GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. Cc ng t phi c V-ING theo sau avoid (trnh ) + V-ING admit (th a nhn ) advise (khuyn nh ) appreciate (nh gi ) complete ( hon thnh ) consider ( xem xt ) delay ( tr hon ) deny ( t chi ) discuss ( tho lun ) dislike ( khng thch ) enjoy ( thch ) finish ( hon thnh ) keep ( tip tc ) mention ( cp ) mind ( phin , ngi ) miss (nh , b l ) postpone ( tr hon ) practice (luyn tp ) quit (ngh , thi ) recall ( nhc nh , nh ) recollect ( nh ra ) recommend (nhc nh ) resent (bc tc ) resist (khng c ) risk ( ri ro ) suggest ( ngh ) tolerate (tha th ) understand ( hiu ) cant help (ko th trnh / nhn c ) cant stand ( ko th chu ng c ) cant bear ( ko th chu ng c ) It is no use / It is no good ( v ch ) would you mind (c lm phin ..ko) to be used to ( quen vi ) to be / get accustomed to (dn quen vi ) to be busy ( bn rn ) to be worth ( xng ng ) to look forward to (trng mong ) to have difficulty / fun / trouble to have a difficult time TO GO + V-ING Ex: We should avoid playing with him

2. Cc ng t phi c TO-V1 theo sau

afford ( kh nng ) + TO V1 agree (ng ) appear ( xut hin ) arrange ( sp xp ) ask ( hi , yu cu ) beg ( ni n , van xin ) care ( chm sc ) claim (i hi , yu cu ) consent ( bng lng ) decide ( quyt nh ) demand ( yu cu ) deserve ( xng ng ) expect ( mong i ) fail ( tht bi ) hesitate (do d ) hope (hi vng ) learn ( hc ) manage (sp xp ) mean ( nh ) need ( cn ) offer ( ngh ) plan ( ln k hoch ) prepare ( chun b ) pretend ( gi v ) promise ( ha ) refuse ( t chi ) seem ( dng nh ) struggle (u tranh ) swear ( xin th ) threaten (e do ) volunteer ( tnh nguyn ) wait (i ) want ( mun ) wish ( mong )

Ex : We agree to start early

3. Cc ng t + O + To -infinitive

advise (khuyn ) + O + TO - V1 allow ( cho php ) ask ( yu cu ) beg ( van xin ) cause ( gy ra ) challenge ( thch thc ) convince ( thuyt phc ) dare ( dm ) encourage ( khuyn khch ) expect ( mong i ) forbid ( cm ) force ( buc ) hire ( thu ) instruct ( hng dn ) invite ( mi ) need ( cn ) order ( ra lnh ) permit ( cho php ) persuade ( thuyt phc ) remind ( nhc nh ) require ( hi ) teach ( dy ) tell( bo ) urge ( thc gic ) want ( mun ) warn ( bo trc )

Note : * Mt s ng t ch tri gic theo sau l ng t nguyn mu hoc V-ING ( nu ang xy ra ) See Watch look at listen to smell Notice observe hear feel taste * Cc nhm t hoc ng t theo sau l ng t nguyn mu : - nothing but ( khng g nhng ch ) would rather ( thch .hn ) Ex : We would rather work than play - cannot but ( khng cn cch no hn l ) Had better ( nn ..th hn ) Ex : You had better work - Let / help / make / have + S.O+ V- ( bare infinitive ) Ex : - My father let me drive his car - He helped me wash my car - I made my brother carry my suitcase. - I got my brother to carry my suitcase . - I had my brother carry my suitcase . - I had my suitcase carried by my brother .

Ex: She allowed me to use her car

CLAUSEDefinition: A clause is a part of a sentence, a string of words which expresses a proposition and typically consists of at least a subject and a verb, and is joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a complete sentence on its own. Examples:

Jhon sings Yesterday we played baseball

* The sentence "He retired early because he was sad " contains two clauses, a main clause, consisting of the whole sentence, and a subordinate clause, "because he was sad ". There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent (subordinate clauses) Independent clauses An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning. For example: The window opened Independent clauses can be joined by a co-ordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences. Co-ordinating conjunction and or not but for so yet For example: "The door opened" + "The man walked in" = The door opened and the man walked in. "Jim studied in the Sweet Shop" + "his chemistry quiz" = Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz Dependent Clauses A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. Dependent clauses often begin with a a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun that makes the clause unable to stand alone. Subordinating Conjunctions although as even if even though once provided that so that than unless until where whereas while why

after before in order that since though whenever whether

because if rather than that when wherever

that who whose For example

Relative Pronouns which whoever whosever

whichever whom whomever

The door opened because the man pushed it I wondered whether the homework was necessary They will visit you before they go to the airport

Connecting dependent and independent clauses

Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. im studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.

Common Errors to avoid A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it. Incorrect:

I like this class, it is very interesting.

Correct:

I like this class. It is very interesting. I like this class; it is very interesting. I like this class, and it is very interesting. I like this class because it is very interesting. Because it is very interesting, I like this class.

10 li khuyn hc ting Anh hiu qu1. Bn nn bit r l do ti sao bn cn hc ting Anh. Hc lm vic, xin vic, cho vic hc tp hay ni chuyn vi ngi dng ting Anh. 2. Bit r k nng no ca bn b hn ch: ni, nghe, c hay vit? Bn mun ci thin k nng no? 3. C gng nghe hoc tng tng nhng th bn thy c th hiu chng 4. Bn nn ng k mt kha hc ting Anh. Hy ngh bn ang trong mi trng ch dng ting Anh. V vy, bn s lun lun s dng ting Anh 5. Bn lun lun phi tm kim c hi hc v dng ting Anh. Ni ting Anh bt c khi no c th. Bn nn nghe chng trnh ting Anh trn i v a CD, c v vit bng ting Anh. Nu thc s mun tm kim c hi, bn s tm thy 6. Vit t mi ra mt cun s ghi chp l mt cch rt hu dng. Bn hy lun mang theo n bn mnh v c th xem bt c khi no rnh ri. 7. Luyn tp cng nhiu cng tt. C 1 cu thnh ng ting Anh nu bn khng mun mt ci g th bn nn dng n. Cu thnh ng ny rt ng vi vic hc ting Anh 8. Tm mt ngi c th gip bn hc ting Anh, ng nghip chng hn. Bn c th ni chuyn hoc gi tin nhn bng ting Anh cho anh y v ngc li 9. Lun lun hc. Hy to thi quen hc 10 pht mi ngy. iu ny cn tt hn c vic bn dnh thi gian 1 ln trong 1 tun, cho d khong thi gian y c di hn na 10. Khi bt u hc, hy t hi chnh mnh Hm nay ti mun hc ci g? v n cui bui hy t hi Hm nay ti hc c ci g?

5 bc hon thin ng phpBn bao gi tng ngh mnh c th p dng k nng ng php hon thin ni v vit ting Anh? C th y! t c iu ny, bn c th bt u vi 5 mo hu ch sau: 1. Bit v s ph hp ca Ch Ng- ng T S khng ph hp gia ch ng v ng t l mt li ng php rt ph bin. Khi vit mt cu vn, hy chc chn rng ch ng v ng t ph hp vi nhau. Nu ch ng dng s t, th ng t phi dng s t. Nu ch ng s nhiu th ng t cng phi dng s nhiu. Bn hy xem 2 v d sau minh ha cho cch s dng ng: The boy runs on the street. The boys run on the street. 2. Bit cch s dng nhng t nghe c v ging nhau Ngi hc ting Anh thng hay nhm ln v cch s dng nhng t nghe c v ging nhau nh t there ch mt a im no , thng c dng trong vn cnh ca t their- dng s hu cch ca they. Mt li tng t l t its dng s hu cch ca it v its vit tt ca it is. Cch tt nht phn bit v s dng ng l tra cu trong t in. 3. Phn bit tnh t v trng t Bn cn bit cch phn bit gia tnh t v trng t. Tnh t miu t danh t, cn trng t miu t ng t, tnh t v cc trng t khc. Tnh t khng dng miu t cc t ch hnh ng. 4. c, c v c Cch tt nht ci thin ng php l c tht nhiu. Bng vic c lin tc v thng xuyn, bn s nhn bit c cc cu trc cu ng v cng c th lm giu vn t vng cho mnh. 5. S dng cc chng trnh luyn ng php C rt nhiu cng c luyn ng php hu ch m bn c th s dng hon thin kin thc ng php ca mnh, l cc bi tp trong cc sch ng php hoc s dng cc bi tp ng php trn mng.

4 mo vit cu vnVit cu l mt iu bt buc vi bt c ngi hc vit ting Anh no, k c ngi bn ng. Sau y l 4 mo c bn xy dng 1 cu vn ng. 1. S dng ng mo t C 2 loi mo t: xc nh v khng xc nh. Mo t xc nh the cp ti nhng danh t c th, xc nh. Sau y l v d mo t the ng vi danh t l apple ( qu to ny xc nh). * He ate the apple. Mo t khng xc nh a, an cp n danh t ni chung. Bn c th xem v d minh ha sau, danh t apple ch mt qu to bt k no , khng xc nh t trc. * He ate an apple 2. m bo ng t ph hp vi ch ng Nguyn tc c bn trong vit cu l: ch ng l s t th s dng ng t dng s t, cn ch ng l s nhiu th s dng ng t dng s nhiu. Hy xem cc v d sau: * She likes to drink coffee. * They like to go out and have fun 3. Dng ng Gii t Gii t c vai tr quan trng trong vic vit cu. C cc loi gii t khc nhau: ch phng hng ( to, on, in, onto, into), ch a im ( at, in, on) v cc gii t ch thi gian, ni chn Bn cn bit cch phn bit mi loi gii t s dng cho ng. 4. Dng ng du cu Hc cch s dng ca cc du cu khc nhau s dng ng v chnh xc. V d, bn cn bit cch phn bit gia du phy, du chm phy v du hai chm. Ngun:vietnamlearning.vn nothing8x 24-09-09, 03:48 PM Cch hc ng php hiu qu Hu ht mi ngi khi hc mt ngn ng mi thng khng c nhiu thi gian v mt mi trng l tng. Vy cch hc ng php th no l tt nht? y l cu hi khng d tr li cht no. C rt nhiu kin khc nhau v vic dy v hc ng php. Nhiu gio vin tin vo tm quan trng ca cc bi hc ng php v cc bi luyn tp. S khc li cm thy vic hc ng php ch c hiu qu bng cc hot ng khc nhau m khng tp trung trc tip vo cc quy tc ng php. Cho d kin ca bn l g, bn c hc ng php theo cch no th sau y l mt s li khuyn c th gip bn hc ng php hiu qu hn Nhn thc v ng php. Ngh v ng php. Lu rng cc kha cnh ng php ting Anh cng tng t nh ngn ng khc (V d nh cch s dng mo t trong ting c cng ging nh trong ting Anh). Cng nn lu rng cch dng ting Anh din t khc vi ngn ng ca bn. Ting Anh s dng th hin ti hon thnh din t hnh ng bt u t qu kh v ko di ti hin ti (v d: I have had this watch for 10 years). Trong khi cc ngn ng khc dng th hin ti din t iu tng t ( v d: ting c: Ich habe diese Uhr seit 10 Jahren). Nu bn c th nhn bit c s ging v khc nhau , bn s c th hc cc quy tc mt cch nhanh chng v d dng hn.

c tht nhiu sch ting Anh- iu ny nghe c v hi l nhng trn thc t, khi bn dnh thi gian c hoc nghe ting Anh, bn ang xem nhng mu ng php chun, iu ny s gip ch cho bn khi vit, ni, din t v kim tra bi tp ca mnh. Tt nhin, s cn tt hn nu bn c th c vi s nhn thc ng php r rng. i khi bn t nh rng : , vy ra y l cch dng trong ting Anh y! Tp trung vo cc kha cnh ca ng php m c nhn bn cm thy kh nht ( Nu bn khng nhn bit c, hy hi cc thy c gio ca bn). c bit trong cc bi vit, bn nn c bit ch ti cc kha cnh ng php . Tt nhin l trong khi ni th s kh hn nhng thm ch bn c th dng li sa cho ng. V d, khi bn ang k li 1 cu chuyn trong th hin t, bn c th t nhc mnh rng bn cn thm s vo ngi th 3 s t. Nu bn khng thch cc bi tp ng php hoc khng thch hc ng php, th iu quan trng hn ht l bn theo nhng li khuyn nh trn. Bn nn th tm ra quy tc cho ring mnh. Nu bn thch nhng bi tp ng php th hy tip tc lm. Nhng lm bi tp ng php tt khng c ngha l bn s khng mc li na. Cng ging nh ngi hc chi tennis qua sch, mt khi trn sn, anh ta khng th nh bng ng cch c. Nu lm bi tp ng php, hy c gng khng ch l in vo trng hay l chn p n ng m hy t vit ra mt s cu p dng nhng quy tc m bn va luyn tp. Hc cc ng t bt quy tc ph bin. Nu c th dng ng nhng ng t ny, bn s c nhiu thi gian tp trung vo cc kha cnh khc. S rt d hc nu bn t ni vi chnh mnh nhiu ln. Ch c phn cui nu bn rt hng th vi ng php! C mt chng trnh trn my vi tnh gi l Concordancer c th gip bn hc cch dng t v cc quy tc ng php. Khi bn g mt t vo chng trnh ny, hng trm v d v t ny s hin ra trong cc cu trch dn. V d, khi bn mun hc v cch dng th hin ti hon thnh tip din, bn c th g vo cha I have been v my tnh s hin ra mt danh sch cc phn trch t sch bo c cm t ny. V d: o I have been waiting for two months for a letter from my pen-friend. o I have been living in Germany for 3 years. o I have been learning English since 1999 Nu bn hc k nhng v d ny, bn c th nhanh chng rt ra c quy tc ng php v cch s dng th hin ti hon thnh tip din. Bn c th tham kho ti ng link sau: http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/analysis/concord.htm

5 mo vui luyn pht m ting AnhNu pht m ting Anh chun, mi ngi c th nghe v hiu c bn. Hc ni ting Anh tht n gin v d dng m khng cn tn thm nhiu cng sc khi bn bit mt s mo sau : Hy luyn theo ging ni ca ngi m bn thch Bn thch ging ni v ng iu ca ai? Cu tng thng M Bill Clinton, cng cha nhc Pop ni ting ngi Australia Kylie Minogue hay din vin huyn thoi Anh Hugh Grant? S rt tuyt nu bn nghe ging ni ca ngi m bn hm m. V vy, hy nghe h tht thng xuyn, ch n cch pht m ca h, v sau luyn ni ging h. Kh nng pht m ca bn s c ci thin nhanh chng y! Nghe ting Anh cng nhiu cng tt Hy nghe nhng chng trnh ni chuyn, nhng bi ht ting Anh trn sng radio. Hy xem nhng chng trnh tuyn hnh, on video trn YouTube v c nhng b phim ang n khch rp na ch. V lu l ng c ph nh! Bn cng c th nghe bi ht ting Anh trn my tnh v my nghe nhc MP3. Hy khng gian bao quanh bn l ting Anh cng nhiu cng tt! Luyn ni trong nh tm! Luyn tp, luyn tp v luyn tp! ng ht trong nh tm, m hy ni v ni tht nhiu! Hy nh li nhng iu m bn nghe trong sut c ngy v ni li. Bn s l mt ngi nghe tt y! Trong nh tm, khng ai c th nghe thy bn, khng ai ci bn nu bn ni iu g ng ngn v nc chnh l ngi bn tt ca bn. Cng ging nh p xe p, chi nhc c hay v tranh cng luyn tp th bn cng tin b! Hy thu m li ging ca mnh, nghe v li ghi m tip tc, tip tc v tip tc! Hy lm quen vi ging ni ca chnh bn, nghe xem bn ni nh th no, pht m t ra sao v t bn c th gip chnh mnh. Hy chun b trc on ni, thu m vo my MP3 hoc in thoi v sau nghe li tng t mt. S l mt cch luyn tp mi l v hiu qu! Ni r, pht m r tng t cho ti khi kt thc. iu quan trng khi ni l lm sao ngi khc c th hiu c. Hy m bo rng bn ni r rng v mi ngi nghe hiu bn ni g. Bn c th ci thin k nng ni ting Anh ngay trn my tnh ca mnh. y l cng c gip bn luyn pht m hiu qu - Speaking Lab. Tt c nhng th bn cn ngoi my tnh ra l mng Internet, loa v micro! y l tin ch th v m VietnamLearning dnh cho cc bn. Ch cn ng nhp vo website http: (http://english.vietnamlearning.vn/)//english.vietnamlearning.vn (http://english.vietnamlearning.vn/) l bn c th luyn tp c ri. Trong Speaking lab: http://c.uploadanh.com/upload/1/242/0.441488001254970156.jpg

Chn cu bn mun luyn pht m trong danh sch bn tay tri. Nghe ging ni ca ngi bn ng. Thu m ging ni ca bn Nghe phn thu m ca bn, xem phn ghi ch mu xem bn cn luyn thm u. Sau khi thc hin tt c nhng mo vui trn, kt qu bn t c c th s lm bn ngc nhin y! Ngun: vietnamlearning.vn nothing8x 13-10-09, 07:14 PM Mo nh hc Vit Vit l mt trong nhng k nng ngn ng tng i kh vi ngi hc ting Anh. Tuy nhin, vic luyn vit s tr nn n gin hn nu bn p dng mt s mo nh sau: 1. Ni ra, sau vit li Bt u bng vic ni ra suy ngh trong u ca bn Lng nghe tng ca bn By gi s d dng hn vit ra 2. S dng nhng t ng ph bin Dng nhng t m hu ht mi ngi u bit v hiu ngha. V d: T l: It was a blistering day. T quen thuc: It was a hot day. 3. Dng cu ngn Vit ngn, n gin v i thng vo vn V d: Di : My advice to you is always to remember to take an umbrella; you never know when it might rain. Ngn: Dont forget to take an umbrella. 4. Dng cu r rng Nu bn c nhiu mun din t th hy chia thnh nhng cu ngn. Chia thnh nhng cu vn ngn gip cho cu vn r ngha hn v ngi c s cm thy d hiu hn. V d: Khng r: The school year has just started and I am so excited, my teacher is really nice, I bought all my books, and I even made some great new friends. R: I am so excited about school this year. I like my teacher. I bought all my books. The kids in my class are nice, I have made new friends. 5. c li bi vit Hy c li bi vit ca mnh, v tr li nhng cu hi sau y. Nu tt c cu tr li u l Yes th ngha l bi vit ca bn t yu cu ri y! Bi vit r rng cha? Tt c cc cn din t din t c cha? Bn c cm thy hi lng vi nhng g mnh ang c khng? ( hy nh l bn vit n y nh!) ng ngi xa i v lm li. 6. S dng t t ng Sau khi hon thnh, hy xa khong 20% s t khng cn thit hoc khng quan trng trong bi.

Cha kha: less is more! 7. Vt b i nhng th khng cn thit! ng vy! Hy vt b, xa nhng th khng cn thit i. Ngy mai, bn s vit mt bi mi khc!