Lesson 1

Work for and with the EU

The European Union

1. Write the words in the gaps from the box

(Europe, Conflict, Abolition, Parliament, Continent, Economic, Human Rights, National )

The EU is a unique _______________ and political partnership between 28 countries that together cover much of the continent.

It was created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The idea was that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so more likely to avoid _______________.

Since then, the EU has developed into a huge single market with the Euro as its main currency.

In addition to economic ties, the EU now also focuses on development aid, environmental issues, _______________ and ensuring transparent (open and honest) democracy exists amongst its members.

Thanks to the _______________ of boarder controls between EU countries, people can travel freely throughout most of the _______________. And its also become much easier to live and work abroad in _______________.

More powers are being given to the directly elected European _______________, while _______________ parliaments are being given a greater role, working alongside the European institutions. In turn, European citizens have an ever-increasing number of channels for taking part in the political processes.

2. Write in people or country, and decide whether the given fact is a right or responsibility

Fact

Right or Responsibility

__________ can travel freely between countries in the EU

__________ must show that they treat their people fairly, respect their human rights and allow them to vote in elections

__________ can live, study, work and retire in any EU member state

__________ may have to make changes to their lives so that they don't clash with the laws of the EU

__________ can vote and stand in European elections

A __________ must show that their economics are properly run. That means the government is sensible about the amount of money it spends and does not interfere too much in the way people do business

3. Decide which fact is an advantage to the EU and which is a disadvantage

Poor counties can be helped to develop and to grow their industries to provide more jobs and money

Allowing people to move freely between EU countries is dangerous

The EU makes laws on things that should be made by the parliament of individual countries (For example, health, education, law, tax). Each country should be able to respond freely to its own needs

A group of 28 countries has a stronger voice on the international stage, then 28 individual countries. This means that the interests of these countries are better represented

Some issues, such as the environment, terrorism and employment, need international agreements, e.g. abusing the environment in Spain can harm other European countries' climate; terrorists in countries can be dangerous. It is in our interest to work together on such issues

The EU has a lot of power but only a third of the Hungarian population vote in the EU elections because a lot of Hungarian people dont understand the EU or care about it. This means that the majority of Hungarian peoples views are not considered by the EU

EU citizen's can work in, study in an move freely between member countries

The EU costs a lot of money. Around 40 million each day

EU countries can sell things to each other more cheaply because tariffs (import taxes) do not apply. This helps businesses grow and helps countries to provide employment opportunities

The bigger countries in the EU have a bigger say than the smaller ones. For example, Britain's views get listened to more than Latvia

The EU makes it very unlikely that European countries will go to war with each other because they are economically interdependent on one another

Politicians from other countries shouldnt be able to vote on laws that affect this country (Sovereignty)

4. What do you think this cartoon wants to express?

http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/3537/are-eu-officials-overpaid-and-over-privileged

5. Read the excerpt and answer the questions

Work for the EU

The EU institutions employ over 40 000 men and women from the 28 EU member countries. The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) organises 'open competitions' to select personnel for permanent and non permanent positions. Besides permanent staff, the EU also employs contractual agents and temporary staff, offers traineeships and maintains databases of area experts.

The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) is the first port of call for anyone wanting to work for the EU. Its website explains the selection process and gives advice on preparing for competitions.

Recruitment of permanent staff

EPSO organises 'open competitions' to select permanent staff. Competitions measure candidates' skills through a series of tests and assessments, ensuring the very best people are selected. Each year there are competitions for administrators, linguists, interpreters, translators, secretaries and other staff categories.

EPSO recruits staff for all the EU institutions:

European Commission based in Brussels (Belgium) and Luxembourg. The Commission is the largest employer among the EU institutions, with staff in Europe and offices around the world. A number of specialised posts are available, for example for people with a background in science, languages or statistics/economics.

European Parliament based in Brussels, Luxembourg and Strasbourg (France)

Council of the EU based in Brussels

European Court of Justice based in Luxembourg

Court of Auditors based in Luxembourg

European Economic and Social Committee based in Brussels

Committee of the Regions based in Brussels

European Ombudsman based in Strasbourg

European Data Protection Supervisor based in Brussels.

Whichever institution you are interested in, the selection procedure and type of contract are the same.

Permanent officials are divided into administrators and assistants.

1) What means is used to select personnel for EU institutions?

2) What is the process of the open competition?

3) How is EPSO recruitment limited considering EU institutions?

6. Match the positions (permanent and non permanent) to the requirements and/or tasks

Position

Requirements/tasks

Administrators (AD)

normally public-sector employees in their home country, employed for a fixed period to an EU institution to share their expertise and learn about EU policies and procedures; they are selected through a specific procedure, which does not involve EPSO

Assistants (AST)

are recruited for specialised or ad hoc tasks with contracts of up to six years; vacancies can be found on EPSO's website and on the websites of individual institutions and agencies

Contract staff

for up to six months mainly for secretarial work; in this case recruitment is done by temping agencies

Temporary staff

hired for specific manual or administrative tasks; generally for a limited period usually starting with 6-12 months

Interim staff

for three to five months; known as stagiaires, they can be students, university graduates or linguists, and are given tasks similar to those of lower-grade administrators; selection is organised by the institutions (not by EPSO)

Traineeships

work in supporting roles and are crucial for the internal management of the institutions; you must have completed (at least) secondary school

Contracting services

involved in drafting policies and monitoring the implementation of EU law, analysing and advising; you must have completed (at least) three years of university

Seconded national experts (SNEs)

the EU maintains databases with the names and qualifications of independent experts who can assist the institutions and agencies in specific areas; they create and maintain their own password-protected profile with information on work experience, education and skills; these databases are maintained by individual institutions and agencies (not EPSO); the Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS), for example, hosts a database of experts working under the 7th Framework Programme for EU research

EU experts

for specific tasks (maintenance, canteens, etc.), staff are recruited via outside contractors selected through open tender procedures

7. Choose one of the four options in each case

Sample situational judgment questions (AD/AST 3)

https://europa.eu/epso/application/passport/quiz.cfm?lang=EN&comp_id=1&quizid=4&f_sub=+OK+

Xplora is a new gateway to science education in Europe. Its aim is to stimulate science education to attract more young people. Teachers will find a wealth of information and resources for primary and secondary education. The section "Megalab" presents experiments and practical, innovative science projects. Studying the stars or plants, conducting experiments on wind energy or hydrogen cells, ... Thanks to Xplora, pupils can now take part in experiments that would not be feasible at school! Xplora also provides teachers, and experts from all comers of Europe with a forum where they can talk to each other on-line, find tools for setting up on-line communities and instructions on free software for science teaching.

[#1] What is Xplora?

An internet portal designed to promote science learning in Europe.

A free software enabling pupils to conduct experiments outside school.

A scientific community bringing together European experts.

An information centre set up for young people wishing to obtain information on scientific careers.

The European Aviation Security Agency (EASA) was set up in September 2002 to promote a uniformly high level of safety and environmental protection in the field of civil aviation. The Community has powers in the areas of airworthiness and the environmental compatibility of aircraft products, parts and equipment. The EASA is putting in place a surveillance system to monitor the application of Community legislation, evaluate its impact and make any useful suggestions in this area. The EASA is involved in the certification of certain products for bodies, in third countries; the national administrations issue individual certificates and accreditation for most of the bodies on their national territory, on the basis of common rules under the control of the EASA.

[#2] In which field does the Community have powers?

In monitoring the compatibility of aircraft equipment with the environmental standards.

In granting approval to the national bodies in European countries.

In issuing individual certificates to bodies in third countries.

In drafting Community environmental standards.

By today, all EU Member States should have transposed into their national legislation an EU Directive setting more ambitious recycling and recovery targets for packaging waste. This type of waste includes packaging made from paper, glass, metals, plastics and wood. The new Directive updates and strengthens an earlier Directive from 1994. It aims to further reduce the negative environmental impact of landfilling and incinerating packaging waste and the production of virgin materials. The new recycling targets are a further step on Europe's way towards a more sustainable society. They strengthen the recycling industry. They also enable consumers to actively participate in recycling schemes and to show their commitment to more responsible management of packaging waste.

[#3] Which of the following is a feature of the new Directive?

It bans landfilling and incinerating packaging waste.

It is a counter-measure to the waste-management model of 1994.

It proposes new steps to tackle the problem of waste recycling.

It gives a precise definition of sustainable development.

Xplora is a new gateway to science education in Europe. Its aim is to stimulate science education to attract more young people. Teachers will find a wealth of information and resources for primary and secondary education. The section "Megalab" presents experiments and practical, innovative science projects. Studying the stars or plants, conducting experiments on wind energy or hydrogen cells, ... Thanks to Xplora, pupils can now take part in experiments that would not be feasible at school! Xplora also provides teachers, and experts from all comers of Europe with a forum where they can talk to each other on-line, find tools for setting up on-line communities and instructions on free software for science teaching.

[#4] Which statement is correct?

Xplora was set up to enable scientific research to be developed.

Xplora makes it possible to teach science only outside school.

Xplora provides science-teaching software free of charge.

Xplora provides a virtual meeting place where teachers can interact.

The European Aviation Security Agency (EASA) was set up in September 2002 to promote a uniformly high level of safety and environmental protection in the field of civil aviation. The Community has powers in the areas of airworthiness and the environmental compatibility of aircraft products, parts and equipment. The EASA is putting in place a surveillance system to monitor the application of Community legislation, evaluate its impact and make any useful suggestions in this area. The EASA is involved in the certification of certain products for bodies, in third countries; the national administrations issue individual certificates and accreditation for most of the bodies on their national territory, on the basis of common rules under the control of the EASA.

[#5] Which is one of the EASA's basic missions?

Monitoring the application of Community legislation in the field of air safety.

Ensuring the application of European air traffic legislation.

Coordinating the issuing of pilot licences in civil aviation.

Developing new navigation systems compatible with the safety standards.

The European Commission has authorised the proposed acquisition of the Italian electricity company Edison by the French company EDF and the Dutch company AEM. Following an examination, the Commission concluded that the transaction would not significantly impede effective competition in the common market. The Commission found that the proposed concentration did not raise any competition problems. However, it will continue to monitor the competitive dynamics of the Italian electricity markets, where prices are among the highest in Europe. Edison is the second-largest electricity producer in Italy. However, its position on the Italian electricity markets is quite small compared to that of the more established operator ENEL, which still controls a large part of the generation capacity and, most of the time, is in a position to set the electricity price on the Italian Power Exchange.

[#6] Why did the Commission authorise the proposed acquisition?

To solve the problems of concentration facing Italy.

To enable the Italians to have a new electricity producer.

Because the Italian energy market is controlled by the state.

Because this acquisition does not affect open competition in Italy or Europe.

After serious accidents in Romania and Spain, the European Union decided that a specific Directive was needed to regulate the management and storage of mining waste. Old installations, where the sites are now closed, represent a real danger. Where necessary, rehabilitation work should be carried out within four years at the waste producers' expense. This point is particularly important for the new central European Member States, where many mining companies have long neglected safety standards. In future, every time a mining site starts up, a financial guarantee will have to be lodged and regularly adjusted to ensure that requirements are met during and after use of the site, for the rehabilitation, not just of the site itself, but also all the land directly affected.

[#7] Why is a Directive necessary?

More and more sites are closing their doors.

Accidents are becoming more and more frequent and more and more serious.

Most European mining sites represent a major hazard.

A number of accidents have highlighted the hazards involved in the management and storage of mining waste.

The European Commission has authorised the proposed acquisition of the Italian electricity company Edison by the French company EDF and the Dutch company AEM. Following an examination, the Commission concluded that the transaction would not significantly impede effective competition in the common market. The Commission found that the proposed concentration did not raise any competition problems. However, it will continue to monitor the competitive dynamics of the Italian electricity markets, where prices are among the highest in Europe. Edison is the second-largest electricity producer in Italy. However, its position on the Italian electricity markets is quite small compared to that of the more established operator ENEL, which still controls a large part of the generation capacity and, most of the time, is in a position to set the electricity price on the Italian Power Exchange.

[#8] What is the current situation on the energy market in Italy?

One electricity producer has a monopoly of electricity sales.

Italian prices are the highest in the European Union.

Italian electricity producers are too highly concentrated.

The price of electricity depends mainly on one producer.

The new face of European small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) at the Commission will be the Estonian Maive Rute, appointed spokeswoman on 13 June 2005. She will defend the interests of a sector representing 25 million businesses and 75 million jobs. "Supporting the [...] SMEs, boosting their energy and creativity are the key to achieving more growth and jobs in the EU," Mrs Rute said. The Commission's main concern is: how can we help SMEs to employ more people? Community actions have been launched to promote the sector and simplify its administrative environment. The Entrepreneurship Action Plan and the European Charter for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises contribute to this positive impetus.

[#9] What does the Commission want to do?

Give financial assistance to the most creative SMEs.

Double the number of SMEs so as to develop employment in European countries.

Increase the employment rate in SMEs.

Promote the development of those SMEs employing the most persons.

After serious accidents in Romania and Spain, the European Union decided that a specific Directive was needed to regulate the management and storage of mining waste. Old installations, where the sites are now closed, represent a real danger. Where necessary, rehabilitation work should be carried out within four years at the waste producers' expense. This point is particularly important for the new central European Member States, where many mining companies have long neglected safety standards. In future, every time a mining site starts up, a financial guarantee will have to be lodged and regularly adjusted to ensure that requirements are met during and after use of the site, for the rehabilitation, not just of the site itself, but also all the land directly affected.

[#10] What can we deduce from the text?

Spain has long neglected the safety standards for mining waste.

At present Europe does not have any rules on environmental management.

The risk of accidents is greater on some mining sites in central Europe.

The two-fold increase in the number of accidents over the last few years has prompted the European Union to legislate.

Lesson 2

EU Citizenship

1. How would you interpret the slogan of the European Year of Citizens 2013?

The better the men and women of Europe understand their rights as EU citizens, the more informed the decisions they can take in their personal lives, and the more vibrant democratic life in Europe can be at all levels.

2. Fill in the box with appropriate words

3. Collect a list of the characteristics of a good and bad citizen. Put them in the correct order according to your judgment. Award yourself a mark out of five for each characteristic.

order

characteristics: good citizen

characteristics: bad citizen

1

2

3

4

5

4. List three of your rights and obligations as a Hungarian and as an EU citizen

All nationals of an European Union member country are automatically citizens of the EU. EU citizenship complements national citizenship and gives you some important additional rights.

Your EU citizenship rights

With a valid passport or identity card, EU citizens can live in another EU country for up to 3 months.

Your rights as an EU citizen are spelled out in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Article 20) and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights (Chapter V). You can find more information about your rights in Your Europe and Europe Direct.

5. Fill in the gaps with the words or phrases from the box

(subject to; stand as candidate; rights shall be exercised; established; Treaty languages; diplomatic and consular authorities; shall be additional; third country; to petition; move and reside)

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Article 20

(ex Article 17 TEC)

1. Citizenship of the Union is hereby _______________. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union _______________ to and not replace national citizenship.

2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights and be _______________ the duties provided for in the Treaties. They shall have, inter alia:

(a) the right to _______________ freely within the territory of the Member States;

(b) the right to vote and to _______________ in elections to the European Parliament and in municipal elections in their Member State of residence, under the same conditions as nationals of that State;

(c) the right to enjoy, in the territory of a _______________ in which the Member State of which they are nationals is not represented, the protection of the _______________ of any Member State on the same conditions as the nationals of that State;

(d) the right _______________ the European Parliament, to apply to the European Ombudsman, and to address the institutions and advisory bodies of the Union in any of the _______________ and to obtain a reply in the same language.

These _______________ in accordance with the conditions and limits defined by the Treaties and by the measures adopted thereunder.

6. Put the points under the right headings

1) Manage your initiative Your initiative is already registered? Access your organiser account

2) Open initiatives Initiatives open for signatures

3) Point of contact Still got questions?

4) Prepare your online collection system You wish to collect online? Find out more on how you should build your system, the software developed by the Commission and the Commission's offer to host the systems.

5) Basic facts What you need to know about the citizens' initiative

6) Obsolete initiatives Initiatives which did not gather enough support or which have been withdrawn

7) Can your idea be a citizens' initiative? Find out if your idea falls within the Commission's powers

8) The procedure step by step Detailed explanations on the rules governing the citizens' initiative

9) Search Search tool to help you find initiatives that interest you

10) Closed initiatives Initiatives for which the collection period is over, including those that have received an answer from the Commission

11) Refused requests for registration Proposed initiatives which did not comply with the conditions for registration

12) How to sign up to an initiative? Want to give your support? Find out how

13) FAQ Frequently asked questions

14) Register your initiative Are you ready to launch your initiative? Access the registration form

The European citizens' initiative allows one million EU citizens to participate directly in the development of EU policies, by calling on the European Commission to make a legislative proposal.

Lesson 3

Competition, fair market conduct

The EU's rules on competition are designed to ensure fair and equal conditions for businesses, while leaving space for innovation, unified standards, and the development of small businesses.

1. (Benefits in practice The large may not exploit the small Competition must be fair Exceptions No props for lame ducks )Match the rules to the headings

1)

Under EU rules, businesses may not:

fix prices or carve up markets amongst themselves

abuse a dominant position in a particular market to squeeze out smaller competitors

merge if that would put them in a position to control the market.

The Commission may agree to a company having a monopoly in special circumstances for example where costly infrastructure is involved (natural monopolies) or where it is important to guarantee a public service. However:

monopoly companies must be able to demonstrate that they treat other companies fairly

natural monopolies must make their infrastructure available to all users

profits from providing a public service may not be used to subsidise commercial operations, potentially undercutting competitors' prices.

2)

In doing business with smaller firms, large firms may not use their bargaining power to impose conditions which would make it difficult for their suppliers or customers to do business with their competitors. The Commission can (and does) fine companies for this practice.

EU investigations into anti-competitive practices cover not only goods but also the liberal professions and services, including financial services, such as retail banking and credit cards.

3)

The Commission also monitors how much assistance EU governments give to businesses (state aid), for example:

1. loans and grants

2. tax breaks

3. goods and services provided at preferential rates

4. government guarantees which enhance the credit rating of a company compared to its competitors.

Under no circumstances may governments provide any form of aid to ailing businesses that have no hope of becoming economically viable.

4)

Some exceptions to the general rules are possible:

1. companies may be allowed to cooperate in developing a single technical standard for the market as a whole

2. smaller companies may be allowed to cooperate if this strengthens their ability to compete with larger ones

3. governments may be allowed to grant aid if there is a real chance that a business in difficulty (or a new venture) can eventually become profitable - if it is in the interests of the EU (e.g. by preserving or creating jobs).

5)

One of the European Commission's highest profile competition cases involved the US computer giant, Microsoft. The Commission fined Microsoft for its practice of bundling various types of software together in a single package. It decided that Microsoft had been unfair to consumers by depriving them of choice, keeping prices artificially high and stifling innovation in the software industry.

In the car industry, the Commission has also intervened to bring greater transparency in pricing, resulting in substantially smaller differences in pre-tax prices across the EU.

2. Explain what the following idea means to you

Europe must regain trust in its ability to invent, to undertake new ventures, to innovate and to grow. For this reason, Europe should put at the centre of the stage the real economy and industry, its strength (Antonio Tajani, European Commission Vice-President, Industry and Entrepreneurship)

3. How do you think the following institutions and principles help establish and run small businesses?

4. How much do you agree or disagree with the cartoon below? Give reasons

(http://www.europeanmovement.ie/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/130308-Eoin-Kelleher-Opinion.jpg)

Lesson 4

Regional policy

1. What problems can you think of when reading the following sentences and what solution do you think the EU provides?

The EU may be one of the richest parts of the world, but there are large differences in prosperity levels both between countries and inside individual countries. The wealthiest country, Luxembourg, is more than seven times richer than Romania and Bulgaria, the poorest and newest EU members.

However, the dynamic effects of EU membership, coupled with a vigorous and targeted investment policy, can bring results.

2. (The causes of inequalityAvailable fundingSolidarity and cohesionCreating growth and jobs)Match the headings to the appropriate paragraphs

1)

EU regional policy aims to:

help each region achieve its full potential

improve competitiveness and employment by investing at regional level in areas of high growth potential, with an added value for the EU as a whole

bring living standards in the countries that have joined the EU since 2004 up to the EU average as quickly as possible.

2)

Regional inequalities can be due to many factors, including:

longstanding handicaps imposed by geographic remoteness or sparse population

more recent social and economic change

the legacy of formerly centrally-planned economic systems

combinations of these and other things.

The impact of these disadvantages is frequently evident in:

social deprivation

poor-quality schools

higher levels of unemployment

inadequate infrastructure.

3)

The idea is for regional policy to dove-tail with the EUs agenda to promote growth and jobs by:

making countries and regions more attractive for investments by improving accessibility, providing quality services (such as high-speed internet) and preserving environmental potential

encouraging innovation, entrepreneurship and the knowledge economy, pushing regions to capitalise on their strengths and make a more effective and better combined use of European national and regional public funds, developing 'smart specialisation' strategies for growth

creating more and better jobs by attracting more people into employment, reversing the brain-drain, improving workers adaptability and increasing investment in human capital.

4)

Regional spending for 2007-13 accounts for over one-third of the EU budget some 347 billion.

Depending on what is being funded, and in which country or region, the money comes from three different sources:

European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) general infrastructure, innovation, and investments

European Social Fund (ESF) vocational training projects, other kinds of employment assistance, and job-creation programmes.

Cohesion Fund environmental and transport infrastructure projects and the development of renewable energy. This funding is for 15 countries whose economic outputs are less than 90% of the EU average (13 newest EU members plus Portugal, Greece and Spain).

3. Put the paragraphs of the excerpt from the Letter of invitation to the tender in the right order

Unit E1 Forward Planning, Studies and Academic Networks

The Head of Unit

Letter of invitation to tender Multiple Framework Service contract

Subject: CDR/DE/56/2013: Education, Youth, Culture and Research

Open Procedure

Dear Sir/Madam,

1) The period of validity of the tender, during which tenderers may not modify the terms of their tenders in any respect, is nine months from the final date for submission.

2) The Committee of the Regions (hereafter the Committee) is planning to award the public contract referred to above. Please find enclosed the related tender specification listing all the documents that must be produced in order to submit a tender and the draft contract.

3) If you are interested in this contract, you should submit a tender in triplicate in one of the official languages of the European Union.

4) Tenders must be:

signed by the tenderer or his duly authorised representative,

perfectly legible so that there can be no doubt as to words and figures;

drawn up, where indicated, using the model reply forms included in the specifications.

5) Tenderers shall submit tenders by letter:

i. Either by post or by courier no later than 17 September 2013, in which case the evidence of the date of dispatch shall be constituted by the postmark or the date of the deposit slip, to the following address:

Invitation to tender Reg.: CDR/DE/56/2013

Committee of the Regions

Directorate for Horizontal Policies and Networks

Unit for Forward Planning, Studies and Academic Networks

(Office VMA 6/34)

Rue Belliard/Belliardstraat 101

1040 Bruxelles/Brussel

Belgique/Belgie

ii. Or delivered by hand no later than 4 p.m. on 17 September 2013 to the following address:

Committee of the Regions

Directorate for Horizontal Policies and Networks

Unit for Forward Planning, Studies and Academic Networks

(Office VMA 6/34)

Rue Belliard/Belliardstraat 101

1040 Bruxelles/Brussel

Belgique/Belgie

In this case, a receipt must be obtained as proof of submission, signed and dated by a member of staff from the central reception who took delivery. The department is open from 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. from Monday to Thursday and from 8.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Friday. It is closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Committee holidays.

Useful links:

http://europa.eu/epso/discover/index_en.htm

http://europa.eu/pol/cit/index_en.htm

http://europa.eu/pol/socio/index_en.htm

http://europa.eu/pol/emu/index_en.htm

http://europa.eu/pol/index_en.htm

About the citizens initiatives

Find an initiative

Launch an initiative

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

1)

2)

3)

4)

Small Business Act

'Think small first' principle

Facilitating SME's access to finance

-

'Missions for growth'

doing business outside the EU

-

-

citizen

nationality

adjective expressing appreciation/high rank

adjective expressing average characteristics

adjective expressing positive characteristics

Hungarian

rights:

obligations:

EU

rights:

obligations:

1