Getting Started Additional information. Important DOS Commands Getting Started dirlists disk directories verdisplays OS version clsclear command prompt

Getting Started

Additional information

Important DOS CommandsGetting Started

dir lists disk directories

ver displays OS version

cls clear command prompt screen

exit exit command prompt

msconfig system configuration console

chkdsk utility to check a disk

Chapter 1 adds (39 slides) CTEC 110 2

Command Line Interfaces

• DOS Prompt (No Longer Available)

• Command Prompt

• PowerShell

CTEC 110 3Chapter 1 adds (39 slides)

Getting to the Command Prompt…

• StartComputerC: driveWindowsSystem32cmd

• Close (X)

• Starttype: cmd

• Close (X)

• StartAll ProgramsAccessoriesright click Command Prompt

Run as AdministratorCTEC 110 4Chapter 1 adds (39 slides)

Controlling the Appearance

While in the window view we can . . . use Minimize button. use Maximize button. use Restore button. use Close button alter size of text. toggle between window and full-screen mode. (full-screen no longer available in Windows 7)


Overview of Files and Disks Figure Disks and Files

Chapter 1 adds (39 slides) 6CTEC 110

Introduction to Subdirectories—The Path

7Chapter 1 adds (39 slides) CTEC 110

Root directory:Created and named by OS when disk is

formatted Indicated by the backslash (\)

• Other subdirectories are created and named by the user

• Naming rules are the same as the rules for naming files



Long File Names

• LFN - Long filenames: Microsoft's way of implementing filenames longer than the 8.3 filename, or short-filename, in their FAT and NTFS file systems.

• Maximum length is considered to be 255 characters.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS

Path:Route followed by OS to locate, save,

and/or retrieve a fileSubdirectory nameAbsolute pathsRelative paths





The Default Drive and Default Directory

At the command prompt:C:\> (Indicates current drive “C”)P: (Sets P as current drive and..)

(Sets P-Drive as default drive)cd \BOOKS

(Sets \BOOKS as default directory

on the P-Drive)Chapter 1 adds (39 slides) CTEC 110 12

All languages have rules or conventions for

speaking and writing.

To communicate with computer at command line prompt:

Learn its language (commands) Follow its syntax (word order) Use correct punctuation Limit to 255 characters on input


Typical Command Syntax

Typical Command Syntax

• CommandName [d:][path]filename [/options]– Space after command name– Segment in “[“ “]” is optional– d stands for drive letter followed by a colon “:”– Path is where the file is located– filename is what is acted upon– options preceded by /


What Are Parameters?

Information to modify or qualify a command

Parameters can be: • Variable (%choice%)• Fixed (“constant”)


Command Line Editing

Reuse the last command keyed in without rekeying it:

<F1> - recalls one letter at a time <F3> - recalls entire command line - recalls one letter at a time - recalls entire command line








Graphical vs Command Line

• Not all tasks can be done in the command line can also be done in the GUI

• With the Graphical User Interface (GUI) you can select files at random (CTRL-Click) to be acted upon

• With the Command Line User Interface (CLI) we use wildcard characters to make selections of multiple files


Type of Files stored on disks

• Program files are considered binary files and are executable

• Data files are considered generally text files and are used by the programs for configuration or data store purposes


The DIR Command

• Displays the list of files and other directories

• Generally termed as the table of contents

DIR command syntax:

DIR [drive:] [path] [filename] [/A [[:] attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N] [/O[[:] sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/S] [/T[[:] timefield]] [/W] [/X] [4]


The VER Command

• Displays the current Windows OS version

VER command syntax:

VER


The CLS Command

• Clears the command prompt screen

CLS command syntax:

CLS


How to End the Work Session

You must always exit Windows properly and completely to avoid damaging the file systems

Type EXIT to terminate a Command Prompt Close any running programs

Logout or Shutdown the Operating System


Type “msconfig” at command prompt


The MSCONFIG Command

Why use MSCONFIG?

• It is used to troubleshoot the Microsoft Windows startup processes.

• Can disable or re-enable software, device drivers and Windows services that run at startup, or change boot parameters.


The CHKDSK Command

• Checks a disk and displays a status report

CHKDSK Command Syntax:

CHKDSK [volume[[path]filename]]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]] [/B]

volume Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon), mount point, or volume name. filename FAT/FAT32 only: Specifies the files to check for fragmentation. /F Fixes errors on the disk. /V On FAT/FAT32: Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk. On NTFS: Displays cleanup messages if any. /R Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information (implies /F).

--snip--


Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS

CHKDSK used to get information about a disk:

Free space available Bad spots File fragmentation Logical structure problems


CHKDSK command with FAT file system: Analyzes:

File Allocation Tables on disk Integrity of files

Traces chain of data for each file Gives statistical information



Some parameters valid only with . . . FAT file system. NTFS drives.

Need administrator privileges to run CHKDSK on hard disk.



For a FAT disk:Each file has an entry in directory table

FAT points to the next cluster if the file is longer than one cluster

Pointer chains all data together in a fileIf a chain is broken (lost pointer) then it

will end up with the lost clusters


Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems

Lost clusters: Occur when chain broken

(lost pointers) Marked as used in FAT Do not belong to specific file Cannot be retrieved Lose space on disk



Why lost clusters occur:

Program not exited properly Power failure or power surges



CHKDSK Examplez:chkdsk /r


For an NTFS disk: CHKDSK looks for orphaned files

Has entry in MFT (Master File Table) - but not listed in any directory

Similar to lost cluster in FAT file system



If lost or orphaned files occur, may not be able to boot back into Windows.

You Cannot use CHKDSK /F to repair disk errors when Windows is running.



With multiple hard drives CHKDSK can run on a hard drive that is not the default drive.

If ran on an active partition you may get a report of erroneous error messages.



/F - repairs logical errors.

/R - locates bad sectors and recovers readable information.

Using /R implies using /F as well



Be careful when running CHKDSK:Back up data filesLarge number of files can take a

long time to repair disk



END of Addition Information

HOMEWORK

Lab 1We will go through the first Activity “A” together.

This will demonstrate how to take a snapshot!

DOS Quiz 1


Documents

Getting Started Additional information. Important DOS Commands Getting Started dirlists disk directories verdisplays OS version clsclear command prompt