GianmariaSannino,A.Carillo,A. Bargagli,E. Caiaﬀa’ and wave energy...Cetraro 28/02/1999 05/04/2008 16630 21209 78.4 Ancona 10/03/1999 31/05/2006 10212 15812 64.6 Capo Comino 01/01/2004

Gianmaria Sannino, A. Carillo, A. Bargagli, E. Caiaffa

[email protected]

F. Arena

G. Ma9azzo

D. Coiro

L. Liber>

OMC 2013 – Ravenna 20-‐22 March

Sea energy assessment and devices developments

GEM

REWEC3

ENEA & Uni: running collaboration


First workshop on sea energy in Italy

OWEMES 2012 – Roma 5 -‐7 September

EERA-JP Ocean Energy: an European initiative

The EERA Ocean Energy JP is based around six key research themes. These themes have been developed based on exisJng research roadmaps which idenJfy the criJcal areas of research required for the successful growth of the industry. The Research Themes are here: •  Resource •  Devices and Technology •  Deployment and OperaJons •  Environmental Impact •  Socio-‐economic Impact •  Research Infrastructure, EducaJon and Training

Within each Research Theme a number of sub-‐topics have been idenJfied as key long term research objecJves. IniJal EERA Ocean Energy JP acJviJes are not able to cover all of the objecJves idenJfied but have been prioriJzed in the first year’s programme by need and the current availability of funding. The gap between what has been idenJfied as a key long term objecJve and what the EERA Ocean Energy JP is actually able to deliver in the first year will help idenJfy issues that need future funding and coordinated research efforts.


Background – Global ocean energy distribution

Model computaJonal domain and bathymetry

The RE resource in the ocean comes from six distinct sources, each with different origins and requiring different technologies for conversion.

■  Tidal Range (tidal rise and fall): derived from the gravitational forces of the Earth-Moon-Sun system.

■  Ocean Currents: derived from wind-driven and thermohaline ocean circulation.

■  Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC):derived from temperature differences between solar energy stored as heat in upper ocean layers and colder seawater, generally below 1,000 m.

■  Salinity Gradients (osmotic power): derived from salinity differences between fresh and ocean water at river mouths.

■  Tidal currents: water flow resulting from the filling and emptying of coastal regions as a result of the tidal rise and fall.

■  Waves: derived from the transfer of the kinetic energy of the wind to the upper surface of the ocean.


Background – Mediterranean energy The RE resource in the ocean comes from six distinct sources, each with different origins and requiring different technologies for conversion.








Background – Mediterranean energy


The RE resource in the ocean comes from six distinct sources, each with different origins and requiring different technologies for conversion.








Wave energy assessment along the Italian coasts Tradition approach: using the Italian Wave measuring Network (Rete Ondametrica Nazionale, RON) managed by Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)

Buoy First Record Last Record 3hr Records Expected E�ciencyafter 1/1/2001 3hr records (%)

Alghero 01/07/1989 05/04/2008 15283 21210 72.1Catania 01/07/1989 05/10/2006 12549 16827 80.2Crotone 01/07/1989 15/07/2007 14962 19093 78.4La Spezia 01/07/1989 31/03/2007 10952 18240 60.0Mazara del Vallo 01/07/1989 04/04/2008 15323 21207 72.3Monopoli 01/07/1989 05/04/2008 15641 21209 73.7Ortona 01/07/1989 24/03/2008 12786 21113 60.6Ponza 01/07/1989 31/03/2008 14479 21169 68.4Cetraro 28/02/1999 05/04/2008 16630 21209 78.4Ancona 10/03/1999 31/05/2006 10212 15812 64.6Capo Comino 01/01/2004 12/09/2005 3813 5664 67.3Capo Gallo 01/01/2004 31/03/2008 9001 12408 72.5Capo Linaro 02/01/2004 12/09/2006 5441 7872 69.1Punta della Maestra 02/01/2004 24/11/2004 2616 7872 62.8Cagliari 06/02/2007 02/03/2008 1986 3120 63.7

Mesi

0

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Efficienza

(%)

Alghero

Ancona

Catania

Crotone

La Spezia

Mazara del Vallo

Ortona

Ponza

Monopoli

Cetraro

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2001

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2002

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2003

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2004

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2005

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2006

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2007

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

2008


Wave energy assessment along the Italian coasts Our approach: using a relatively high resolution wave model

www.cresco.enea.it


Numerical modeling approach Numerical Wave model description


Model implemented: WAM (Wave predic>on Model) Resolu8on 1/16° x 1/16° (about 7Km) ECMWF (European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast) wind field data


Numerical wave model validation (Hs)

0 2 4 6 8Hs - Buoy

(m)

0

2

4

6

8

Hs

- Mod

el

(m)

0

5

10

20

50

100

250

500

Ent

ries

CorrelaJon between buoy and model Hs at Alghero. Dashed line is the best fit line between model and buoy data points.

Numerical Wave model vs buoy: ALGHERO

Period considered 2001-‐2010


Numerical wave model validation (Hs)

StaJsJcs of buoy and model significant wave height (Hs) comparison.

Numerical Wave model vs buoy: statistics

Buoy Bias Rmse Slope Si(m) (m)

Alghero -0.005 0.311 0.985 0.278Ancona -0.214 0.361 0.725 0.477Catania -0.178 0.308 0.747 0.501Crotone 0.004 0.276 0.993 0.374La Spezia -0.143 0.283 0.851 0.354Mazara del Vallo 0.013 0.257 1.022 0.253Ortona -0.150 0.284 0.753 0.460Ponza -0.103 0.273 0.892 0.328Monopoli -0.124 0.307 0.836 0.427Cetraro -0.070 0.241 0.897 0.341Capo Gallo 0.019 0.255 1.040 0.339

bias =1

n

nX

i=1

(yi � xi) , (1)

rmse =

vuut 1

n� 1

nX

i=1

(yi � xi)2, (2)

si =rmse

1n

Pni=1 yi

, (3)

slope =

Pni=1 xiyiPni=1 xixi

. (4)



Numerical wave model validation (Direction)

Frequency distribuJon of model and buoy average wave direcJon at Alghero. Only records with Hs > 1 m are considered. Incoming wave direcJon is indicated as degrees in clockwise direcJon from the north.


¯

S =

1

n

nX

i=1

sin (yi � xi), (1)

¯

C =

1

n

nX

i=1

cos (yi � xi), (2)

¯

R =

�¯

C

2+

¯

S

2� 1

2, (3)

bias

�= arctan

�¯

S/

¯

C

�, (4)

var

�=

�1� ¯

R

�. (5)

0 100 200 300Average Wave Direction

(Deg.)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Freq

uenc

y

Buoy

Model



Numerical wave model validation (Direction)

Circular staJsJcs of buoy and model wave average spectral direcJon comparison.


¯

S =

1

n

nX

i=1

sin (yi � xi), (1)

¯

C =

1

n

nX

i=1

cos (yi � xi), (2)

¯

R =

�¯

C

2+

¯

S

2� 1

2, (3)

bias

�= arctan

�¯

S/

¯

C

�, (4)

var

�=

�1� ¯

R

�. (5)

Buoy Bias� V ar�

(Deg.)Alghero 4.51 0.036Ancona 9.41 0.230Catania 14.81 0.053Crotone 8.09 0.085La Spezia 2.94 0.056Mazara del Vallo 11.00 0.057Ortona 13.48 0.101Ponza 8.76 0.116Monopoli 5.00 0.121Cetraro 6.39 0.063Capo Gallo -5.21 0.026



35°E30°E25°E20°E15°E10°E5°E0°5°W

45°N

40°N

35°NSatellite TracksEnvisat, ERS-2Topex-PoseidonJason-1, Jason-2

Ground tracks of satellites considered in model validaJon. Thick grey lines idenJfy Jason-‐1 and Jason-‐2 tracks. Black lines parJally overlying the grey ones symbolize Topex-‐Poseidon tracks while thin dashed lines represent Envisat and ERS-‐2 tracks

Satellite Repeat Cycle Used Period Track Separation(days) at Equator (km)

Topex-Poseidon 10 Jan. 2001 - Oct. 2005 315Jason-1 10 Jan. 2002 - Dec. 2010 315Jason-2 10 Jun. 2008 - Dec. 2010 315Envisat 35 Oct. 2002 - Oct. 2010 80ERS-2 35 Jan. 2001 - Dec. 2006 80

Jan. 2008 - Dec. 2010

CharacterisJcs of satellites used in this study.

Numerical wave model validation Numerical Wave model vs satellite altimeter


Satellite Samples Bias Rmse Slope Si

(m) (m)

Topex-Poseidon 457,000 -0.128 0.331 0.912 0.279

Jason-1 910,133 -0.028 0.362 0.979 0.304

Jason-2 242,766 0.024 0.366 1.018 0.303

Envisat 695,768 -0.141 0.385 0.921 0.310

ERS-2 363,336 -0.011 0.426 0.962 0.400

Numerical wave model validation Numerical Wave model vs satellite altimeter

0 2 4 6 8 10 12Hs - Satellite

(m)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Hs

- Mod

el(m

)

0

5

10

50

100

250

500

Ent

ries

Sca]er plot of model vs. Jason-‐1 Hs for the enJre Mediterranean. Value pairs are grouped in 0.25 m wide bins, corresponding areas are painted according to the number of entries in each bin. Dashed line is the best fit line between model and satellite data points.

StaJsJcs of satellite and model significant wave height Hs comparison for the enJre Mediterranean.


Yearly mean climatological energy flux

DistribuJon of average power per unit crest in the Mediterranean between 2001 and 2010.

Wave energy assessment for the Mediterranean

J =⇢g2

64⇡TeH

2s

(1)


Seasonal average energy flux

Wave energy assessment for the Mediterranean

Seasonal distribuJon of average power per unit crest in the Mediterranean. Averages are calculated for the enJre ten years simulaJon.


Distribution of average wave power flux along Italy

Wave energy assessment along the Italian coasts

DistribuJon of average wave power flux per unit crest olong the Italian coast. Values are calculated on a line located 12 km off the coast. Averages are calculated for the enJre ten years simulaJon.


Distribution of average wave power flux along Sicily and west Sardinia


DistribuJon of average wave power flux per unit crest on western Sardinia and Sicilian coastline. Values are calculated on a line located 12 km off the coast.


Wave energy assessment along the Italian coasts Distribution of yearly average wave energy along west Sardinia

DistribuJon of wave energy as a funcJon of significant wave period and significant wave height at specific points. Lower lea panel shows the average yearly energy associated with sea states idenJfied by Te and Hs couples. Do]ed lines mark reference power levels. Upper panel shows the energy distribuJon as a funcJon of Te only; right panel as a funcJon of Hs only. Red lines in the upper and right panels are the cumulaJve energy as a percentage of the total. Red dots on the cumulaJve lines marck each 10th percenJle. Rose plot in the upper right panel shows energy distribuJon over wave incoming direcJon. Each circle represents 20% fracJons of the total energy.




DistribuJon of wave energy as a funcJon of significant wave period and significant wave height at specific points. Lower lea panel shows the average yearly energy associated with sea states idenJfied by Te and Hs couples. Do]ed lines mark reference power levels. Upper panel shows the energy distribuJon as a funcJon of Te only; right panel as a funcJon of Hs only. Red lines in the upper and right panels are the cumulaJve energy as a percentage of the total. Red dots on the cumulaJve lines marck each 10th percenJle. Rose plot in the upper right panel shows energy distribuJon over wave incoming direcJon. Each circle represents 20% fracJons of the total energy.

2 4 6 8 10 12Te(s)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Hs

(m)

2 kW/m 5 kW/m 10 kW/m

20 kW/m

50 kW/m

100 kW/m

200 kW/m2.g 05

1015

Year

ly E

nerg

y(M

Wh/

m) Yr. Energy: 66.1 (MWh/yr)

Av. Power: 7.6 (kW/m)

0 5 10 15Yearly Energy

(MWh/m)

02550751001251501752002252502753003253503754004254504755007501000150020002500

Year

ly E

nerg

y(k

Wh/

m)

N




DistribuJon of the Coefficient of VariaJon (COV ) of the yearly average power fluxes for years 2001-‐2010 around Italy.

COV =�

µ(1)


High resolution numerical modeling approach Numerical Wave model description

!

WAM (1/16°x1/16°)

MIKE21 SW

WAM/SWAN (1/120°x/120°) Prof. Felice Arena

!


!

Wave energy assessment along Pantelleria island

7 Km res. 800 m res.

10 km

!

Griglia uJlizzata per il modello di trasformazione dell’onda nell’area campione di Pantelleria. Rappresentazione del tra]o di maggiore interesse per lo studio.

!

!

Distribution of yearly average (2001-2010) wave energy around PANTELLERIA

Prof. Felice Arena

OMC 2013 – Ravenna 20-‐22 March OMC 2013 – Ravenna 20-‐22 March


Tidal energy assessment for the Mediterranean Mediterranean and strait models


Mediterranean and strait models

Tidal energy assessment for the Mediterranean


Mediterranean tidal model


Model implemented: MITgcm -‐ Barotropic Resolu8on 1/16° x 1/16° (about 7Km)


Mediterranean tidal model validation


Model and observed Amplitude and Phase comparison. Observed data come from 63 Jdal gauges located around the basin.


Mediterranean tidal model


Model implemented: MITgcm -‐ Barotroclinic Resolu8on 1/16° x 1/16° (about 7Km)


Strait of Gibraltar model

Tidal energy assessment for the Strait of Gibraltar

Model implemented: MITgcm Resolu8on 1/200° x 1/200°


Strait of Messina model

Tidal energy assessment for the Strait of Messina

Model implemented: MITgcm Resolu8on 1/200° x 1/200°

Punta Pezzo

Messina

Ganzirri


Tidal energy assessment for the Strait of Messina Strait of Messina model

POM simulaJon Grid:138X161

Variable resoluJon

dx = 78:249 m

dy = 119:280 m

Two models implemented:

POM 2D barotropic

MITgcm 3D baroclinic

Components applied:

M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1


Table: Amplitude and Phase for M2, as simulated by POM and observed in some locaJon in the strait.


Two models implemented:

POM 2D barotropic

MITgcm 3D baroclinic

Components applied:

M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1

Strait of Messina model


!Bathymetry used for the 3D simulaJon perfomed with MITgcm

Forcing derived from the

POM simulaJon.

Tidal component applied:

M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1

Simulazione MITgcm Grid:300X840x55

Ris. Variabile

dx = 50:70 m

dy = 50:80 m

Tidal energy assessment for the Strait of Messina Strait of Messina model


Principal Investigator Prof. D. Coiro

§  Devices

o  Kobold o  Fri-El o  GEM o  SeaGen MCT (Marine Current Turbine) o  Verdant Power

Tidal energy assessment for the Strait of Messina Conversion devices considered


Il sistema SeaGen è cosJtuito da una coppia di turbine idrauliche montate su una torre di supporto rigidamente ancorata al fondo del mare. Le turbine sono montate su un braccio che può essere sollevato fino alla superficie per scopi di manutenzione e immerso alla profondità di esercizio. Il sistema è stato installato in diversi siJ di prova ed in diversi modelli e dimensioni. In parJcolare è presente sia un modello in cui è prevista una pia]aforma affiorante, mentre per fondali più profondi è previsto un sistema completamente sommerso.

P = 12�V

3SCP

Cp = Coeff. Potenza (misura effic. conv. energica cineJca/meccanica)

CP = 0.46

�t ⇠= 0.8

⌘t = rendimento totale

Configurazione con due turbine con diametro pari a circa 11 m e con potenza massima di circa 280 kW a 2 m/s.


- SeaGen


Il sistema Kobold, proge]ato in collaborazione con il diparJmento di Proge]azione AeronauJca dell’Università di Napoli a parJre dagli anni ’90, è stato realizzato in protoJpo dalla società “Ponte di Archimede”. Il sistema prevede una turbina ad asse verJcale montata su un albero connesso ad un generatore ele]rico installato a bordo di una boa galleggiante in grado di fornire le necessarie cara]erisJche di tenuta al mare.

P = 12�V

3SCP

�t ⇠= 0.8

CP = 0.3

Cp = Coeff. Potenza (misura effic. conv. energica cineJca/meccanica)


Altezza della pala: H=6.2 m Raggio della turbina: R=3.1 m

- Kobold



Il sistema GEM, anche denominato “aquilone del mare”, consiste in una stru]ura galleggiante che supporta due turbine idrauliche, eventualmente intubate in alcune configurazioni, per incrementare l’efficienza della conversione energeJca. La stru]ura è collegata a]raverso un cavo di ormeggio ad un ancoraggio al fondo marino, cosJtuito anche da un semplice corpo morto. Il sistema può orientarsi autonomamente nella direzione della corrente, consentendo l’uJlizzo del sistema anche in regimi di correnJ alternanJ s

P = 12�V

3SCP

�t ⇠= 0.8Cp = Coeff. Potenza (misura effic. conv. energica cineJca/meccanica)


raggio delle turbine: R=1.54 m raggio del diffusore: 2.5 m lunghezza totale: 9 m larghezza totale: 9 m altezza totale: 6 m

CP = 0.75


- GEM


Il sistema Fri-‐El, sviluppato dalla FRi-‐El SpA, con la collaborazione dell’università di Napoli, è cosJtuito da una serie di turbine idrodinamiche ad asse orizzontale montate su un albero snodato, denominato filare, composto da una successione di tubi di opportuna lunghezza connessi tra loro mediante giunJ cardanici. Ciascun filare è connesso ad una generatore installato su un pontone galleggiante: ciò fornisce il vantaggio di evitare parJ ele]riche immerse.

P = 12�V

3SCP



numero di filari: 4 numero di turbine per filare: 3

CP = 0.316


- Fri-El


Il sistema Verdant Power Free Flow è cosJtuito essenzialmente da una singola turbina tripala ad asse orizzontale installata su una torre di supporto carenata e fissata al fondale. Il sistema è completamente sommerso, riducendo l’impa]o visivo e l’interferenza con altre avvità. La turbina è regolata a stallo ed è montata su una navicella in configurazione downstream. L’unità di produzione è fornita di un sistema di rotazione di imbardata che consente l’allineamento passivo alla corrente, consentendone il funzionamento in diverse direzioni di flusso.

P = 12�V

3SCP



Diametro 5m

CP = 0.336


- Verdant Power Free Flow


Power curve considered for the 5 -‐ 1 MW -‐ devices

Tidal energy assessment for the Strait of Messina Devices: technical assumption


!Tabella: Dimensioni caraaeris8che per il sistema MCT SeaGen


- SeaGen geometry details


Tabella: Dimensioni caraaeris8che per il sistema GEM


- GEM geometry details


Tabella: Dimensioni caraaeris8che per il sistema KOBOLD

!


- Kobold geometry details


Tabella: Dimensioni caraaeris8che per il sistema Fri-‐EL !


- Fri-EL geometry details


Tabella: Dimensioni caraaeris8che per il sistema Verdant Power !


- Verdant Power geometry details


Densità di installazione per i sistemi consideraJ di taglia 1 MW.


Devices: Installation density


Aree di installazione prescelte (blu) con indicazione dei siJ di misura e delle curve isobaJmetriche a -‐20 m e a -‐150 m. In figura sono evidenziate aree di potenziale interesse non uJlizzabili per limiJ di navigabilità (rosso) o per difficoltà connesse alla baJmetria (giallo).

Aree di installazione di ipoteJche fa]orie energeJche marine


Devices: Potential installation sites



- SeaGen potential energy production



- GEM potential energy production



- Fri-EL potential energy production



- Verdant Power potential energy production



- Kobold potential energy production


Sea energy assessment - Conclusions

u Numerical models, both for wave and currents, when implemented at high resolution, can be used to asses the sea energy potential.

u Within the Mediterranean basin, the Italian coasts are the most energetic in terms of wave potential.

u The most energetic regions along the Italian coast are the north-west and

south-west coast of Sardinia and the Sicily Channel.

u Tides in the Strait of Messina are potentially good to be extracted by means of already developed tidal devices

Documents

GianmariaSannino,A.Carillo,A. Bargagli,E. Caiaﬀa’ and wave energy...Cetraro 28/02/1999 05/04/2008 16630 21209 78.4 Ancona 10/03/1999 31/05/2006 10212 15812 64.6 Capo Comino 01/01/2004