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German and Italian Unification
In the early 19th century Italy and Germany were not countries yet
Nationalism, i.e. the desire for their own nation, inspired Germans and Italians to seek to create a larger national entity
Nationalism =
1. A sense of belonging to a nation or people on the basis of a shared language, racial or ethnic background, geographic origin, religion and/or culture
2. a sense of national consciousness that one’s culture and traditions were superior to those of other countries
Various individuals, in Germany and Italy, played key roles in helping create
new nations in each place
Giuseppe Mazzini, the so-called Soul of Italy
Count Camillo di Cavour, Chief Minister of Sardinia
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Count Otto von Bismarck of Prussia
King Wilhelm I of Prussia
Some rulers, such as Austro-Hungary’s emperor Franz Joseph I or Pope Pius II, steadfastly opposed either German or
Italian unification
Prussia, the key state pushing for German unification, made use of three
wars – the last one with France -- to unify the German people
Emperor Napoleon III of France
Prussian King William I is proclaimed German emperor at Versailles after his
victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1871)
Today Germany and France are no longer enemies, as this recent photo of German
Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy indicates