S-ins CCCCXXI V-hto(*l) to wait, as in Syriac and Chaldee, prob. from the

ideaofgoinground ; comp.^n No. 7,and ^njJob 36 : a.Hifhil— (1) i. q. Piel No. 1, in a hostile sense,

Hab. 1 .4; but in a good sense, Psa. 142:8, followed

byf(2; to put on as a crown, to crown oneself

with anything (see "IHJ). Prov. 14:18, Crtpr©

run WW! " the prudent are crowned with know-ledge." '

Hence n^rte, and

—

*T£D m. the diadem of a Persian king, Est. 6:8;of a queen, Est. l:ll; 2:17; Gr. *p-»(©&rt4en), tee (JCn6*el)f ^?| (Jtnd^(fan, cup of a flower). «*

? before monosyllables and barytone dissyllables S

?, as 3"^, n*£ (comp. Lgb. 628), with suff. $ ; "£, PO^ Lin pause lfc; 6, nj>; U^ DD$>, $. Dr6 poet. '^C!!& )r6 (Arab. J, iEth. A, Syr. i>), a prefixed pre-

position, abbreviated from ?K, to which it is, to aconsiderable extent, synonymous ; but with this dif-ference, that ?$ is more frequently used m a propel

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CCCCXXII

and physical sense; 7 in those which are figurative

and metaphysical.

(A) it denotes prop, motion, or at least direction,

and turning towards something.

(1) to, towards, unto; Germ, nadv an (etwo«)

htn, ittt gen; Gr. «c. *y>oc with ace; hence 3"}iJ fol-

lowed by /$ and p to draw near to some one, / NVO

to attain to anything, W3 followed by ?$ and ? Isa.60:4, 5, 13; ( ^9? to sin against any one; very fre-

quently used of the turning of the heart or mind to

something, as f fS?n to be well disposed towards any

one, ? nan^ njp to wait for any one (barren/ auf jem.);

also after verbs of listening (see P?i$, S^n), de-siring (see n?3), good will (Ex. 20:6), etc.

(2) to, even to; fully 7 T5, as nj^fe? even to

satiety, Eze. 39: 19. ?—'*3 ProP* interval...even to,

i. e. between this and that, (page cxiv, B). IB...? of

a twofold limit, «t>en *o...and even to, Neh. 3:15.

Metaph. into, used ofsomething passing into another

condition, as though changed, transformed into some-

thing, Gen. 2:22; Job 17:12; Lam. 5 : 15 ; Joel 3:4.2 Sa. 5:3, " and they anointed David T79? (into) a

king;" also, ? nJ9 to become (to be changed) into

something, gu ctu>a* roerben. Gen. 2:7, CJJjn W1njn K^QJ7 "and man became a living soul" (comp.njn No. 2, a); and without the verb substantive, Job

13:12, D5 %3I "TC?n%33? "your bulwarks (are be-

come) bulwarks of clay." Lam. 4:3, "»X5«7 *©y H3

"the daughter of my people (is become, or is)cruel." Hence

—

(4) It is the mark of the dative, after verbs of giving,

granting, delivering (see |HJ» ?P|), ofpardoning (Kfc%

of consulting (H£), of sending Cw), etc. etc.Specially it denotes— (a) what is called dativum

commodi (& incommodi), compare No. 8, which istlfo often added pleonasticaily to verbs of motion, as

those of going (see i£n, 7]£, 2*B>), of fleeing (DM, TTX±

especially in the imperative and future, see Lehxg

P- 73^» poet, also to other verbs, as v n :̂ &* ****UkeQiUfat thyself), Cant. 2 : 1 7 ; 8:14; Job 12:11," the palate tastes food for itself;" Job 15:28, "houseswhich they do not inhabit for themselves ;" Er. 37

:

li, U& UlIJJ, etc(b) the dative of the possessor, as v E* Y tyl (sen

under these verbs), there is to me, I have, y P£ thereis not to me, I have not (see ?*N), *\?y \4 there is a son

to Jesse, i.e. of Jesse, 1 Sara. 16: 18 ^KB? e*D*nthe watchmen who were to Saul, i. e. Saul's watch-men, 1 Sam. 14: 16 (an example which infringes thecanon of Ewald, Hebr. Gram. § 308, 2, which Winerrepeating, Sim. Lex. p. 509, by some oversight writeswithout the article vh D*bV).

(c) the dative of the cause and author, of commonuse in Greek, and found by a Graecism in the Latinpoets : the ground of this construction will be easily

understood from the following and similar phrases-~Ps. 18:45, ^ MP??! tjk VW? "they submit them-selves to me, to the fame, or at the fame, of myname;" Job 37: 1, "nnj TM\h " to this (towards suchthings) my heart trembles," foldjem jittert mein £crjfor burd) folrfje* $ Isa. 19:22, DJy "W} " ^e *s movedto them," he yields to their prayers. Isa. 65 : 1 . Itmight be said in German, bem SBinte Qcfd)tet)t c&, forauf ben SBint, in golgc unb JCraft be$ SBinfeS, bcr SRa&t

be« SSMnfe* gletdrfam roeicbenb. It is thus put

—

(aa)

after passive verbs, D3? ^^l, let there be done cf(by) you, Ex. 12 : 16; 'D^> yp^D it was heard by San-ballat, Neh. 6: 1 ; «v ^1? invited by her, Est. 5:12— (bb) after neuter verbs which have a passivepower, as f n\l to be done by some one, Isa. 19:

15 ; ? nin to be pregnant by some one %— (cc) in the in-scriptions ofpoems (what is called Lamed of the author,and is also used in Arabic), ^Yff "fop? a psalm of

David, Ps. 3: 1 ; 4:1, and "ibjp 1)1^ p8 . 24: l ; andwithout the nominative "in? of David, or by David^

Ps. 25 : 1 ; 26 : 1 ; 27:1; compare the datives of theauthor of a similar kind, which stand alone on thePhoenician coins, as Drt¥7 (D^Vy?) struck by tk*Sidonians, -y& by Tyre, Gr. 2,iloviZv, Tvpov.—(dd)in many other phrases and examples, in most of whicha passive participle must be supplied, 2 Sam. 3 : tt,DPl*n$ p:p« hbj "his first-born (Davids) wasAmnon, by Ahinoam," i. e. born of that mother; ver.3—5 (where some needlessly supply 13, comparerather Ps. 128:6); Job 33:6, ^ YW '?$ "T *rooven as thou (created) by God," comp. Ps. 24 : l ; 74: 1

6

Hos.6:io, Dn$$> niDJ D^ "there whoredoms (wencemmittod) by the Ephraimites ;" Isa. 2: 12, PJH? Ofr

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CCCCXXIII

M the day (of a judgment to be held) by Jehovah ;n

Ps. 81:5, 3p$£ VTO*!? QWfe "a law (promulgated) bythe God of Jacob ;" Jon. 3:3, " Nineveh was dpi TgD*n?*v a great city, (so made) by God," which Godbad, by his favour, made great and illustrious (com-pare page L, A); 1 Ki. 10: 1 J D£$ nbV V®? " thefame of Solomon, (prepared or given him) by Je-

hovah;" Ps. 3:9, njp&^n njrp? " by Jehovah (is) vic-

tory;

M Jud.7:i8, for}??* n}n^ "by Jehovah andGideon (we shall conquer)." Also used of the in-

strument, y$) w njjn to smite with the edge of thesword (see n§) ; J3£ n^n to see with the eyes, Eze.

12: 12; Ps. 12:5, "VJJJ ^0f? " with our tongue weshall prevail."

In many of the examples which have been justcited (see lett. b, d, cc), in Latin, a genitive would be

used; and hence, also, in examples of other kinds,

7 stands as the sign of the genitive (compare as to the

dative in Greek when put by what is called axnftaKoXapvyioy for the genitive, e.g. // KtfaXr} t$ av~

OputTry, Bernhardii Synt Gr. p. 88 ; also the Gascon

idiom, le fils a Mr. A. Jest marie' avec la fille a Mr.

B., for de). Specially— (a) where many genitivesdepend on one nominative, as & **?*? d*9t^ *«?1the chronicles of the kings of Israel, 1 Ki. 15:31;

D-J9K n^ &W -kq J>gD Gen. 18:3, compare Ruth2:3; or where the nominative has an epithet adjoined,

as V9^^ nW 13 1 Sa. 22:ao (in both these kindsof examples the construct state would be unsuitable,

see Lehrg. p. 673).

—

(b) after numerals, Gen. 7:11,

"in the six hundredth year nb **n? of the life of

Noah;" and so V^> tteto the first of all, 2 Sa. 19:21,Dnp nn« one of them; Eze. 1 :6.

—

(c) as a genitive

marking material, Lev. 13:48; Ezr. 1:11, and-(tf)

where adverbs with the addition of ? are put before

substantives, and have the force of prepositions, as

3*?p (adv.), *? 3^ip (prep.); nnpp (adv.); ? nnno=nn?» (prep..)'; $>typ, >pnp, ?D7gP, etc.' Lehrg. p.631, No. 3.Hebrew writers also sometimes, especially later

ones, who somewhat inclined to Chaldaism, incor-rectly used ?, the mark of the dative, instead of theaccusative, after active verbs (as is done in Chaldee,

Syriac, and iEthiopic), e. g. / np? Jer. 40:2; ? ??N

Lament 4:5; ? 31\! Job 5: 2, compare 1 Ch. 16:37;25:1; Psa. 135:11. Once ( is even prefixed to a

whole sentence, which stands as an accusative, Isa.

8:1," and write thereon with a common stylus '^1??^tj KTI ^7^' this (these words), * haste to the prey,1 "

etc. Oonpare verse 3.Ab I: what I formerly added (Lehrg. p. 681), that

} is found by a singular solecism prefixed even to a

nominative, it nowappears to me differently ; althoughas to the particular examples I differ from Winet

(Sim. Lex. p. 509, 510). Two of them, 2 Ch. 7 : 2 1

;

Ecc. 9:4, we have already seen under No. 1 ; 1 Ch.

7:1, and 24:20, 22, should apparently be rendered,

"to the sons of Issachar, to the Levites," etc. sc.belonged, are to be reckoned those that follow, 3 a

ben ©6t>nen 3 ffactor (getj6rten). In that v

&~h CCCCXXIVsaying. Gen. 20: 13, WH *HK *? nBK » say of me,be is my brother." Ps. 3:2; 22:31; of command-ing, Ps. 91:11; of laughing, mocking, Gen. 21:6;Pf. 25:2; of lamenting, Isa. 15:5; 16:7; compare

Arab. J Koran iii. 162; iv. 54.

(8) on behalf of any one, for any one (comp.No. 3, a). Psalm 124: 1, *b Wn# 7\)7\) ty? " unlessJehovah had been on our behalf," had stood on ourside. Ps.56:io; 118:6. Isa. 6 : 8, «$> ife *9 " whoshall go for us?" Job 13:7, rfyy nfjp S^n « willye speak iniquity on behalf of God?" Gen. 9:5," only your blood will I require (vindicate, avenge)Dp*nfefp£ on behalf of your lives," i. e. for thesecurity of your life. So { DH?? to fight for any one;

f **$$} to pray, to make intercession for any one.—Hence it is

—

(9) as applied to a rule or standard, according to.Gen. 1:11. ^97 "according to its kind." Gen.10:5, ^fey? £*K " every one according to his lan-guage." Nu. 4:29,"accordingto their tribes andfamilies." Deu. 32:8; 1 Sa. 1o : 1 9. P1Y? according

to justice, i. e. justly. Isa. 32 : 1. Also as though,

us if Job 39: 16, rf} tfy n%3? nnrj?n « she is cruel

towards her young, as if (they were) not hers."

Vulg. quasi non sint su'i. Job 18:14, ^9? *nTyVQrtn?3 "terrors make him flee, as if (those) of aking," or military leader, (comp. Job 15:22; 27 : 20)

;

Hos. 9:13, " Ephraim...was planted in a pleasant

meadow "fry like Tyre"(pr. as if he were Tyre);*?*$£/ N¥J he went out (from bondage) free ; which

is also expressed without 7, *f^n K¥J.

(B) More rarely ? is used

—

(1) of rest, or taiiHance

at a place, or in a place (compare s$ letter B), like the

Gr. eh, ec for iv, and the Germ. ju for in, an, e. g.

-ju Scipjig; as '3 T? at one's side;

'B PPv at someone's right hand (p. cccli, B); fr;}N nnsp " at the door

of his tent,*' Num. 1 1 : 10; TTJJJ *B? at the entrance of

the city, Prov. 8:3; D^! *tfn f by the sea shore, Gen.

49 : 1 3 ; B%2*V.? at the eyes, i. e. before the eyes, in

the sight of any one, ^.9? id. This usage is yet more

widely extended by the poets and later [?] writers, whosometimes put ? for the common ?, e.g. l^rip Ps. 41

:

?,and nwrb 2 Ch. 32:5, i. q. Y*r

fiwithout, outside;

|^ Dty T\\q Jos. 12:23; HBTO? at Mizpah, Hos.5:1; nn^ in the pit, i.e. in prison, Isa. 51:14. Itis applied—

(2) to time, and is spoken—(a) of the point of timeat which, and in which, any thing is done; especially

used in poetry, and in imitation by the later writers,

as ">23? in tne morning, Psa. 30:6; 59:17; Amos

4:4, lor the common Tji3f"fi*y at daylight, Job

24: 14; y$£} in the erening, Gen. 49: 1 7; Ps. 90:6,

Ecc. 11:6, for the common 3TJJJ ; 35? njp Gen. 8 : 1 1

;

Q^n roifr, Gen. 3:8; vqfn& ntf? at the time ofsunset, Jos. 10:27, and conjointly 2*$?) TJ3? 1 Ch.

16:40; 2 Ch. 2:3.

—

(b) used of space of time within

which anything is done: D*PJH ntp?^ within th«M»days, Ezr. 10 : 8 ; D*35? fc9tp? nrtK once in three years,

1 Ki. 10:22 ; and even— (c) of a space of time afterwhich any thing is to be (just as Gr. £

*6-s cCCCXXV vb±\tettu oaf go taueit* Deut. 3:94, rrt^")?? ri?nn "thou

I

jecting the other rendering]; Ex. 39: 93; Job29:lIt

hast begun to shew." In such cases 7 maJ heomitted, e. g. *ptfn followed by a bare infinitive, Am.

7:8; 8:9; with 7 prefixed, Am. 7: 13, just as in Latina bare infinitive is used, and in poetry, indeed, it is

mostly omitted, see the verbs nnp, 1$9, ?V*n, Pg3,

fW» "I*?/, and fne like.Once { appears to be used as a conjunction, and is

prefixed to a finite verb (as in Arab. J for J3* and

Ch.^ lett. B), for that; thus, 1 Ki. 6: 19, where the

common reading ]B^( may be rendered that thoumayest place. But as in this connexion this would

be rather harsh, perhaps Ewald may be followed(Hebr. Gram. p. 213), in taking 159 as a doubled

infinitive, as in 1 Ki. 17:14.

? Chald. (A) prep.i. q. Hebr.—(1) tot towards(used of place), Dan. 2:17; 4:19; 6:11; 7:2.

(2) the mark of the dative, Dan. 2:5, 7, 9, andoften also of the accusative after active verbs, Dan.

9:io, 23, 24, 25; 5:4; also of the genitive, Ear. 5:

11; 6:3, 15.

(3) It is prefixed to the infinitive after verbs of

speaking, commanding, etc., Dan. 2:9, 10, 19.

(B) conj. that, which, when prefixed to a future,

gives it a conjunctive, optative, and imperative power

(compare the French que je sois). The preform*-

tives of the future then are omitted, see K)Q Dan.

2 : 20, T#P ^30? " blessed be ;" Dan. 4 : 99, " amongstthe beasts of the field T^P WJ!/ let thy dwellingbe;" Dan. 2:29, Kjnj ***! HiJ " what shall come to

pass" (unless here *Qj£ be put for the fuller K)rj$).

M7 [" and fcrtS 35 times, according to the finalMasora"], an adverb of negation, not, anciently pro-

nounced also «!?, ^, £ (compare *&?, fyh, ^W),

Aram, and Arab. *v, U, 2, compare as to these syl-

lables which have a negative power, (page xxi, A).

Tike the Gr. oh, oh*, it expresses an absolute nega-

tion; and hence it is put (unlike 7X, which see) with

preterites, Gen. 2:5; 4: 5,and futures, as— (a) simplyexpressing a negative, 3ty.n K7 "thou wilt not leave,"

Ps. 16:10.— (b) in prohibitions, Ex. 20:i5,3bjn *6"thou shalt not steal;" verse 5; Gen. 24:37; Lev.

19:4; 25: 17; Deu. 25:4 (where it differs from /K,

which is dehortatory; but compare Prov. 22:24).

—

(c) rarely used in sentences expressive of end (where

commonly there is /**), although this use is denied

by Winer (Sim. Lex. p. 514). [Doubted by Ges.

in Thes.] Ex. 28:32, JT5?. «'u that it be not rent"

(""(so) that it shall not be rent," Ges. in Thes., :3-

Isa. 41 : 7. Also as to its use these particulars art

to be observed—(1) It is put absolutely when answering a question,

no ; Job 23:6, " will he contend with me with all hisstrength? no (^), only," etc.; also in refusing, Gen,

19:2, " not (so), but we will lodge in the street."

(2) It stands as an interrogation when an affirma-tive answer is expected (different from /K No. 4), for

*6q nonnef like the Gr. owe, II. x. 165; iv. 242 ; es-

pecially thus found in sentences connected with what

has preceded, Job 14:16, 'nKBH b% lbe*n *6 « dost

not thou watch over my sin?" Job 2:10; 2 Ki. 5 : 26

;

Jer.49:9; Lam. 3 -.36.

(3) It is put for K?3 without; 1 Ch. 2:30, "and

Seled died D*3n *6 without children;" Psalm 59:4;2 Sa. 23:4; Job 34:24; TH **' without a way, Job12:24; £*N ftO without men, devoid of men, Job38:26.

(4) It is, i. q. 0"8? not yet, 2 Kings 20:4; Psalm

139 :*6 -

(5) It is prefixed to nouns— (a) to adjectives tomake them negative, Tpn K? impious, Psalm 43: 1

;

HJ tO] infirm, Prov. 30:25.

—

(b) to substantives, as

'$ *6 as if it were non-deus, not-god, i. e. an idol, a

god only in name, Deut. 32 : 21 ; Jer. 5 :7 ; }'?W notwood, used of a man in opposition to a rod or in-strument of wood, Isa. 10: 15; tr« *6, D"N< *0 used

of God as not to be compared with mortals, Isa. 31:8.As to the phrase *ft fc6, see under hh No. 3. Someascribe to &, also a signification as a substantive,nothing, but there are no certain instances of it so

used. Job 6:21, the reading is very doubtful, and

Job 31 : 23, ?3*N *6 should be rendered I could not(do anything of the kind); compare however Chald

Vb, n^ Dan. 4: 33.

With prefixes

—

(A) «7?.— (1) A preposition of various significa-tions, according to the various uses of the particle ?.— (a) not in (a certain time); compare 3 of time,letter A, No. 1, i.e. out of, beyond a certain time;Lev. 15:25, ariirn? *6? " beyond the time of heruncleanness ;" also before (i. q. °TP?); Job 15:32,to^ *6? "before his time ;" compare above *0 forDT$ No. 4.

—

(b) notfor (some price); compare 9 ofprice, letter B, 9, Isa. 55:1; Ps.44:i3; and thus

? K? Isaiah 45: 13.— (c) not with (any thing), Le.without; 1 Chron. 12:33, 27} 2*7 &0? « not with adouble heart," i. e. with a unanimous heart, with the

whole soul ; compare Psalm 1 7:1; Job 8:11; Ezek.

22 : 29. In the same sense 3 N? is used, as 1\2 *6 w i th-ou t hand

mS-nSsilver, i. e. so as to obtain silver, Isa. 48: 10 (Synac

c2j P> without).

—

(d) not through; compare ? of

instrument and cause, letter C, No. a ; Job 30:38,u

I go blackenel non VO% not (blackened) by thesun." In some instances W3 is also concisely usedfor *6 1^3; Isa. 55:*, W2&? *6? " for that whichdoes not satisfy;" 2 Ch. 30: 18, " they eat the Pass-

over 3*H33 *6? Lot according to the written pre-

cept," prop, in a manner which was not according to

that which was written; ouf bte 2frt/ bie niefct nad) ber

©thrift war 5 Jer. 9: 11.

(2) Conj. followed by a fut., Germ, otjne baf ; 80

that not, Lam. 4:14, DiTRl* W &P *? " : Lat. lateo). Otff Job 15:11:see under Sg.

EH*/* adv. gently, see 0*.

.ON/ i. q. uh part. Kal of the root D^> which see.

^Ifcv? *** ^ra^Gd ro°*; Arabic iL& Cciy. I?

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33^-Sk^ ccccxxvn

JBthiopic t\f\Til to depute, to send a messenger;

1*AftTi: (to be sent) to wait upon, to minister;

Aftft: minister, servant (Kindred roots are T?n,

v' and Lat. legaviL) *

Derivatives,^9, p$5], njK^tp, Ttyfa [HOK^,

'*V (" by God," sc* created; comp. Job 33:6),[Lael], pr. n. m., Num. 3:24.

DK7 an unused root, perhaps denoting the sameas D&$, D?y. (Arab. J is, to agree, to.be congruent,

so far at least as its meaning can be gathered from

its derivatives; perhaps, to gather together. [See

other conjectures in Thes.]). Hence

—

D«? suff. '©$, *mvk Isa. 51:4; plur. D*9$ m.— (l) a people, a nation, Gen. 125:23; 87:297 Ps.7:8; 9:9.

(2) [Leummim], pr. n. of an Arabian tribe, Gen.

25:3; supposed to be the same as the 'AXAov/icuWa

of Ptolemy.

[«}!?; see n#].

3? followed by Makk. ^, with suff. '?K^ pi.™/; and (what is the same)

—

33^ constr. 33/», suff. *?#• DMJ^ f plur. nta$(l Ch. 28:9); with suff. once IQW? Nah. 2:8, m.(i)M«A«ar*, perhaps so called from being hollow

[" so called from fatness*1] ; see the root 33?. (Arab.

aa^-io

UjJ, Syr. JjxS, iEthiop. frf): M.) 2 Sam. 18:14;

Ps. 45:6, etc. As the heart is the central point ofthe blood and the seat of life, it often means

—

(a) i. q. t^W (Horn, fpiv$q), the soul, life (ba*

febcnSprinjip be« JC6rperS), Psa. 73:21; 84:3; 102:5;

Jer. 4:18 (comp. PBJ verse 10). Hence the heart is

said to live (to be refreshed), Ps. 22:27; to be sick,

Isa. 1:5; and even to sleep and to wake (Ecc. 2:23;compare 8:16; Cant. 5: 2); and to stay the heart,

is applied to those who take food and drink (see TV!?).

The heart is also regarded by Hebrew writers, as

—

(b) the seat of the senses, affections, and emo-

tions of the mind, of various kinds, as love (Jud.

*6: 15, " thy h ear t is not with me," i. e. thou dost not

love me; and on the contrary, to love with thewhole heart, or breast, Deut. 4:29; 6:5); con-

fidence (Prov. 31:11); contempt (Prov. 5:12); joy

(Ps. 104:15); sorrow, contrition (Ps. 109:16); bit-

terness (Ps. 73:21); despair (Ecc. 2:20); fear (Ps.

•7:3; compare Isa. 35:4; Jer. 4:9); security (l^J

*?Pt. 57:8; 108:2); fortitude (Ps. 40:13; 1 Sam.

17:32); and, poetically, a tick, wounded, or grieved

heart is ascribed to the sorrowful (Proverbs 13: 12;

14: 13; Isa. 61 : 1); a melted heart to the timid, Isa.

13:7; Deu. 20:8; a hard heart (see n^, rrtTTJp),like a stone (Ezek. 11:19; 36:26), uncircumcised

(Lev. 26:41), to the stubborn and inflexible. Thewords too, by which we utter those feelings, arepoetically attributed to the heart; and thus the heart

is said to cry out (Hos. 7:14), to lament (Isa. 15:5),

to sigh (P8-38:9); and those are said to pour out their

heart who pour out their tears, Lam. 2 : 19. Also

—

(c) it is applied to the mode of thinking andacting; a sense in which a pure heart is ascribed to

any one (Psalm 51:12), a sincere heart (1 Ki.3:6),

faithful (Neh. 9:8), upright (1 Ki. 9:4); and, on the

contrary, a perverse heart (Psalm 101 : 4), stubborn

(Pro. 7: 10), deep, i.e. not to be explored (Ps. 64:7),

impious (Job 36:13); and double-minded men aresaid to speak with a double heart, Psa. 12:3, 3/3

*-QT. 2*7); see, on the other hand, l Chr. 12:33, *6$

27] ij with a sincere heart. A heart that is wide(3rh Prov. 21:4), great (Vji Isa. 9 : 8), high (H?i

Ezek. 28:5) signifies pride; but the former of these

expressions also signifies joy (Isa. 60 : 5). It is

—

(rf) the seat of will and purpose. 1 Sa. 14:7*

*|J^>? Tfcfc"^?n^5?

:"do all that is in thy heart,"

what thou wiliest, hast determined. Isaiah 10:7,

taa^3 TP^n/> « to destroy is in his heart." Isa.

63:4, " the day of vengeance *5P^ is in my heart,"i. e. I have decreed it, and will accomplish it In

this sense the heart is said to be willing (Ex. 35:2 a),

rebellious (Jer. 5:23). *3?f? i.e. according to myheart, at my will, 1 Sa. 13: 14. Farther

—

(e) intellect and wisdom are also ascribed to

the heart (compare ^^J heart, understanding ; Lat.

cor, Cic. Tusc. i. 9 ; Plaut. Pers. iv. 4, 71, and cor-

datus, i.e. discreet); and even the faculty of think-

ing (Isa. 10:7; 1 Chr. 29: 18). 1 Ki. 10 : 2, " (the

queen of Sheba) spake with him all that was in her

heart," i.e. she knew. Jud. 16:17, "he told her

all his h e a r t," all that he knew. Ecc. 7:21. Hence

one is called 3?!? COq Job 9:4 (comp. 1 Ki. 10:24);

and on the contrary, 3? ~i?n foolish, void of under-

standing, Pro. 7:7; 9:4; 2< *#?* men ?f heart, i. e.

understanding,Job 34: 10. Jobi2:3,D?iD2> nnj *>-0!

" I also have understanding as well as you." 1$

^!? Job 36:5, is spoken of the highest wisdom of God.

A fat heart is one that is dull, devoid of sense (secJP?>), Isa. 6: 10.

(a) metaph. the middle part, interior, midst

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pab-ak CCCCXXVIH tryk-*e.g. of the sea, Exod. 15:8; of heaven, Deut. 4:11.

2 Sam. 18:14, "^89 a5?? "in the midst of the tere-binth."

3? [suff. ^], Ch. id. Dan. 7:28.

N-J7

373? ; Samar. to shine, to give light.

ri2/ f. of the word 3^ heart, Ezek. 16:30; plur.rfa^ (see 3!?) Ps. 7:10; Pro. 15:11.

ftita? see njh^.

B^3/, B*3T> m . (once f. see No. a, from the root

(1) a garment, clothing, Job 84:7, 10; 31:19;38: 14; Est. 6:9, 10, 1 1 ; specially a splendid gar-ment. Job 38:14, Ml) to? «$JJ3 " and (allthings) stand forth as in splendid attire," spoken

of the earth, shone upon by the morning sun; comp.

Est. 6:9,10,11; Isa. 63 : 1 . Poet, used of the scaly

coat of the crocodile, Job 41 :5.(a) a spouse, a wife, by a metaphor in common

use in Arabic, Mai. 2:16 (where it is construed with

a fem.), compare Koran, Sur. ii. 183, " Wives areyour attire, and you are theirs." Compare also the

verbs ij*J, t—>U to put on a garment; also to lie

with a woman. More examples are given by Schul-tens in Animadv. ad Ps. 65: 14.

Bh37 Ch. i. q. Hebr. No. 1, Dan. 3:21.

235 7 unused in Kal; Arab. ia-J to cast on theground, to prostrate.

Niphal, to be thrown headlong, to falldown, to perish, Prov. 10:8, 10; Hos. 4: 14.

V?pl.m. DK3f> lions, Psa. 57:5; fem. rttoq^lionesses, Nah. 2: 13, see N'37.

N 3/

n»Sluak-ttafc ccocxxix

signify a lion, but a lioness, principally influenced by

the passage, Eze. 19:2, and by an etymology, from

U to draw the first milk, IV. to suckle with the firstmilk ; but in Eze. loc.cit., there occurs the form 8J3?,

and the proposed etymology lacks even the appear-

ance of truth. [In Thes., however, Bochart's sup-

position is treated with more favour, although on

different grounds, especially as being more suited to

the context of the passages.]

NJ9? *• (for nI?^)i Eze- 19s *i a lioness.

H1T57 [the actually occurringform is ni33?],f. pi.a kind ofcake made in a frying pan, as if saganum

of Apicius, prob. so called from their hollow form,

twisted together (cine 2Crt jufammengeroUter

Siinjen) [This depends on whether 3^7 has any

such meaning as to be hollow; Gesenius says, in

Thes., "prob. with plenty of fat"], from the root

33^, 2 Sam. 13:6, 8, 10. Hence the denominative

verb 337, which see. LXX. roWvpi'fcc. Vulg. sor-bitiuncula.

jmS-i1?

j-J/—(0 T(> BE white, unused in Kal, seel??,

(2) denom. from H337 to make bricks, Gen. 11:3;

Ex..5:7, 14. (Arab.^J id.)

Hiphil— (l) trans, to make white, metaph. topurge, to cleanse from the filthiness of sins, Dan.

"•35(2) intrans. to be white (compare as to verbs of

colour in Hiph., Heb. Gram. § 52, 2), Ps. 51 :9; Isa.

1:18; Joel 1:7.

Hithpael, to purge oneself [or, to be purged],Dan. 12:10.

The derivatives follow immediately, except 13p?.

}2/— (1) adj. f.HJ^ white, Ex. 16:31; Levit.13:3> seq.

(2) pr. n. Lab an, the son of Bethuel, an Ara-maean, the father-in-law of Jacob, Gen. 24:29, 50;

chapters 29—31. [Name of a place, Deut. i:i.]{37 i- q- It? No. 1, const, state "t^f Gen. 49: 12.

[" |3/ Ps. 9: l 1?^ TWO 7& Here some take M&as a pr. name Labben of one of David's enemies;others regard 7 as servile and 13 as the pr. n. of a

Levite, as in 1 Ch. 15:18. Some moderns suppose

l£? n*D to be the name of a musical instrument.Better to read 13? rWOpJ as in many MSS., with vir-gin*' voice (nto/fi '? Ps. 46: \)for the boys, to be sung

by then*. \t being taken as a collective." Ges. add.]

71337 f.— (1) white, poet, for the moon, likeHBnfor the sun, and Arab.^i the moon, from .4J to be.

white, Cant. 6: 10; Isa. 24:23; 30:26.

(2) [Lebanah], pr. n. m. Ezra 2:45; Neh. 7.

48 (X).

H35/ f. pi. D*T a brick, a burnt tile,Gen. 11 :3;Eze. 4:1, so called from the white and chalky clay

of which bricks were made, according to Vitruv. ii. 3.

Arab..J id. Compare i3?0.

11337 m. a kind of tree or shrub, so called from

the white colour of the bark or leaves, Gen. 30:37;

Hosea 4:13. According to the LXX. and Arabic~ *++

translator, in Genesis, styrax; Arab.

"h-yxb ccccxxx

Ch. *$8 "WD, Arab. ^d*M JLsj- &« mountain of

now, compare Alpes),mia is called Antilibanus, andtowards the south, in Hebr. t^lP* which see. Themodern name of the valley between Lebanon and

Anti-Lebanon is a*a wvpdr, Act*

2:3 [but this refers to the "other tongues" will

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which the Holy Ghost enabled the Apostles to testify

to Jesus risen from the dead]. Whence

—

3H1? m. ^7v7 Num. 21:28, and J"l?«?? I Sam.17:7, fem.; pi. ntarfr Ps. 105:3a, const ntan£ Ps.

29:7.

(1)flame, Joel 2:5; Job4i:i3.

(2) flaming, i. e. glittering steel, in brightness

resembling a flame, i. e. the point of a spear, or

sword, 1 Sa. 17:7; Nah.3:3; Job 39:23; also used

absol. of a naked sword, Jud. 3:22; see also ^*}Wand ri|i>.

D%5*?? m. pi. &vat Xcyo/i. Genesis 10: 13 [Leha-bim], pr. n. of a people of Egyptian origin, prob. i. q.

D^7Zt byans; as to the relation ofthe formsWand nysee p. ccxi, A.

*U? an unused root; Arabic ^4 prop* to begreedy, eager for any thing, to long for greedily;

commonly used figuratively, to be greatly addicted,

or to attend much to any thing; to hear or learn di-ligently, (just like Germ, ftu&tren). Hence—

y*y? m. study of letters, as it is well explained

by Aben Ezra, Eccles. 12:12; in the other memberthere is D*TBp rtfpg to make, or write books (LXX.

utXiTTi; Vulg. meditatio; Luth. 9>ttbigeii).

*Tn / an unused root; Arab. "and the land of Egyptwas exhausted through t'le famine." (Chald. nnpoften used to answer to th* Hebr. n$?.)

nn / unused in Kal; prob. * q. [" Jn^"] nr£ pr.to burn with thirst; and, as this is the case withrabid dogs, to be rabid, mad, like a dcg; *o bemad.

I thus understand

—

Hithpalpel, part. B/npjjp mad, insane, Proverbs

20: 18. LXX. in the Aldine edition, and Symm.wtiptifttrot, tempted driven (by a demon). Venet.

ccccxxxi b-^zb

ikoTujQ. There is \ 1 Syriac \ secondary root derived

from the idea of madness, ctl^ctl^L) to be fright-

ened, scared.

I- t3H7 to burn, to flame (also Syr. Ch. id.).Ps. 104:4. Q*PlP theflaming, those who breatheout fire and flames, Ps. 57:5.

Piel &n? to kindle, to make burn (used of aflame), with an ace. Joel 1:19; 2:3; Psalm 83:15;

106:18; Isa. 42:95; to blow (used of the breath),

Job 41: 13.Hence On?.

II. DH7 i. q. jyfp, D«7 (compare p. ecu, A), prto hide; hence to use xscult and magical arts;

whence 0*pn? which see.

t3H? m. pr. flame, hence flaming steel of asword, Gen. 3:24; compare 33?.

Q^Of [P^ with suff. OiTOifcj incantaiicn§,Ex. 7: 1 1 ; i. q. D*t?J>. See OP? No. IL

OH/ unused in Kal. Arab. ^ to swallows '

down greedily, whence ^J greedy, a glutton. Cogn

is ?#.Hithpael, part. Dnpqjnp things which are swal-

lowed down greedily ; dainty morsels, Pro. 18:18;26:22.

fD? compounded of ? and the pron. JH (whichsee), therefore, Ruth 1 : 13; i. q. p?.

|D? Ch.—(1) i.q. Heb. therefore, Dan. 2:6,9?4 : 24. It becomes—

(2) an adversative particle (just like the HebrewI3< p. ccccm, A, on which account many have re-garded this word to be compounded of K^ and \Q\nevertheless, however, but Ezr. 5:12, with a pre-vious negation; but (fonberiO, Dan. 2:30; un less,Dan. 2:11; 3:28; 6:8.

Lpn7 an unused and doubtful root; to increasein age ; introduced by L. De Dieu, from the J2th.,to explain (according to his rendering) the following

word—

]

flpO? f. only 1 Sa. 19 : 20, prob. by a transpositionof letter8,i. q. npng an assembly. So LXX., Syr,Ch. ; compare also **\$l 2 Sa. 20: 14.

1? is three times put for & not; see |6 note 1.'VJ " see Tjf\ s6.

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hh-h

T7&W? (iSa. 14:30; Isai.48:i8; 63:19;—[The power of this word as an interjection is taken asprimary in Thes.]— (1) a conditional conjunction,if, used, when at the same time it is implied thatwhat is spoken of neither is, nor was, nor will be, or

at least that it is very improbable and uncertain

(compare DX p. lvi, A). Just as the sense mayrequire it, it is followed by— (a) a preterite, Deut.32:29, HNT ^3f! *0?p A "if they were wise(which they are not) they would understand this."

Jud. 13:23,«TD T\$ fc6 UD*prr> « fpn \b " if Jeho-

vah pleased to slay us, he would not have accepted,"

etc. Jud. 8:19; 1 Sa. 14:30; Num. 22:29.

—

(b) a

future, Eze. 14:15, " if I should send (which I do

not say that I will do) evil beasts into the land

16. ... these (three righteous men) alone should be

saved." (In verse 13 there, is *3 in the same sense;

in verses 17, 19, the conditional particle is altogether

omitted.)— (c) by a participle, 2 Sa. 18: 12,*?3K •"}nai nj n^« t6 ^9? *k* *M^ ^B* " and if any onewould give into my hand (what no one offers me) athousand shekels, I would not put forth my hand,"etc. Psalm 81 : 14, 15; compare NJ*?. There is an

aposiopesis in this instance, Gen. 50:15, ti9pp*,W

*)DV " if Joseph should hate us, (what then?)" rote?

roenn Sofcpb un6 oerfolgte ? Well rendered according

to the sense by the LXX. p; nore.(2) It is applied as an interjection of wishing:

that! would that! just as a conditional ex-pression (as roenn e< gefch&be) may be so enunciated,that what we wish is spoken of as uncertain and notvery probable; wenn e$ gcfd>&t>c ! wenn eg boch ge*

fd)&t)e! A remarkable instance of this is Job 16:4,D^pa Dp^g rryanK nppj nnn D?fW &?. A " if yoursouls were in my soul's place, I would make a leagueagainst you with words ;" where the very condition

involves a kind of wish, that his friends might feel

calamity at least for a little. It is followed by a fut.

Gen. 17:18; Job 6:2; an imp. Gen. 23:13 (comp.

°^ C, 3), a preterite, Num. 14:2, tiTO y? " wouldthat we had died !" Nu. 20:3, Oft? A, but with afuture signification, Isa. 63:19, FBHiJ M? " Oh thatthou wouldest rend (heaven)." It is merely con-

cessive in Gen. 30:34, T$?*P '?) & " let it be ac-cording to thy word." (Arab. J id. compare De

Sacy, Gram. Arabe, i. § 885. In Syriac there are

three forms aSs Heb. WK if q^ not, uQ^ ohthat! As to etymology this particle seems to bekindred to the root Hv, so that the conditional sig-nification is from being annexed, depending. [Taken

in Thes. to be of the same origin as «V])

CCCCXXXIl rf>h

*6.

N^ see *.]J '7 an unused root, kindred to 3£/. Arab, tc

thiret.

WyO n. gent.pl. 2 Ch. 12:3; 16:8; Nah. 3:9,and 0*37 ^>an. ll: 43> \_Lubim~], Libyans, alwayaconnected with the Egyptians and ^Ethiopians. Comp

s

D^n^. Arab, j J a Libyan ; ifthis be a Phcenicio-

Shemitic word, it properly signifies, an inhabitant of

a thirsty, i. e. an arid country ; compare D"¥.

h? [Ludim, Lydian «], pr. n. of two nations—(1) of one sprung from Shem, Genesis 10: 22; ac-cording to Josephus (Ant. i. 6, § 4) the Lydians inAsia Minor, an opinion not improbable.— (2) of anAfrican people (perhaps belonging to ^Ethiopia), of

Egyptian origin, accustomed to fight with bows and

arrows. Eze. 27:10; 30:5; Isa. 66 : 19 ; and D*WGen. 10:13; Jer. 46:9. See J. D. Michaelis, Spi-

cileg. torn. i. p. 256—260; ii. 1 14, 1 15.n^,,„_„,„„_,

to any one, Ecc. 8: 15, " it is good for a man to eat,to drink, to be merry, fy$3 «& wm, for this shallcleave to him (i. e. shall remain with him) in hit

labour." Hence

—

(2) to borrow, to receive as a loan, as if nexut

e*£,Deu.28: l2;Ps. 37:21. Comp. the Lat.nert/s, used

of one whom his creditor took as a slave on accountof debt, Varro, Ling. Lat. vi. 5; Liv. ii. 27; viii. 08.

Niphal, like Kal, No 1, to join oneself to anyone, followed by /% Num. 18:2,4; Dan. 11 134; DJPs. 83:9; ^« Gen. 29:34; JJ h& to join oneself to

Jehovah, Isa. 56:3; Jer. 50:5; Zee. 2:15.

Hiphil, causat. of Kal, No. 2, to lend. Isa. 24:2,

•"ty?? '"IJf^? "as with the lender, so with the bor-

rower," Prov. 22:7; Psa. 112:5. Followed by anace. of pers., Deuter. 28:12,44; Prov. 19:17; fol-

lowed by two ace. of pers. and thing, Ex. 22:24.Derivatives n$

fjnn), np for rrft, n#; also 6,

wb 9 and pr. n. *B.

TV?— (1) to bend, to bend aside. (ArabicJJ Conj. I. III. to bend, to incline.)

(2) to turn away, to depart, to go back, Prov.3:21.

Niphal, particip. ti?J perverted, i. e. pervei $4,wicked (compare njy, &*?¥), Prcv. 3:32; Neutr. TPJ

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tyb-rb cecjxxxm

perveraeness, wickedness, Isa. 30:14. More fully,

Prov. 14:2, ^3"]1 WJ " whose ways are perverse

;

n

and Prov. 2 : 15, Drifts? D^ id.HipiflL, rut *?7! (inflected in the Chaldee manner,

like W%?2 frwm J*6); i. q. Kal, to ^0 away, depart,Prov. 4:21.

Ti? m.— (1) the almond tree, Gen. 30:37.s + s- - , „

(Arab ;J J; J Syr. )|Q^. Its derivation is hardly

to be sought for in the Phcenicio-Shemitic languages.

It seems to be softened from the original form, which,

in Armenian, is preserved in gbq.rtti_engus ; Lat. in

nux; which, with a different inflection, is found in

Hebrew, in ttJN a nut.)

(2) [Luz], pr. n.— (a) of a town in the tribe ofBenjamin, called also from its neighbouring sanc-

tuary /$ n'3 [but see Gen. 28 : 17, for the true reason

ofthis latter name], (see p. cxvu, A), Josh. 18:13; Jud.

1:23.— (0) another in the country of the Hittites,founded by an inhabitant of the former. Jud. 1 : 26.

Jjl / an unused root, Arabic J) to shine, to be

bright (comp. \ivk6c, y\avic6c; Xevtraw, yXavtraw);

hence to be polished, smooth. Hence is

—

HV?m. pi. ri\rvb a table,tablet (Syr. J*,o^; Arab.

J; iEthiopic A(D*U: id.)—(a) of stone, on whichanything was carved, or inscribed; JVT2n nrw Deut.9:9; wnj?n nh^ Ex. 31:18, the tables of covenant,>f law.

—

{b) of wood, 1 Ki. 7:36; of the leaf of &

door, Cant. 8:9; Dual 0?nn£ the deck of a ship,

which seems to have been double, Eze. 27:5.— (c)trop. Pro. 3:3, " write upon the table of thy heart;"

compare Jer. 17:1; 2 Cor. 3: 3; and iiXrot tyevwv,JEsch. Whence

—

nVi?[Luhit A], ("made oftables or boards"),pr. n. of a town of the Moabites, Isa. 15:5; Jerem.

48:5.

BTl^ with the art. BTn^n ("enchanter"), [Hal-lohesh, Halohes1i\ pr. n. m., Neh. 3:12; 10:25.

tO5)/— (1) i.q.ttty,&np No. II, to cover over,

ro hide, to wrap up. Part ace. df? hiding, Isa.15:7; and another form of intrans. hidden, secret;whence OP? secretly, Ruth 3:7; l Sa. 18:22; 24:5;once t5N?3 Jud. 4:21. Part. paw. f. HD^7 wrappedup, 1 Sam. 21:10.

(a) to do secretly. Part. pi. D^P/ secret arts,

incantations, Ex. 7:22; 8:3, 14; instead of which

>it D%pn^Ex,7:ti; tea BO?.

hb^bHiphil, i. q. Kal, No. 1, 1 Ki. 19: 13Hence b? and

—

tDV? m.— (1) a covering, a veil. Isaiah 25:7D%Ojn"73"7y tOTH OWH "the covering which ifspread over all nations," that which covers their face*

and makes them sad. [Rather, the vail which keept

their hearts from God.]

(«) pr. n.Lot, the son ofAbraham's brother, Gen

13 : 1, sq. ; 19: 1 , sq. ; the ancestor of the Ammonites

and Moabites, who were called, on this account, thechildren of Lot, Deut. 9:9; Ps.83:9.

JpV? ("a wrapping up"), [Lotan], pr. n. of ason of Seir, Gen. 36 : 20, 29.

u ("adhesion," or "garland," "crown," i. q•VI? from the root HJ7) m*—(0 Pr- n- Levi, the thirdson of Jacob by Leah, Gen. 29:34; 34:25; 35:23,the ancestor of the tribe of Levi (^ ^3), which wasset apart for the service of the sanctuary, and of

which was the family of Aaron (P"inK JV3), to whomthe priesthood was appropriated.

(2) patron, name for ")f a Lev it e, Deut. i«:l8;Jud. 17:9,11; 18:3; Plur- D*$ Josh. 21:1, sq.

*)!? Chald. plur.emphat. «.!]!? Levites, Ezr.6:l6,

18; 7:13,24.

!"!*]? f. a garland, a wreath, so called from tha

idea of joining and bending (see the root HI?);

compare Arab, ^jJ to bend, to curve, to wreathe, tc

twist; III. to twine one's self as a serpent; SU foldof a serpent, Pro. 1:9; 4:9. Hence

—

]fX\/ (with the adj. termination I7, like ll?Pnj

brazen, from riETO, JinjE^ from n ?i?£), prop, an

(animal), wreathed, twisted in folds.

(1) a serpent of a larger kind, Job 3:8 (as to this

place see the root ny Pilel); Isa. 27:1 (where it isthe symbol of the hostile kingdom of Babylon).

(2) specially, a crocodile, Job 40:25, seq.

(3) any very large aquatic creature, Ps. 104:

26; used for a fierce enemy, Psa. 74: 14; comp. HFI

Isa. 51:9; Ezek. 29:3; 32:2, 3. Bochart, Hieroz.

P. ii. lib. v. cap. 16—18.7^7 an unused root, kindred to the root y?f

(which see); Germ, rotten/ to wind, to twist round,

whence the following words.

IT? pi. DM winding stain, 1 Ki.6:8. (Ckid.)

Digitized byGoogle

rb-V? only in plur. rillfyb, def. n*}fy constr. n\vfy\

[of the form D*$W which see), loops, into whichthe hooks (B'P}?) were put in the curtains of the

holy tabernacle; ScWeifen/ @d)lin$fm so called from

their being twisted round, Exod. 26:4, seq. ; 36:11,

seq. ; Vulg. ansulos,

'jfis Gen. 31:4s; Deut. 33:37, and *\?V? Gen.

43:10; Jud. 14:18: 3Sa. 2:27 (compounded of *b

if, and *\?, \? i. q. fcO no*). A conditional negativeconjunction- except un/«ss (it be, it were), convey-

ing also the signification that something really is,

thus differing from W D$ (compare the remarks onthe word A). Followed by a preterite, Gen. 31 :4s,

$ njn D*rft>K *W> "except God had been for me."Isa. 1:9; 1 Sam. 25:34; 2 Sam. 3:27; followed by a

part. 3Ki.3-.14, K#D ")* Ofl^rp ty 76 "unlessT regarded Jehoshaphat," etc.

yO & jVpret. 6Gen. 33:22; 3Sa. 13:16; «^Jud. 19 : 1 3,gerund fl /J Gen. 34 : 25 ; and so frequently,

also P^ ib. verse 23; imp. V*? Jud. 19:6, 9; %?^,«7Ruth 3:13; Joel 1:135 fut. I7J, Pfoj »P°c-; ^93 Sam. 17:16; 1/9 Jud. 19:80; Job 17:3; conv. t?^Gen 28:11; 32:14. Part. D%$ Neh. 13:81.

(1) to pass the night, to lodoe (prob. denom.from 7v, njp night, I and n being interchanged, see

p. ccccxxi,A), Gen. 19: 2, and often; see the instances

just given. Also used of inanimate things, as of food,

when kept to the next day. Exod. 23 : 18; 34 : 25;Deut. 16:4; Lev. 19:13, " the wages of thy hireling

shall not be with thee all night till the morning;"

poet. Job 29: 19," the dew lodges in his branches."

Also, to turn in, tit order to lodge, Ps. 30:6," in

the evening weeping may come in, but joy comesin the morning."

(3) to tarry, to dwell, to continue (compare

c^A? to lodge, to remain in any state), Psa. 35:13,

"his soul continues in prosperity," enjoys con-tinual prosperity; Ps. 49: n, P^ '3 T? °Vl] " butman, being in honour, does not remain," his honour

is not stable; Job 41 : 14, " strength dwells (as if it

had its seat) in his neck;" Job 17:2; 19:4, "(if)

indeed, I have erred WltPO I7IJ *flK my error con-tinues with me," i. e. / have erred, and not you, andI alone have to pay the penalty of my erring.

Niphal, to shew oneself obstinate, to be stub-born (the signification of remaining and persisting

applied in a bad 9ense); hence, to murmur, to com-plain, followed by ?% against any one, used of a

people murmuring against their leader, Ex. 15:24;Num. 14:3; 17:6; and Joe. 9: 18

ccccxxxiv yb~*yb

Hiphtl—(1) causal, of Kal No. 2, Jer.4:i4,"ho*long wilt thou harbour (i. e. wilt thou cherish) vainthoughts?"

(2) i. q. Niphal, pr. to shew oneself stubborn.followed by w against any one. Pret. tiW' Q Num.14:29; fut \?\\ Ex. 17:3, elsewhere always with the

first radical doubled in the rabbinical manner (Bee

Lehrg.p.407); W*?!, «$S Ex. 16:7; Num. 14:36;16: 11 ; part D

%J7P Num. 14:27; 17: 20, an inflectionwhich is appropriated to this signification.

Hithpalel, i. q. Kal No. 1 , Ps. 91 : 1 ; Job 39 : 28.

Derivatives fa?, nj^!p, nafaj.

M^S TO SWALLOW DOWN, TO SUCK DOWN, ObttL

16; hence JP throat. For $} Job 6:3, see theroot n$.

It was appositely remarked a good while since byJ. D. Michaelis (Supplem. p. 1553), that the syllable

tfp refers to the sound of swallowing down greedily,

sucking down ; and this signification is found in most

of the Phoenicio-Shemitic roots whose first or primary

syllable is Vv, as V^f to lick up, to sip up ; ^^ and^^id., 0$ (Arab JaJ» *juj) to eat greedily, >^%N

Ethpe. to devour greedily, yj greedy, glutton ^_f«l

^uaal* fjsi to lick up, to eat greedily, Syr. |3Q^,

I^Q^Q^, Uo^gl^, t£^Q^ ajaw : there is a similarpower in the kindred syllable r6, r6 as ^H? (???)to lick, Diy to swallow down, and on? to eat, 2}f}and DPI7 to lick, lap (as a flame), i. e. to flame, coin-

pare Sansc. lih, to lick, Gr. X£i'x«» \i\fiaut, Xtxveww.L&t. LinGo, LiChirio, transp. GvLa, degkttio, Germ.Iccfcn, and with a prefixed sibilant fcfalutfen* fchlingcn.

To these may be added a large class of Phoenicio-Shemitic roots, which commence with the syllable*

yh, rh, vb and signify the various motions of the

tongue, such as to gape with the mouth open, and thstongue extended, as is the case in ardent and rabid

thirst (see *$, an^, irb, HK^, Germ, ledjtn, ledyn),to vibrate the tongue, and hiss like a serpent, or

one speaking in a whisper (see E?D7) ; to stammer, to

speak barbarously (i. e. without being understood), and

foolishly (332? , where more may be seen, WR, OR?).The Greeks express the idea of eating greedily, andof stammering or babbling, by the syllable la, lam, lab,lap; compare Xdw to lick, XafipoQ, Xa/ivpoc, vora-ciously talkative, Xa/ioc. Xat/io? the throat, Xapin

voracious (an anthropophagite aLa Ghftle; see ^Yy),

Xairrw, Xa+viraw ; Lat. lambo, labwra; Pers. ^4 lip;German fcippt/ and the common wo^ds (abbcr* ftlaW

Digitized byGoogle

'rh-yb

terivf&tappen. The signification of deriding, whichcomes from that of stammering (*8.

To this answer Sansc. lad; Ltit.ludere; Gr.Xatrdrj,derision), Prov. 9: 12. Part. J? a mocker, scoffer,

i. e. a frivolous and impudent person, who despisesscofRngly the most sacred precepts of religion, piety,

and morals (compare It), Ps. 1 : 1 ; Pro. 9 : 7, 8 ; 13:1;

14:6; 15:12; 19:25; 22:10; 24:9; Isa. 29:20.

Hiphil.— (1) to act as interpreter, to interpret(from the idea of speaking barbarously, in a foreign

tongue; compare Kal No. 1). Part. P?9 an inter-preter, Gen. 42 : 23 (well rendered by the LXX. ip-pevevrjic, Onk. JD^np); hence an ambassador,internuncio, 2 Ch. 32:31 ; Isa. 43«»7» Y79 T$9 Job33:23; angel interceding with God on behalf ofmen, pttrirnc, tutelar; compare Matt. 18:10. [This

is strange theology, Christ is the one piairr]^ and in-

tercessor for his people.]

(2) i. q. Kal No. 2, to deride, to mock, followed by

an ace. Ps. 119:51 ; Pro. 14:9; followed by a dativePro. 3:34-

[" Pilel, to this apparently belongs the part

D*V¥^> scorners, mockers, Hosea7:5, for Q*¥pt?

Lehrg. p. 316." Thes.]

Hithpalel r^Jjn to actfoolishly, impudently,Isa. 28:22.

Hence fl*?f n^?.

t£^7 [" to knead with hands and feet, kindredto VVl, also 8*31, Bn^"], to knead dough, Genesis18:6; 1 Sa. 28:24; 2 Sa. 13:8. (Syriac and Chald.,

J&ih. f\n.

)fo see *T^n.

ffli? f. perverseness, Prov. 4:24, from tie rootHt? ["'or from ?£"].

n? adj. (from the rt n$);pi. D*nfr (with Dagesli

forte implied, Gramm. $ 22, 1); prop, moist; henoefresh, of wood, Gen. 30:37; of a grape,, Num. 6:3;of new ropes, Jud. 16:7,8.

rbm.root nr6.

vigour, freshness, Deut. 2^:7, from the

hMM/ an unused root; ^Eth. f\(\\Pl to be beau-tiful, handsome, whence *n?

DnDV-nnS ccccxxxvi

»f prey, which, when their jaw is broken and theirSt i*

"

teeth extracted, can no longer do barm. Arab. .-^d

id., ^L^l beard.

(3) [Lehi], pr.n. of a place on the borders of the

Philistam, Jud. 15:9, 14*19; ftdly called V? ^01

tlu high place, or hill, ofthejaw-bone, prob.so called

from the series of abrupt rocks, (as single rocks are .

called teeth, see 1^; a jaw is found as the name of a

mountainous place in the Chaldee pr. n. 3$to JVIT?

for Hebr. 3«to "flj, Mich. Suppl. p. 1453); the writer

himself [who as being inspired is to be implicitly be-

lieved] refers it to the casting away of the jaw-hone,

as if it were written *C^ HDi (from the root TO"} to

throw).

^jn 7 i. q. PJJ7 to lick; German lecfen ; Arabic

^C^\ ; Syr. \y+\ Peal and Pael id. In Kal it is once

used [in speaking of an ox] for to lick away, to eat

up or depasture by licking. Num. 22:4.

Piel,W to lick, to eat up by licking, spoken of* $,-

an ox, Num. loc. cit. (compare Arab. .^J to lick up

fodder as an ox), used of fire, 1 Ki. 18:38; ">?¥ TO?

to lick the dust; hyperb. of one who prostrates him-

self as a suppliant on the ground, Psalm 72:9; Mic.

7:17; Isa. 49-23.

QH7 fut. DCy*— (1) to eat (kindred to OH?, seeunder the root ?&), i. q. ?5£, but only used poetically,

Prov. 23:1; followed by an ace. of the food, Prov.

4:17; 23:6; followed by ? to eat of anything (an,

ton ttxoai effen), Prov. 9:5; Psalm 141:4. Metaph.

Deut. 32:24, nSTJ ^n? "consumed with pesti-lence."

(2) to fight, to war, followed by H£ Psa. 35:1;and 7 of pers. 56:2, 3; more used in Niph. Fierce

soldiers are hyperbolically said to devour their ene-

mies, as Joshua says of the Canaanites. Num. 14:9,DH ^pnp " they shall be our bread;" Luth. benn nrir.

roolten fi* wi* SBrot freflen $ compare Arab. 4^a < to eat;

Conj. II. to fight; Pers.^^ ^r< anthropophagus,spoken of a fierce soldier; compare also Horn. wroXc-

fjtoio fiiya Ex. 14:14,25; Deut. 1:30; and by ?V of that lo:

which one fights, Jud. 9:17; 2 Ki. 10:3; "H# QWJud. 9:45; and T? ?V to fight against a city, to

besiege it, ha. 7:1; 2KL 16:5; Jer. 34:22; 37.8.Derivatives 0$, DPI?, D*n?, Hon?©.

DH/ a verbal of a Piel form, war, $iege. Jud.5:8, D^lVp DnJ? ?£ "then was there a besieging Athe gates," i. e. the gates were besieged. Segol fcr

Tsere (which is found' in some MSS.) is put, on ac-

count of the construct state; although similar in-

stances are not to be met with. [See Thes.]

OH/ of both genders (m. Num. 21:5; f. Gen.49:20).

(i)food, both of men and of beasts, I^v. 3:11;Ps. 41:10; 102:5; Job 20:14; DWK Dnj the foodof God, used of sacrifice, Lev. 21:8, 17. Jer. 11:19,

torfc? yV. " the tree with its food," i. e. its fruit

(compare Arab. Jjfl food, used of fruit), nngn urh

the food of the governor, the provision for his table

(Safelgetbft), Neh. 5:18; comp. verse 15; 1PW Obad.7, ellipt. for 19$ *P5$ those who eat of thy table,thy household; used of banquets, or meals, in the

phrases Dr6 ^>D« to eat food (see ?5« 1, let. c); and

Orb nby to furnish a banquet or meal, Eccl. 10: 19.

(2) specially bread (as in Arab. ^J is speciallyflesh); D*3BH DITJ bread of the presence; LXX.&OT01 ivwirioi; Vulg. panes propositionis ; Luth. au*

brobtej [Engl. Trans, shew-bread.'] Twelve small

loaves which were set out in the holy tabernacle be-

fore Jehovah every week (in the manner of lectis-

ternia), Ex. 25 : 30 ; 35 : 1 3 ; 39 : 36 ; called in the later

books n5"5g©n Dnj. When numerals are prefixed,nVl?3 must be supplied; 1 Sam. 10:4, D$ *W? two(loaves) of bread ; compare verse 3, once even

—

(3) wheat, of the flour of which the Hebrews mades —

their bread; bread-corn, JBrotEorn (comp. Arab. *ULfood; specially wheat; and on the other hand, Gr.

uItoq, wheat, then food of any kind). Isaiah 28 : 28,'13) pW Dn? "wheat is threshed indeed, but th«*do not beat it hard," etc.

D7? Ch.fcod, a banquet, Dan. 5:1.

*DH? see *PD? 1^3 a Bethlehemite, p. cxvm, A-But *P0? [Lahmt] also is found as the name of aman, 1 Ch. 20:5, in which place the author of the

Chronicles has taken up the words of 2 Sa. 21:19,vnjn n^a n«t ^rbri jvj o*n« Hjfii ijr£>£ tq " El-hanan, the son of Jaare-Oregim (this last word it

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wish—orb ccccxxxvn

doubtful, and has perhaps been inserted from the

end of the Terse), a Bethlehemite, slew Goliath of

Gath;n and mistaking the sense [see note], has

sought to reconcile it with the account of David

having slain Goliath, and has thus written conjec-

tarally, VMP T$} >n» WfTTty TJT1? tfltf* TO " El-

w*h~yb

the son of Jair, slew Lachmi, the brother

of Goliath of Gath." Lachmi therefore, the brother

of Goliath, is a fictitious person. [Note. An inspiredwriter must never be charged with mistaking the

sense of a passage; whatever difficulties we may find,

we must never forget that " all Scripture is given byinspiration of God."]

DOT!/ [Lahmam], pr. n. of a town in the plaincountry of the tribe of Judah, Joshua 15:40, where

39 copies have D9$. [So Engl. Trans.]

rt a Chaldee root, unused as a verb, pr. to belustful, like the Gr. Xayvoc, pr. to be greedy, like

the kindred root D?/, &tf?, but applied to sexual

desire. Hence

—

FWH7 f. Ch. a concubine, Dan. 5:2, 3, 23. Offrequent use in the Targums.

Yrt/ A* rtfc i- q- TO (kindred to tffc W*, JW),[fTi3], to press, to squeeze, Nu.22: 25; 2Ki.6:32;

to oppress, to afflict a people, Ex. 23:9; Judges

1 134; 2 : 18. (Arab, ^^i VIII. to compel,J^J toset upon, to be importunate with, Samaritan

"HOT—Bto7

«^©7 ftlt BhD?!— (l) TO HAMMER, TO FORGE,Gen. 4:29.

(a) to sharpen by hammering, e.g. a plough-share, 1 Sam. 13:20; a sword, Psa. 7: 13. Metaph.

Job 16: 9, ? VJTT KntD^; "he sharpens his eyesagainst me," he watches me with stern and threat-ening eyes.

Pcjal, part, sharp, Ps. 52:4.

Derivative, pr. n. OB^tW.

Hvfor rpft, wj?=zrvf? a wreath, from the rootHI?; p], wreaths, festoons ((Suirlanbett/ gefton*), inarchitecture, 1 Ki. 7 : 29, 30, 36.

/ . / Isa. 16 : 3, and Lam. 2:19 a*D3 [" once ?7Isa. 21 : 1 1 in pause, like^n and '*D"], const. S*J? Ex.

i 2 : 42 ; Isa. 15:1; 30 : 29 ; more often with n parag.

TO* (MM), in pause "Wj, pi. ITO$ [Root M> inThes.], m.

night. (Arab. JJ, Jfith. ft/V/h Syr. )ȣ\

L^^ id. [" In all these cognate words there is atrace of n parag. ; see the note."] A word, beyonddoubt primitive, from which the verb |y to pass thenight, for /v, appears to be formed : [in Thes. ?.Y as

implying obscurity, is derived from W]). Gen. 1 :5,14; Ps. 19:3, and so verv often; n^J? D^3l« fortynights, Gen. 7 : 4, 1 2 ; *?£"??? all the night, Ps. 6:7;1™* npjpa in one night, Gen. 40:5; 41:11; 7§f?2wnn in that night, Gen. 32:14, 22.

—

By night, isexpressed in Hebrew by »Y*p Gen. 14:15; Ex. 13:22 (whence n^JJ} DOV Ex. 13:21 ; Lev. 8:35; Num.9:21, and DVj TO Isa. 27 : 3, DD'n. 7\ty 34: 10; Jer.14:17); poet, rffmi Job 24:14; Psal 42:9; 77:7;88:2; 119:55; n^P^l. 16:7; nW"JCant.3:i.ny?? adv. to night (like D'W to day), Gen. 19:5, 34."V

%?3 as by night, Job 5: 14. Figuratively used of

calam ity, misery, Job 35: 10; Mic-3:6; Isa. 21:1 1 (compare ^H).

(*) Note, •yy with n parag. pr. signified by night;however, gradually it was used for the night time(bte 3eit, in wetrkr es 9lod)te ift), and night itself;just as n^JJ, n^Dy the region towards the south ornorth, for south and north (whence n^&¥3, n??|3),comp. DDVa ; this termination so coalesces with thissubstantive that in Chaldee and Syriac it is retainedas though it were radical, and it becomes ' with theteimination of the emphat state. Hence

—

K*p\? m. ChalcL night, Dan. 2: 19; 5if »3

ccccxxxvin •u^-be'?

ff/y f. prop, nodurnavrrora 7!?, with the adj.

term. fern. fl*7), a nocturnal spectre, which had,according to the rabbins, the form cf a beautiful

woman, and lay in wait for children by night. [Allthis is utterly absurd when thus connected with thenature of something real mentioned in Scripture; who*

it is, may be doubtful.] Like this are the Greek andRoman fables about the woman "E/uroi/aa, about theovoKtyravpoi (see Arist. Ran. 293 ; Creuzer, CommentHerod, page 267), the Lamiae, the Striges, and the

Arabian fables about the Ghules(JyJI, 3^S0» *-*>

female monsters inhabiting deserts, and tearing men

in pieces. Compare other names of spectres, ^3^8.,D^W. Isa. 34: 14. More may be seen in Bochart,in Hieroz. vol. ii. page 831 ; Buxtorf, in Lexicon ChMand Talmud, page 1 140, and in my Comment, on Isa.13:22; 34 : 1 4. [It is really lamentable that any onecould connect the word of God with such utter ab-surdity ; many understand the nocturnal creaturespoken of to be simply the screech owl.']

JV see |6 No. l.W*7 an unused root, i. q. i*L>l Med. Ye HI. and

V. to be strong, bold, v

530; 7:2,

strong; also .^J strength,

^JV strong, brave. [This root is rejected in Thes.]Hence

—

&\? m.— (1) [In Thes. from B«6], a lion, so calledfrom his strength, Isa. 30:6; Job4:li; Pro. 30:30.

(Arab. ^i-J, Chald. n$, Gr. \

•ttih-izh ccccxxxix

10* No. 7. Joe. 7: 14, rtrr, «7^T^ OJ#0 "thetribe which Jehovah will choose," will mark out by

lot; verse 17.

Niphal, pass, of Kal No. 1, Ps. 9: 16; Jer. 51 :56;l Ki. 16:18; No. 3, 1 Sa. 10:20, 21.

Hithpael, to take hold of one another, to ad-

here together (Arab. jj3 Conj.V. to be joined to-

gether with the parts compacted), Job 41:9, *1??W

"they stick together (the scales of the crocodile);"

Job 38:30, ttjtyp Dtan *JJ "the face of the waters

adheres together," is frozen. Compaie TnK No. 4.Derivatives, JVjS/9 and—

TtD1?-^

"Tp7 m. capture, being taken, Prov. 3:26.

I. ^?7 imp. of the verb vj, with n parag. go, de-part, Num. 10:29. It becomes a part, of exciting,age, go to, come now, Gen. 31 : 44, even when womenare addressed, Gen. 19:32, for *?(, in pi. O? agite,Gen. 37:20; 1 Sa. 9:9; Isa. 2:3, 5. The sing, isalso written y, Num. 23: 13; Jud. 19: 13; 2 Chron.25:17.

II. riDp for 1^ to thee, Gen. 27:37.

iy? ("progress," "journey," for n^.) [Le-caK], pr. n. of a town in the tribe of Judah, 1 Ch. 4 : 21.

12^37 (i. q. v*£ " obstinate," i. e. hard to be

captured), [Lac Ass A], pr. n. of a fortified town (Isa.36:2; 2 Chron, 11:9) in the plain country, of the

tribe of Judah, which had formerly been a royal

city of the Canaanites, Josh. 10:3; 12:11; 15:39;Neh. 11:30; Jer. 34:7; Mic. 1:13. [Derived in

Thes. from the unused root BO

n\h-y& CCCCXI^

^Ty7 an unused root,

fcut"") clXJj signifies a strong young man

Arab. [" ii£*l to taste,

Hence

—

**Jv 7 Pr* n * £), from the root tffr.

3Jt7 unused in Kal. Arab. v_^Jto plat, to

/est. also to mock. (Kindred to the verbs 3$, T5?,

see !£?.) Chaldee 3^? mockery, 2$J)& to mock atany one. Compare Gr. \wfio, Xw/3ao/xai.

Hiphil, to mock at, followed by 3 9 Chr. 36:16.

Ale / properly to stammer (Syriac s^*^, also

&re ffo),

comp. Niphal, and transp. JJR, ^Jx speaking barba-rously.

(9) to mock at, to deride, prop, to imitate anyone's voice in stammering, by way of derision (Chald.J/3? to mock. Compare transp. Greek yt\aw, also

\\tvri, \\tvaZw, Goth, hlahjan, lahhan, Pers. . L.vrj

to joke, Germ. tod)en, to laugh). Pro. 1 :26; followed

by a dat. of pers. Pro. 17:5. Ps. 9 :4,^ xfc\ %p«u the Lord will mock at them," shall despise themas enemies who can accomplish nothing; 59:9; Job*9!19' Niphal, to speak barbarously, in a foreignlanguage, Isa. 33:19.

Hiphil, i. q. Kal No. 9, to mock, to deride, Job

91:3; followed by ?Ps.29:8; Neh. 2:19; followedby ? 9 Ch. 30: 10. Hence—

})£? masc.— (1) derision, mockery, Ps. 79:4;Exekiel 23:3*; 3^'4i meton. used of that whichcauses it, Hos. 7:16.

(9) impious speech (compare pS) Job 34:7.

327 adj-

—

(l), speaking in a barbarous orforeign tongue. Isa. 98:11, HDJp ^j£ « the peopleof a strange language" (i.e. the Assyrians f?]).

(9) jester, buffoon, mocker. Psa. 35: 16,^iiPB propl "mockers for a cake," i. e. parasites, whoact the part of buffoons at the feasts of the wealthy

for the sake of dainty fare; Gr. ^/ioa:oXai»c> *?(*-

ffotcoXaictc. In the Talmud njty |i^ talking for acake, is used for jocose scurrilous discourse.

vJi7 *& unused root Arabic J*l to put intoorder. Hence

—

*"HS?/ ("order"), [ZaadaA], pr.n. m, 1 Chroo.4:91.

n?/ ("put into order"), [Laadanj, pr.n. m.iCh.7:96.—(9) lCh. 93:7; 96:21.

nJ7/ L q. Arabic Ul, ^ to speak rashly,• So-

tO utter vain things (kindred to VP, which see), J&

hasty discourse. Job 6: 3, *l£ *J3^ J3"^g " thereforemy words were rash (hasty);" *$ (Milel) for ^(Milra) on account of the pause, like nn$ in paussrow,

W1?

to devour. Con-

Arab. quadriL »UJ id. ; ~^J

to speak barbarously, in a fobeioilanguage; compare $£}, Y^. Paal. 114:1. (8yr.

JL^2S to speak in a foreign language, especially inEgyptian.)

***.( TO EAT GREEDILY,

pare note under VO,

voracity.

Hiphil, to give to eat Gen. 95:30, «J TS^^O"give me to eat," let me devour, ofa person hungryand greedy.

(M7 an unused root. Arab. ^yJ to curse. Hence-*fti^/fem. wormwood, Jer. 9: 14; 93:15; Lam.

3:15, 19; Prov.5:4; this herb is perhaps ao calledas being noxious (see the root) and poisonous (comp.Deut. 99: 17; Apoc. 8: 10, 11); as bitter herbs werecommonly so regarded by the Hebrews (compare Heb13:15).

rirh-rth CCCCXLl

XafAxac, Gen. Aa/i*Niphal, to bend oneself— (a) to turn aside fromthe way. Job. 6:18, Dyr* nirnK inpjj; « the jour-

neyers of their way turn aside," i.e. those whojourney that way; bic SBkmbcrer/ tie to SBegce !ommen.—(b) to turn oneself back to see (Arab. Conj. I.V. VHI. id.), Ruth 3:8.

pSy m. mocking, frivolous contempt of what isgood and upright, Prov. 1 :22; hence pV^ H^JK L q.yif}; Isa. 28:14; Prov. 29:8; from the root $>.

f¥7 a doubtful root i. q. J^7, to mock. Once inpart.n^ Hos.7:5, unless this be for flfblf part.Pilel from XA.

Wp? (" stopping up the way," i. e. a fortifiedplace, fr >m the root ^jjj to stop up a way), [Lakum],

pr. n. of a town in the tribe of Naphtali, Jos. 19:33.

np7 fat. nj?*, imp. ni5? Ex. 29: 1, more frequentlyng with n parag. nnj> Gen. 15:9, infabsol. nip5?Deu.

31 :«6; Jer. 32 : 14, const. nn|5 with pref. nDS? (to bedistinguished from JJCS? 2 fem. pret), with suff.

(l) to take i q Xnpjiaru (To this answer Arab.

transp. JL^O to stick together, to adhere, * e Hithpael

["Maltese laqach, jylquach, Vassali, p. 430"], G.

Xa\to y Xayyavi*.) Prop, to take with the hand, Ulay hold of, Gen. 3:22; 18:7,8; 21:14,27; 22:6:

Ps. 18:17, anUnlaffen), Gen. 20:2, HTfernK ngn "and he fetched

Sarah;" Gen. 27:13, ? np ^ "go, fetch me" Gen.42 : 16; Num. 23 : 11 ; Jud. 11:5; also anj thing,

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is-nth CCCCXUI

t Sam. 4:6, u they came to fetch wheat" (urn SB&eijenlufcoltn); to bring any thing (bringen, #n*# fyerbringen),Gen, 18:5, 7» 8; Job 38:20; to bring, as an offering(bocbringcn), Gen. 15:10; Ex. 25:2; 35:5.

(e) to take, i. e. to receive, empfangen (i. q. \a/i/?a-

vttv, in Passow. lett. B), Num. 23:20, " behold, Ihave received a blessing from God." Specially

—

(a) to receive (aufnetjmeit) for care and protection,Ps. 49:16: 73:24.

—

(b) to receive with the ears. i.e.

to perceive (wrnc&men), Job 4:12, compare n£p.

—

(c) to receive (i.q. to admit), e.g. prayers, counsel,

Ps.6:io; Prov. 2:1; 4:10; 24:32.Niphal nefo pass, of Kal 1, letter b, 1 Sam. 4:11,

seq.; 21:7; « Ki. 2:9, letter d; Est. 2:8, 16. Morefrequently in the passive signification are used

—

Pual, pret. nj5^ and fut.

—

Hophal ngj pass, of No. 1, to be taken, Gen. 3: 19,23; letter b, Isa. 49:*4> *5; 52:5; Jud. 17:2; letterd,Gen. 12:15; 18:4.

Hitiipael, part. nng^JjD t?g Ex! 9:24; Eze. 1:4,'* a fire tak i ng hold of itself," as if a mass of fire ; seeSyn. "»?>0n.

Derivatives, nnjj [?], nn^D, T\\p^ Djn^ [D;n,^D,HpD, pr. n. *P??], and

—

fij?7 m.— (l) arts, by which any one's mind iscaptivated (tfunft jem. tinjune&men), Prov. 7:21; com-pare root No. 1, letter c.

(2) doctrine, knowledge, which any one receives,i.e. perceives, or learns (see root No. 2, b; compare

Syr. ^^p to receive and learn ; Gr. wapaXafifiaywand Lat. accipio), Pro. l :5; 9:9; Isa. 29:24. So faras this is communicated to others, i. q. instruction,the discourse of one who teaches, Prov. 4:2; Deut.32:2; Job 11:4.

V\?? ("learned," "imbued with learning"),ILikht], pr.n. m. 1 Chron.7:i9.

Up7 Kal and Piel to gather, to collect,prop, things lying on the ground, e. g. cars of corn,Ruth 2:3, 7, 15; stones, Gen. 31:46; flowers, Cant.6:2; manna, Exod. 1624, seq. Once used of col-lecting money, Gen. 47 : 14. [" Arab. Jag) to collect

any thing lying on the ground; Syr. i£Ja^ Peal andPael, used of collecting wood ; Sam. ^p2»> but Nasar.

H£^ to collect." Thes.]Pual, Isaiah 27:12, and

—

Hithpael, Jud. 11:3, to be gathered, assembled(of persons), Arab, and Aram. id.

Tlmioe D*jy! and—

13|7/ m. a gleaning of ears of corn, oi* of grapesLev. 19:9; 23:22.

Dp7 8ee D*pk [" Arab. J3 to stop the way n]

pp7 ût- P% onomatopoet to lick, to lap, usedof dogs drinking by lapping, l Kings 21 : 19; 22:38;Jud. 7:5. A kindred root is 'VJP, whi*»h see; alsopage ccccxxxrv, B. Also Armen. jui^hrgjakiel, is to

lap; Arab, -jli! a tongue.

Piel, id. Jud. 7:6, 7.

tt^p7 unused in Kal; Syr. PaelTO be bipe,Latb

(used of fruit) ; whence (?w$ the latter rain, andfc*jjf hay of the latter growth. Hence

—

Piel, to gather late fruit, i. e. to glean, Job 24:*!

(wheresomecopies actas interpreters by reading TOpfr).

E?&/ m. hay of Hie latter growth, aftermowth,Am.7:l.

Iv 7 an unused root. Arabic *X*J to suck;whence

—

*!&?/ m.— (1) juice, from the idea of sucking;specially vital moisture, vigour; Ps. 32:4, WTJywf " my vigour is changed," i. e. is dried up.

(2) a sweet cake; Nu. 11:8, l^? Iffy " a cakeof oil," an oiled cake ; LXX. iyrpic c£ iXaitw

J

iw( of both genders, but more often f.— (i)the tongue of men or of animals, Ex. 11:7; and bo

frequently. (Arab. ^U, iEthiop. Clt\*il Aram. If?,x-Jt^y also in languages not Phrenicio-Sheniitic,

Sanscrit rasana, Armen. {Irqnu Uezu, Coptic AAC,

and even yXdatra, in which y is an addition ; comp.\evtraw, yXavaaw, yydtyoq, vi^oq, yXcuva, lana and

many other words. [Welsh, llais, voice, Ueision, en-dued with voice.] The original idea is that oflapping, a power which is found in the syllable las,

compare BTip, ^^^ ^^J, 1b6. A secondary rootis thePoel H&O which see.) 'B fl&fy T\rm under thetongue of any one is used in Hebrew for in the mouth

,

Ps. 10:7; 66:17. Specially used of a calumniousor malignant tongue (what the Chaldeans and Zabi-ans call a tJiird tongue, compare Sir. 28: 15; and theverb R?^). Ps. 140: 12, £«$> B»K " a man of tongue,"i. e. a slanderer (but pB? 7?3 is an enchanter, Ecc,I0:ll). Jer. 18:18, "come! let us smite him withthe tongue," i.e. as rightly given in the Chaldee,let us bear false witness against him. Job 5:81,

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jW? Dte> « the scourge of the tongue" (in Germanby a like figure, ftatfdxn). Pro. 10:31, nta^nn jte^" a perverse t ongu e," i. e. deceitful ; 1 7 : 20. Meton.

—(a) for speech, Job 15:5, D*£ng jiJP? "craftyspeeches;" Prov. 16:1.

—

(b) for idiom (GermanGpradje). Ban. 1

: 4, D«tt?3 fle?" the tongue of the

Chaldeans." Genesis 10:5, tiby/ B*K "every one

according to his tongue," and even

—

(c) a nation,

a people, which used a peculiar language. Isaiah

66:18, nhfe^cn Dtyrr^>3 « all nations and tongues"(see Chald. flf7). It is applied

—

(2) to inanimate things which resemble tongues

—

(a) 3rt) ppp a tongue of gold, i. e. a bar of gold, Josh.

7:91, 24. Vulg. regula aurea.— (b) &$ 1^ a flameof fire, so called from having some resemblance to atongue, and seeming to lap like one, see 3H?, OH?

(iEn.ii. 684), compare yXuiaaai utati icvpoq, Act. 2:3;

Arabic ,'J^ ,.,LJ; Persic . £5\ ' . ; zuboni atesh,

Isa.5:«4.— (c) Djn p&9 Josh. 15:5; 18:19; Isaiah11:15, and simply ftB? Josh. 15:2, a bay of the sea

(comp. Germ. (5 r b jungc) ; in the Arabian geographers

["^K? an unused root, perhaps if it be Phcenicio-Shemitic,i. q. T?5?; but used intrans. to throw one-self down. Hence—"]•Vr * £ *• 9- n?F? (where see as to its origin [In

Thes. suggested to be from W?J), pi. nb^j constr.nto&Y, a chamber, a cell, especially used of thecells of the temple, 1 Ch. 9:26; Eze. 40 : 17, 45; 42:l,seq.; Neh. 10:38, seq. Once, 1 Sa. 9:22, used of

a dining rom; and Jer. 36:12, of the room of the•oyal scribe in the royal palace. [See Thes.]

DV / a root °f doubtful power. Arab. **) tobreak, e.g. stones with the feet. ["Arab. ^J to taste,properly to lick."]

DEO m.— (1) a kind of precious stone, Ezod.*8 :l9f 39:12. LXX. Xiyvotov. Vulgate Ugurius,Germ. Opal.

ccccxLin • &-npb

(f) Josh. 19:47, a town, otherwise called &?> and

R

"ff* unused in Kal. [" But apparently signify-

ing to lap, like the cognate words, ^Jy\_ -AVj y

^J, compare Vm, ^A*."]Poel Vfb denom. from P&7 Pr» to make tongue,

to tongue, i. e. to use the tongue boldly (comp. Germ.

Seine madjen/ used of any one running swiftly, flee-

ing); to s lander(8eefwh used of the tongue ofa slan-

derer). Part, with suff. *#ft?, np %$fyq, for 'JJ&?,

>, part. Piel, Ps. 101:5. (Arab.^J to slander.)Hiphil, id. Prov. 30: 10.

f T .Ch. a tongue, hence used of a nation using

a peculiar language (see fay No. 1. c). Dan. 3:4,KJ3$>} k;©1$ KJDp? « peoples, nations, and lan-

guages." Dan. 3:7, 31; 5:19; 6:26; 7:14.

Vy7 an unused root. Arab. «_...,.) to pierce, tobore, m_;) a chink, a fissure; perhaps used ofchasms

in the earth and fountains. Hence

—

V&? [Lasha], pr.n. of a town, Gen. 10:19; inthe opinion of Jerome (in Qusest.) Callirrhoi on the

east of the Dead Sea, a place abounding in hot

springs. See Plin. H. N. v. 6; Joseph. Bell. Jud.

i. 33.

njlY an unused roo;; perhaps i.q. nnp, Sam.IgjyVi to expand, whence ^Eth. ftft^Jvh I a garmentof byssus, pr. more costly, large. Hence nnripp.

^T£v an unused root, prob. i. q. ^10J to bepoured out, whence

—

**|0* a corn measure, Hos. 3:2; so called from

pouring out. LXX. bpUopoQ. Vulg. corns dimidius,by accommodation to the context

J/J17 an unused root, i. q. ijj to bite^ whence

rtyjjpp teeth.

aMem, the thirteenth Hebrew letter; as a numeral

it stands for forty. The name of this letter D*9

probably signifies water, i. q. D'£, and its most

ancient f01:2s bore a resemblance to waves. In

iEthiopic it is called Mai, i. e. water. [" To thisanswers the Greek name Mw, L e. Phrenic. 1D water."]

It is interchanged—(a) often with the other labials,

as 3 and t|, which see [" and even with 1, e. g. Htpn r~-**

and r,)^w]---(i) with liquids, esjpecially Nun, c imp

f

0*; Syr. v); Arab ^ ^; JH3; Arab. A^\ thumb : jD^pa pistacio; compare (b&££> pistacia tetebinthus% \

Lin. K?^; Arab, ^jjtobefiit. 3"jD; ^.jy a threshing

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