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GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime Haitham Hassanieh Lixin Shi, Omid Abari, Ezz Hamed and Dina Katabi

GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

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Page 1: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime

Haitham Hassanieh

Lixin Shi, Omid Abari, Ezz Hamed and Dina Katabi

Page 2: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Spectrum Crisis• The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013• But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Seattle January 7, 2013(Microsoft Spectrum observatory)

Frequency (GHz)1.5 2 2.5 3 65.554.543.51

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Page 3: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Spectrum Crisis• The FCC predicts a spectrum crunch starting 2013• But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Seattle January 7, 2013(Microsoft Spectrum observatory)

Frequency (GHz)1.5 2 2.5 3 65.554.543.51

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Dynamic Spectrum AccessSense to find unused bands; Use them!How do you capture GHz of spectrum? 

Page 4: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Realtime GHz Spectrum Sensing is Difficult

• Today,  sequential scanning of tens of MHz Can easily miss radar signals

• Key Challenge: high‐speed ADCs

Tens of MHz ADCLow‐power 

High resolutionCheap

A Few GHz ADC10x more powerPoor resolution

Expensive

Page 5: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Idea: Leverage Sparsity

Sparse recovery show that one can acquire sparse signals using sub‐Nyquist sampling

Compressive Sensing however is difficult• Random sampling  Can’t use low‐speed ADCs

• Compute million‐point FFT  High power

Seattle January 7, 2013(Microsoft Spectrum observatory)

1.5 2 2.5 3 65.554.543.51

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Page 6: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Idea: Leverage Sparsity

Sparse FFTNo random sampling  Use a few low‐speed ADCsSub‐linear algorithm  Computes large FFT cheaply

Seattle January 7, 2013(Microsoft Spectrum observatory)

1.5 2 2.5 3 65.554.543.51

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Page 7: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Divide spectrum into a few buckets

Estimate the large coefficients in each non‐empty bucket

How Does Sparse FFT Work?

7

1‐ Bucketize

2‐ Estimate

Can ignore empty bucket

Page 8: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

How Does Sparse FFT Work?Bucketize Estimate

Page 9: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Bucketize Estimate

How Does Sparse FFT Work?

Sub‐sampling time  Aliasing the frequencies

9

Subsample1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 106

FFT

FFT

Time Frequency

1 2 3 4 5Alias

1 2 3 4 5

Page 10: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

How Does Sparse FFT Work?

Empty Bucket Isolated Freq. Estimate

Collision  Cannot Estimate

Bucketize Estimate

Page 11: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

How Does Sparse FFT Work?Bucketize Estimate

Bucketize multiple time using co‐prime sub‐sampling Same frequencies don’t collide in two bucketizations

Page 12: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

How Does Sparse FFT Work?Bucketize Estimate

Identify isolated freq. in one bucketization and subtract them from the other; and iterate …

Output Result:

Page 13: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

How Does Sparse FFT Work?Bucketize Estimate

Repeat bucketization after shifting the signal in time by a time shift

Freq‐Domain

Phase Rotation :

Time‐Domain

Page 14: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

BigBand: GHz Receiver for Sparse Signals

• Sub‐sample the data  Can use low‐speed ADCs• Very fast algorithm  Lower‐power consumption

• Used sparse FFT to build a GHz receiver from three tens of MHz ADCs

• Both senses and decodes the spectrum

Page 15: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Realtime GHz Spectrum SensingCambridge, MA January 15 2013

15

Page 16: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Realtime GHz Spectrum SensingCambridge, MA January 15 2013

16

3 ADCs with a combined digital Bandwidth of 150 MHz can acquire a GHz

Page 17: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Decoding Senders Randomly Hopping in a GHz

Number Transmitters

17

Page 18: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Decoding Senders Randomly Hopping in a GHz

Number Transmitters

18

SFFT enables realtime GHz sensing and decoding for low‐power portable devices

Page 19: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Differential BigBand

• Even if the spectrum is 100% occupied, changes in occupancy are sparse Apply sFFT to Changes/Diffs

• Can’t subtract signals; operate over power

• Realtime GHz sensing; but no decoding

But, what if the spectrum is not sparse?!

Page 20: GHz Spectrum Acquisition in Realtime - MIT CSAIL · 2014-05-18 · Spectrum Crisis • The FCC: spectrum crunch started in 2013 • But at any time, most of the spectrum is unused

Conclusion• BigBand provides GHz‐wide realtime spectrum sensing and decoding using sFFT

• Differential‐BigBand provides GHz sensing using sFFT

• Imagine multi‐GHz of unlicensed open spectrum operating with carrier sense (a la WiFi)