch Startup ngay trn chnh chng trnh (nu c); 2- Vo Start/Run, g lnh l msconfig, tip theo nhn OK. Trong phn ny bn nhp vo Tab Startup, tip theo b du chn cc chng trnh cn b v nhn OK l xong. - Chy Disk Cleanup: Nn thc hin thng xuyn nhm loi b bt cc file khng cn thit tng dung lng trng ca cng, gip my tnh chy nhanh hn. chy n bn vo: Start\programs\accessories\system tools\disk cleanup. - Tm v loi b Spyware: C th dng chng trnh nh Spybot Search & Destroy loi b. - Qut virus: Nn lm thng xuyn vi mt s chng trnh nh Norton Antivirus, Mc Afee, Bkav, D32... ng thi lun lun cp nht cc phin bn dit virus mi nht.

* Ti u hnh nh cho mn hnh LCDPhi dnh phn ln thi gian ca mnh lm vic trn my tnh, bn cm thy qu mt mi, v khng thoi mi khi lm vic vi mn hnh CRT c k. S hu mn hnh LCD cho cng vic ca mnh khng phi l yu cu qu cao bi gi c v chng loi mn hnh LCD rt a dng, phong ph, ph hp vi mi yu cu ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, hiu chnh mn hnh LCD sao cho thch hp, ti u nht th li hon ton khc bit so vi mn hnh CRT, mc d nhng thit lp cu hnh cng khng c nhiu khc bit lm so vi CRT. Bi vit ny s gip bn c ti u hnh nh, t cht lng tt nht vi mn hnh LCD. Ci t driver cho card ho mi nht Trc ht, t cht lng hnh nh tt nht nh mong mun, mt phn rt ln cn ph thuc vo card ho v chipset ca my tnh. Hy m bo chc chn bn cp nht trnh iu khin (driver) cho card mn hnh mi nht, l cch n gin v nhanh nht ti u cht lng hnh nh. nng cp, hy ti driver mi nht v t trang ch ca nh sn xut v thc thi file ci t (.exe). Trong mt s trng hp, bn cn phi thc hin ci t bng tay. Trong Windows XP, nhn chut phi vo My Computer, chn Properties, v chn Hardware, Device Manager, v nhn p vo mc "Display adapters". Tip theo, la chn Update Driver trong th Driver. Lu : Mt s trnh iu khin yu cu khi ng li PC. Bn cng khng nn ti cc bn beta ca nhng trnh iu khin ny. Chng ang c th nghim v rt c th gy ra nhng li khng mong mun. c vn bn r nt hn vi ClearType Windows XP h tr cng ngh ClearType cho php lm phng ch hin th trn tru v r nt hn i vi cc vn bn trn mn hnh LCD. s dng cng ngh ny, hy nhn Appearance -> Display Properties -> chn Effects, v38


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nh du vo la chn Use the following method to smooth screen fonts, nhn vo ClearType t menu xung. Nhn OK hon thnh. Cp nht DirectX mi nht DirectX l mt cng ngh ca Windows nhm nng cao kh nng ho v m thanh. Hy cp nht phin bn DirectX mi nht ( DirectX 9.0c). Bn c th download d dng phin bn DirectX mi nht ti trang ch ca Microsoft. bit mnh ang s dng phin bn DirectX no, hy nhn Start->Run, v g dxdiag v nhn Enter. Tip theo nhn vo tab System xem phin bn bn ang dng. phn gii mn hnh Trong mn hnh CRT, phn gii mn hnh l nhng con s dots, pixel, biu th hnh nh trn mn hnh. Bn c th tng phn gii ln cao hn, hoc chnh xung thp tu theo mnh m khng lm nh hng ti cht lng hnh nh. Tuy nhin, iu ny li hon ton khng ng vi LCD. Mn hnh LCD s hin th p nht v em li cht lng cao nht ch vi mt phn gii chun. Hu ht cc mn hnh LCD 15" u c phn gii chun 1024x768, trong khi , nhng mn hnh 17" hoc 19" cho phn gii ti u l 1280x1024. Khi iu chnh phn gii chun ny s lm gim cht lng hnh nh, kch thc nh thay i, hoc dn ti mo nh, mt pixel... Tuy nhin, c mt ngoi l l khi tng hay gim phn gii ch bng mt na phn gii chun th cht lng hnh nh vn kh tt. Chng hn, phn gii nguyn thu l 1600x1200 l khi gim xung 800x600 th cht lng hnh nh t cht lng tt v khng b mo. Cht lng mu Mn hnh cng hin th c nhiu mu th trung thc ca hnh nh cng cao. Hu ht PC u yu cu h tr thit lp mu cao nht, thng l ch 32 bit mu. Nhng nu ang s dng ho tch hp th iu ny c th lm gim hiu nng my tnh, hy gim lng mu xung cn 24 bit hoc 16 bit tng tc cho h thng. Tn s lm ti (Refresh rate) v thi gian p ng (response time) Mn hnh CRT thng b nhp nhy, gy mi mt v kh chu cho ngi s dng, nguyn nhn c th l do t tn s lm ti qu thp. Li khuyn hu ch cho ngi s dng l nn t phn gii m mn hnh h tr tn s lm ti ti thiu mc 72 Hz trnh mi mt. Tuy nhin, vi mn hnh LCD, mn hnh b nhp nhy khng phi l vn bi thit b ny khng lm ti ton b mn hnh m ch thay i im nh. Tn s lm ti ch 40 Hz cho ti 60 Hz i vi mn hnh LCD cng tt. Mt vn cn khc cn phi ch i vi ngi s dng mn hnh LCD m c bit l cc game th li l thi gian p ng ca mn hnh. Tn s p ng l khong thi gian cn thit mt im nh cn phi c chuyn t en sang trng v li chuyn sang en. Nhng mn hnh LCD c thng c thi gian p ng chm hn 20 ms nhng gn y nhng mn hnh LCD mi c thi gian p ng nhanh hn rt nhiu, mn hnh cao cp c thi gian p ng l 12 ms hoc thp39


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hn. Tinh chnh bng cc nt iu khin Khi s dng mn hnh LCD hoc CRT, ng ngi m mm cc nt iu chnh ca n. Nhng thit lp thch hp c th em li hnh nh sc nt v tuyt vi hn rt nhiu so vi thit lp sn t nh sn xut. Mn hnh LCD thng d dng iu chnh hn nhiu so vi CRT. Rt him khi bn phi iu chnh mn nh sang bn tri, bn phi, i ln hay xung di... ging nh CRT. Mc d vy, mn hnh LCD cng h tr nt bm hoc thit lp t iu chnh v tr ca mn nh. Cui cng, mn hnh LCD thng yu cu t tinh chnh mu sc hay tng phn khi la chn phn gii chun. sng v tng phn Thit lp sng qun l cng sng ca mn hnh. Mn hnh LCD thng sng hn mn hnh CRT, v vy tng sng c th l khng cn thit v em li kt qu khng mong mun. iu chnh tng phn s dng biu mu xm nh cc chng trnh nh DisplayMate em li kh nng th hin mu xm tt nht. Mn hnh LCD thng gy mt nhng chi tit ti cui di mu ny. Sc thi v m ca mu C hai loi ngun sng khc nhau l loi ngun sng trng-xanh lnh v ngun sng trng- nng. Hu ht cc mn hnh u a ra t nht 3 la chn v sc thi hoc m ca mu da theo ngun sng v tr t mn hnh. Nhng thit lp ny c t nhn l Mode1 , Mode 2, Mode 3 tng ng vi Cao, Trung bnh v Thp. Ngoi ra, cc nh sn xut thng t m ca mu sc da theo Kelvin(K). Thng thng thit lp chun l 9300K hoc trung tnh vi 6500K v sc thi hi vi 5000K. Rt nhiu loi LCD cho php ngi s dng tinh chnh mu sc bng cch cn bng 3 mu c bn , xanh da tri, v xanh l cy. Chun on bnh cho LCD Mn hnh LCD thng d duy tr v bo dng hn mn hnh CRT. Tuy vy, trc khi mua sm v s dng bn cn ch ti nhng 2 "cn bnh" kh ph bin ca LCD: Mn hnh trng Nu n ngun vn sng m li khng hin th hnh nh, hy kim tra kt ni gia mn hnh LCD v PC kim tra chc chn rng mn hnh vn nhn c tn hiu video. Nu cp tn hiu video vn c cm c hai u, hy th kt ni mn hnh khc vo PC m bo rng cp hoc card ho vn hot ng tt. Nu mn hnh th hai hin th tt, rt c th mn nh ca LCD b hng. Nu mn hnh LCD vn cn thi gian ang bo hnh hy em ra trung tm bo hnh. im cht trn mn hnh LCD Hu ht cc nh sn xut mn hnh LCD u khng th cam oan rng khng c nhng im cht trong cc sn phm ca h. Nhng im cht ny thng gy kh chu cho ngi s dng nhng s im nh cht cho php ca mi mn hnh l t 3 cho n 10 im cht. Chnh v vy, kh nng i mn hnh mi khi c im cht l rt kh khn. Do , trc khi mua mn hnh LCD, bn hy bt

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mn hnh ln v quan st tht k xem c im cht no khng trc khi mua hng.

* G b Windows XP SP 2 mt cch an tonPhin bn windows XP SP2 va tung ra th li b li bo mt. V li c qu nhiu chng trnh xung t khng chy sau khi updates. Nhng l do trn c th cho bn li khuyn l g b XP SP2. Bi vit ny gip bn mt s cch c th g b Windows XP SP2 mt cch nhanh chng v sun s nht. Cch 1 : S dng Recovery Console u tin bn dng CD ci t WinXP boot t CD. Khi gp mn hnh thng bo ci t, bn nhn R start Recovery Console. Tip tc bn chn cu hi. Lu bn phi chn mt s c th trc khi nhn phm enter. V d 1:C:\windows Sau bn in vo password ca admin. iu ny cc bn thng b qua khng thit lp. Tuy nhin nu khng bit

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