Upload
lamdieu
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Review Process
• Over 500 papers on gesture
• Review focused on:– Purpose of gesture– Gesture and learning– Gesture in science
and math education
Gestures
• What is a gesture?
• Roth, 2001:– Must begin from, and end in, a
state of rest– Must have some sort of “peak” – Must have beginning and end– Often symmetrical
Classification of Gestures
Iconics: gestures attempt to match speech
Metaphorics: describing abstract things
Beats: speech punctuation
Abstract Points: highlighting objects, things
Iconic: gestures that are representational
Deictic: gestures that are not representational
Gesture as Communication
• Through the lens of education research, gestures are viewed as communication
• Of interest: How gesture relates to language
Who benefits from gesture?
• Evidence that gestures help the recipient understand the communicator
• Evidence that gestures aid the communicator in understanding herself
• Lozano & Tversky, 2006:– Both are probably correct
Gestures help people learn.
• Observation of gestures aids in student understanding
– Spoken language, combined with gesture use, shows significant improvement
– Depending on lesson, gestures alone can be just as effective as speech
How do gestures help?
• Attention grabbing
• Repetition
• Separate mode of language
• Conceptual mapping
• Indexing of physical world
• Lighten cognitive load
Gestures are part of our language.
• McNeill & Levy, 1992 and 1993
• Gestures are tied to our processing of language – communicative dynamism
• Gestures are processed along with speech, notas compliment to it
Gestures help us index.
• Valenzeno, Alibali, & Klatzky, 2003
• As we learn new vocabulary, we will index words with visual or multimodal reference
• With more abstract things, gestures can help
Gestures lighten our cognitive load.
• Ping and Goldin-Meadow, 2010
• Gestures can ease working memory by linking words to real objects
• Basically, can help us do / learn two things at once
Gesture in Math and Science
• Roth, 2001:• Gesture use is primarily helpful in learning
math and science as they “typically deal with abstract matters.”
Deictic Gestures in Math
• Lots of pointing
• When deictic gestures were used in basic algebraic equations, performance improved 30%
Iconic Gestures in Math
• When adding, students and teachers will sometimes “stack” numbers
• When dividing, using fractions, students will “slice”
Deictic Gestures in Science
• Pointing to specimens, diagrams
• Helps brain index objects before a proper name is learned
Iconic Gestures in Science
• Tend to reference real objects, real events
• Can help develop an advanced spatial understanding of phenomena
Where we stand:
• Very little that is contradictory
• There have a been a number of studies, but by a fairly limited group of authors
• Going Forward:– Standardization?– Other grade levels?– Other, unintended effects on the learning
process?
ReferencesAlibali, M., Flevares, L. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1997). Assessing knowledge conveyed in gesture: do teachers have the upper hand?. Journal Of Educational Psychology, 89183-193.
Alibali, M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1993). Gesture-speech mismatch and mechanisms of learning: what the hands reveal about a child's state of mind. Cognitive Psychology, 25468-523.
Alibali, M., Kita, S., & Young, A. (2000). Gesture and the process of speech production: we think, therefore we gesture. Language & Cognitive Processes, 15(6), 593-613.
Alibali, M.W., & Nathan, M.J. (2009). Teachers' Gestures as a Means of Scaffolding Students' Understanding: Evidence from an Early Algebra Lesson. In R. Goldman, R. Pea, B. Barron, and S. J. Derry (Eds.), Video Research in the Learning Sciences (pp 349–365). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
ReferencesChurch, R., Ayman-Nolley, S., & Mahootian, S. (2004). The Role of Gesture in Bilingual Education: Does Gesture Enhance Learning?. International Journal Of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism, 7(4), 303-319.
Cook, S., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2006). The Role of Gesture in Learning: Do Children Use Their Hands to Change Their Minds?. Journal Of Cognition & Development, 7(2), 211-232. doi: 10.1207/s15327647jcd0702_4
Corballis, M. C. (1999). The Gestural Origins of Language. American Scientist, 87(2), 138.
Crowder, E. M. (1996). Gestures at work in sense-making science talk. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 5, 175-208.
Crowder, E. M., & Newman, D. (1993). Telling What They Know: The Role of Gesture and Language in Children's Science Explanations. Pragmatics & Cognition, 1(2), 341-376. doi: 10.1075/pc.1.2.06cro
ReferencesEdwards, L. D. (2008). Gestures and conceptual integration in mathematical talk. Educational Studies In Mathematics, 70(2), 127-141.
Edwards, L., Radford, L., & Arzarello, F. (2009). Gestures and multimodality in the construction of mathematical meaning {Special Issue}. Educational Studies of Mathematics, 70(2).
Garber, P., Alibali, M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1998). Knowledge conveyed in gesture is not tied to the hands. Child Development, 69(1), 75-84.
Goldin-Meadow, S., Alibali, M., & Church, R. (1993). Transitions in concept acquisition: using the hand to read the mind. Psychological Review, 100279-297.
ReferencesGoldin-Meadow, S., Kim, S., & Singer, M. (1999). What the teacher's hands tell the student's mind about math. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 720-730.
Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, S. D., & Wagner, S. (2001). Explaining Math: Gesturing Lightens the Load. Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 12(6), 516.
Hostetter, A. B., Bieda, K., Alibali, A. W., Nathan, M. J., & Knuth, E. J. (2006). Don’t just tell them, show them! Teachers can intentionally alter their instructional gestures. In R. Sun & N. Miyake (Eds.) Proceedings of The 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1523-1528). MahWah, NJ: Erlbaum
Kastens, K. (2008). Research in science education: The role of gestures in geoscience teaching and learning. Journal of Geoscience Education, 56(4), 362-368.
Kendon, A. (1997). Gesture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26, 109–128.
ReferencesKita, S. & Essegbey, J. (2001). How a taboo on the use of the use of the left hand influences gestural practice. Gesture, 1(1), 73-95.
Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., & Chawla, P. (1996). Nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication: What do conversational hand gestures tell us? In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (389-450). Tampa: Academic Press.
Levy, E. T., & McNeill, D. (1992). Speech, Gesture, and Discourse. Discourse Processes, 15(3), 277.
Lozano, S. C., & Tversky, B. (2006). Communicative gestures facilitate problem solving for both communicators and recipients. Journal Of Memory & Language, 55(1), 47-63.
McNeil, N. M., Alibali, M. W., & Evans, J. L. (2000). The role of gesture in children's comprehension of spoken language: now they need it, now they don't. Journal Of Nonverbal Behavior, 24(2), 131-150.
ReferencesMcNeill, D., & Levy, E. T. (1993). Cohesion and Gesture. Discourse Processes, 16(4), 363.
McNeill, D. & Pedelty, L. L. (1995). Right brain and gesture. In Emmorey, K. & Reilly, J. S. (Eds.) Language, gesture, and space. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Melinger, A., & Levelt, W. M. (2004). Gesture and the communicative intention of the speaker. Gesture,4(2), 119-141.
Nathan, M. J., & Alibali, M. W. (2011). How Gesture Use Enables Intersubjectivity in the Classroom. In G. Stam, M. Ishino (Eds.) , Integrating Gestures: The Interdisciplinary Nature of Gesture (pp. 257-265). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Benjamins.
Paichi Pat, S. (2012). Seeing With Two Eyes: A Teacher's Use of Gestures in Questioning and Revoicing to Engage English Language Learners in the Repair of Mathematical Errors. Journal For Research In Mathematics Education, 43(2), 182-222.
ReferencesPing, R., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2010). Gesturing Saves Cognitive Resources When Talking About Nonpresent Objects. Cognitive Science, 34(4), 602-619. doi:10.1111/j. 1551-6709.2010.01102.x
Roth, W. (1996). Thinking with Hands, Eyes, and Signs: MultiModalScience Talk in a Grade 6/7 Unit on Simple Machines. Interactive Learning Environments, 4(2), 170-87.
Roth, W. (1996). The Co-evolution of Situated Language and Physics Knowing. Journal Of Science Education And Technology, 5(3), 171-91.
Roth, W. (2001). Gestures: Their role in teaching and learning. Review of Educational Research, 71(3), 365-392.
Roth, W., & Welzel, M. (2001). From activity to gestures and scientific language. Journal Of Research In Science Teaching, 38(1), 103-136.
ReferencesSassenberg, U., & Van Der Meer, E. (2010). Do we really gesture more when it is more difficult?. Cognitive Science, 34(4), 643-664. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01101.x
Singer, M. A., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Children Learn When Their Teacher's Gestures and Speech Differ. Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 16(2), 85-89. doi:10.1111/j. 0956-7976.2005.00786.x
Valenzeno, L., Alibali, M. W., & Klatzky, R. (2003). Teachers' gestures facilitate students' learning: A lesson in symmetry. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28(2), 187-204.
Williams, R. F. (2008). Gesture as a Conceptual Mapping Tool. In A. Cienki, C. Muller (Eds.) , Metaphor and Gesture (pp. 55-92). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Benjamins.