Geotechnical Predictions and Practice in Dealingwith Geohazards

For further volumes:

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GEOTECHNICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND EARTHQUAKEENGINEERING

Volume 25

Series Editor

Atilla Ansal, School of Engineering, Ozye�gin University, Istanbul, Turkey

Editorial Advisory Board

Julian Bommer, Imperial College London, U.K.Jonathan D. Bray, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.Kyriazis Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Susumu Yasuda, Tokyo Denki University, Japan

Jian Chu • Sri P.R. Wardani • Atsushi Iizuka

Editors

Geotechnical Predictionsand Practice in Dealingwith Geohazards

EditorsJian ChuDepartment of Civil, Construction& Environmental Engineering

Iowa State UniversityAmes, IAUSA

Sri P.R. WardaniDepartment of Civil EngineeringDiponegoro UniversitySemarang, Indonesia

Atsushi IizukaResearch Center for Urban Safetyand Security

Kobe UniversityKobe, HyogoJapan

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Preface

The 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster

Mitigation and Rehabilitation was held in Semarang, Indonesia, May 18–20,

2001. A One-Day International Symposium on Recent Advances in Geotechnical

Engineering was also organized by the Conference Organizing Committee led by

Prof. S.P.R. Wardani and the Technical Committee TC303 under the International

Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). This Sym-

posium also marked the 40-year contributions of Professor Hideki Ohta in research

and development in the area of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering.

Professor Ohta is a Professor of Research and Development Initiative at Chuo

University, Japan. Before his retirement in 2009, he was a Professor at the Tokyo

Institute of Technology (TIT). Prof. Ohta started his professional career in geotech-

nical engineering in 1971 at Kyoto University. He also worked at the University

of Cambridge, Asian Institute of Technology, and Kanazawa University. He was

the vice president (1999–2001) and later the president (2004–2006) of the Japanese

Geotechnical Society. He has received many awards, including awards from the

Japan Society of Civil Engineers (1971, 2002, and 2004), and awards from the

Japanese Geotechnical Society (1986, 1991, 1999, and 2008). His major research

interests include constitutive model of soils, deformation of soft clays, dam engine-

ering, and rock slope stability. Professor Ohta is one of the key founders of TC303

(the TC39 then) and has been a sought-after keynote and invited speaker at

international conferences.

The theme of the symposium was the recent advances in geotechnical

predictions and practices dealing with geohazards. Fourteen invited speakers,

including Prof. Ohta and a number of other leading world researchers, presented

their latest research works at the symposium. This volume comprises the written

version of the lectures presented at the symposium and several other invited

contributions. The book contains 23 chapters and is divided into three sections:

Geotechnical Aspects of Some Recent Disasters; Geotechnical Predictions; and

Geotechnical Practices in Dealing with Geohazards. A prologue is also provided to

share a glimpse of Prof. Hideki Ohta’s life and achievements in the past 40 years.

The recent earthquake disasters in Japan and a series of other disasters in the world

v

have again highlighted the need for more reliable geotechnical prediction, better

methods for geotechnical design, particularly dealing with geohazards. It is hoped

that this book will provide a timely review and summary of the recent advances in

theories, analyses, and methods for geotechnical predictions and the most up-to-

date practices in geotechnical engineering and particularly in dealing with

geohazards.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the contributors for their

valuable contributions as well as their time and patience. We want to thank

Professor Ohta in particular for his considerable effort in reading through many

of the chapters in this book. We also thank Hermine Vloemans of Springer for her

professional handling of the publication process and her patience in waiting for the

manuscripts to be fully completed.

Ames Jian Chu

Semarang Sri P.R. Wardani

Kobe, Hyogo Atsushi Iizuka

A group photo of Prof. Hideki Ohta (in traditional Kazakhstan costume) with invited speakers and

participants to the One-Day International Symposium

vi Preface

Contents

Part I Geotechnical Aspects of Some Recent Disasters

1 Tsunami Induced by 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean

Earthquake and a Possible Renewal Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Hideki Ohta, Susumu Iai, Yukihiro Nishida, Shu Morioka,

and Atsushi Iizuka

2 Tsunami Damage: What Is Unexpected? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Koji Ichii

3 Past Earthquakes in Indonesia and New Seismic Hazard Maps

for Earthquake Design of Buildings and Infrastructures . . . . . . . . 33

Masyhur Irsyam, Hendriyawan, M. Asrurifak, M. Ridwan,

Fahmi Aldiamar, I. Wayan Sengara, Sri Widiyantoro, Wahyu Triyoso,

Danny Hilman, Engkon Kertapati, Irwan Meilano, Suhardjono,

and Anita Firmanti

4 Lessons Learned from the Recent Natural Disasters

in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani and Agus Setyo Muntohar

5 Behavior of Slope Protection and Retaining Structures

During the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Jianhui H. Deng, Fei Chen, Jinbing B. Wei, and Jiajia J. Tai

Part II Geotechnical Predictions

6 Consolidation and Creep Settlement of Embankment

on Soft Clay: Prediction Versus Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

S. Robert Lo, M.R. Karim, and C.T. Gnanendran

vii

7 Numerical Simulation of Soil Structures Reinforced

by Geosynthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Masafumi Hirata, Atsushi Iizuka, Hideki Ohta, Takayuki Yamakami,

Yoshihiro Yokota, and Koji Ohmori

8 Deformation Prediction of a Structure Placed on Soft Clay

in Tokyo Bay Affected by Heavy Deep Well Pumping . . . . . . . . . . 115

Koki Matsumoto, Akira Kobayashi, and Hideki Ohta

9 Elasto-Plastic FEM Analysis and Safety Evaluation

of Large Rockfill Dams During Reservoir Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Tetsuo Fujiyama, Takeshi Ishiguro, Yoshihisa Uchita,

and Hideki Ohta

10 Three Dimensional Soil/Water Coupled Analysis

of Reverse Concreting Excavation Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Shigehiko Sugie, Hideki Ohta, and Atsushi Iizuka

11 Spatial Discretization of a Water Head in Soil–Water

Coupled Finite Element Method Analysis Using the

Hybrid-Type Penalty Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Masafumi Hirata, Atsushi Iizuka, Hideki Ohta,

Tetsuo Fujiyama, and Tomohide Takeyama

12 Theoretical Analysis for Noncoaxiality of Toyoura Sand . . . . . . . . 181

Shinya Tachibana and Jiro Kuwano

13 Threshold of Friction Stabilizes Self-Weight Transmission

in Gravitating Loose Sand Heaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Thirapong Pipatpongsa and Hideki Ohta

14 Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Model for Unsaturated

Soils with Subloading Surface Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Shintaro Ohno, Katsuyuki Kawai, Atsushi Iizuka,

Shinya Tachibana, Shin-ichi Kanazawa, and Hideki Ohta

15 Stress–Strain Relationship for the Singular Point on the

Yield Surface of the Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Model

and Quantification of Metastability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Tomohide Takeyama, Thirapong Pipatpongsa,

Atsushi Iizuka, and Hideki Ohta

16 Analysis of Earth Pressure Problems by Upper

and Lower Equilibrium Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Akira Nishihara, Shinji Shimamoto, and Hideki Ohta

viii Contents

Part III Geotechnical Practices in Dealing with Geo-hazards

17 Rehabilitation of the Old Rossio Railway Station Building:

Enlargement and Underpinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Pedro Simao Seco e Pinto, Joao Barradas, and Arlindo Sousa

18 Analysis of Slope Stability and Landslide in Seismic

Active Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Askar Zhussupbekov, Rauan Ermagambetovich Lukpanov,

Serik Beisengalievich Yenkebayev,

and Vitaliy Analolievich Khomyakov

19 Recent Developments of PVD Soft Ground Improvement:

Laboratory Test Results and Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Dennes T. Bergado, Suthasinee Artidteang,

Jaturonk Saowapakpiboon, and Yip Poon Lai

20 Study on Regional Ground Upheaval Phenomenon Caused

by the Rising of Groundwater Level and Its Effect

on Underground Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Sokkheang Sreng, Hiroshi Tanaka, Teijiro Saito, Takuya Kusaka,

Tamio Ito, and Atsushi Koizumi

21 A Robust Control Approach for Decision Making

and Reliability Design of Soil Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Takeshi Sato, Takeshi Nagae, and Hirofumi Nishida

22 Development of a Portable Triaxial Testing

Apparatus—Smart Triaxial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Eiki Nakayama, Ichizo Kobayashi, Atsushi Iizuka,

Moriyuki Taya, and Hideki Ohta

23 Innovation in Disaster Mitigation Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Jian Chu

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Contents ix

Professor Hideki Ohta (Born in Tokyo on 31st January, 1944): lifetime contributor

to solving challenges in Geotechnical engineering

Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to

Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

Atsushi Iizuka

Hideki Ohta was born in Tokyo, Japan on January 31, 1944. He grew up in Kyoto

and received his Bachelor’s degree from Kyoto University in 1966. He went on to

earn his Master’s degree in 1968 and his Doctorate in 1972 at the Graduate School

of Kyoto University. His doctoral thesis, entitled “Analysis of Deformation of Soils

Based on the Theory of Plasticity and Application to Settlement of Embankments,”

and his early achievements were pioneer works in the field of theoretical soil

mechanics. They stimulated the research on elasto-plastic/elasto-viscoplastic con-

stitutive modeling of soils and theoretical/analytical interpretation of soil behavior,

particularly in his own country of Japan.

In 1971, he began his career as Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil

Engineering at Kyoto University and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1972.

He married his wife, Saeko, in 1972 and they have two sons, Taisuke and Kosuke.

From August 1973 to October 1974, Professor Ohta visited Cambridge University

in the United Kingdom, as an Overseas Fellow-Commoner. His stay in Cambridge

was fruitful and he developed lifelong friendships with colleagues there. These

include Prof. Peter Wroth, Prof. Andrew Schofield, Prof. David Muir Wood, Prof.

Mark Randolph, and many others. In the preface of a book by Prof. David Muir

Wood, the author mentions Professor Ohta, saying, “This book took shape in the

course of discussions with Hideki Ohta in our smoke-filled room at Kanpur.” In

Cambridge, he polished his work on constitutive modeling, sometimes called the

Kamo Clay model (Kamo is the name of the river that flows through the center of

Kyoto), and discovered that the Kamo Clay model could be regarded as a rational

extension of the original Cam-clay model to initially anisotropic stress state.

He also presented a clearly physical interpretation showing that the plastic shear

dissipation energy assumed in the derivation of Cam-clay models is nothing more

than a description for dilatancy behavior of soil materials.

A. Iizuka (*)

Research Center for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University, Japan.

xiii

Professor Hideki Ohta has a broad range of research interests, from theoretical/

fundamental soil mechanics to geotechnical engineering practice, from laboratory

and in situ testing to full-scale model tests. He developed a new triaxial test

apparatus named COWK that is capable of measuring Ko value and then shearing

the undisturbed soil specimen where in situ anisotropic stress state was initially

preserved.

During the period from September 1980 to September 1982, he was transferred

to the Asian Institute of Technology as Associate Professor in the Geotechnical and

Transportation Engineering Department. In 1984, he moved to Kanazawa to be

Associate Professor in the Civil Engineering Department at Kanazawa University.

He was then promoted to professor there in 1985. This period, his so-called

Kanazawa period, was challenging for him as he tackled geotechnical disaster

problems such as landslides, ground subsidence, and so forth. A topic certainly

worth mentioning here is that Professor Ohta supervised elementary schoolchildren

in extracurricular scientific activities in which they observed movement of the

ground where they lived and measured the amount of movement by means of

fixed mirrors and targets that were installed in the ground.

In 1998, Professor Ohta moved to Tokyo to become a professor in the Interna-

tional Development Engineering Department at Tokyo Institute of Technology.

He is a firm believer in the value of continuing education. His private seminar,

called Terakoya, is a typical example of this attitude. It has continued to be held

almost once a month since his Kanazawa period.

Terakoya is open to anyone who wants to join. Here, not only theoretical issues

in soil mechanics are discussed, but also various problems related to the practice

of geotechnical engineering are explored, with sessions going past midnight (and

sometimes including alcohol). Not a few engineers who attended these sessions

earned their Doctorate degrees for academic achievements that were made right at

Terakoya. During Professor Ohta’s Tokyo period, he served on our societies as

chairman of many of the technical committees, and was a councilor to academic

societies, an adviser to consulting firms and worked on various other projects.

In 2004, Professor Ohta became President of the Japanese Geotechnical Society.

Fig. 1 State boundary

surface of Kamo Clay model

(Ohta and Hata, Proc. JSCE,

No.196, 1971)

xiv Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

Table 1 Undrained strength derived from Sekiguchi and Ohta’s model (Ohta, Nishihara and

Morita, Proc. 11th ICSMFE, 1985)

Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta xv

Professor Ohta is a keen observer of all phenomena and has a knack for

providing logical interpretations for what he sees. Sometimes, it seems as if he is

actually drawing theoretically initial/boundary value problems in his brain to create

his explanations. Although he is famous as a theoretical researcher and it is widely

recognized that his work has made great contributions to the development of

Fig. 2 A photo of Terakoya with Professor Ohta’s students

Fig. 3 A snap of Professor Ohta enjoying skiing

xvi Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

theoretical soil mechanics, in fact he is a civil engineer who is rich in ideas. He,

himself, wishes to be recognized for this too. The motivation for his research has

always been firm and consistent since the beginning of his career as a researcher,

and he had hoped to establish an academic field highlighting construction works for

soil structures. He therefore needed constitutive modeling and soil–water coupled

initial/boundary value formulation consisting of simultaneous partial differential

equations. At present, his ambitious spirit in this field is definitely carried on by his

many disciples.

Professor Ohta has published close to 400 journal articles, conference papers, and

research reports. Also, he has authored 12 technical books. For his contributions in

the field of geotechnical engineering, Professor Ohta has received a number of

awards, including The Outstanding Paper Award for a Young Researcher from the

Japan Society of Civil Engineers (1971) for “On the State Surface of Anisotropically

Consolidated Clays”; The Outstanding Paper Award from the Japanese Geote-

chnical Society (1986) for “Undrained Stability of Ko-Consolidated Clays”; The

Reader’s Award from the Japanese Geotechnical Society (2001) for “Development

of Constitutive Equations for Soils”; The Outstanding Paper Award from Japan

Society of Civil Engineers (2004) for “Compressibility and Material Constants of

In-situ Compacted Rock Material under high Overburden Pressure”; the Annual

Outstanding Article Award from the Japanese Geotechnical Society (2005) for

“New Technology for Maintenance/Retrofit and Renewal Works in Geotechnical

Engineering”; and The Innovative Technical Development Award from the Japa-

nese Geotechnical Society (2008) for “Development and Application of DACSAR:

Soil-water Coupled Elasto-viscoplastic Finite Element Code.”

Fig. 4 Professor Hideki Ohta and his wife, Ms. Saeko

Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta xvii

In 2009, Professor Ohta retired from Tokyo Institute of Technology at the age of

65, and is currently Professor of Research & Development Initiatives at Chuo

University. He is still very energetically involved in various research activities.

Professor Ohta was a field hockey player. He loves playing golf by swinging

his club in the hockey style, and is good at skiing.

xviii Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

Contributors

Fahmi Aldiamar Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia,

Jakarta, Indonesia

Suthasinee Artidteang School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute

of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Bangkok, Thailand

M. Asrurifak Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Joao Barradas GeotechnicalDepartment, National Laboratory ofCivil Engineering

(LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal

Dennes T. Bergado School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute

of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Bangkok, Thailand

Fei Chen Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan University,

Chengdu, China

Jian Chu Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering,

Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

Jianhui H. Deng Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan

University, Chengdu, China

Anita Firmanti Research Institute for Human Settlements, Indonesia Ministry of

Public Works, Jakarta, Indonesia

Tetsuo Fujiyama Science and Technology Department, Engineering Division,

Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO), Minato-ku, Tokyo,

Japan

Technical Research Institute, Maeda Corporation, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, Japan

C.T. Gnanendran University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia

xix

Hendriyawan Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung,

Bandung, Indonesia

Danny Hilman Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Masafumi Hirata Technical Research Institute, Maeda Corporation, Nerima-ku,

Tokyo, Japan

Susumu Iai Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto,

Japan

Koji Ichii Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-

Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

Atsushi Iizuka Research Center for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University,

Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyog, Japan

Masyhur Irsyam Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of

Technology Bandung, China, Indonesia

Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Takeshi Ishiguro CDS Project Section, Maeda Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,

Japan

Tamio Ito Watershed Management Division, Geology and Geotechnology

Department, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

Shin-ichi Kanazawa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

M.R. Karim University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Katsuyuki Kawai ResearchCenter for Urban Safety and Security, KobeUniversity,

Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

Engkon Kertapati Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia,

Jakarta, Indonesia

Vitaliy Analolievich Khomyakov Department Civil Engineering, The Kazakh

Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering (KazGASA), Kazakhstan

Akira Kobayashi Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai

University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan

Ichizo Kobayashi Technical Research Institute, Kajima Corporation, Chofu,

Tokyo, Japan

xx Contributors

Atsushi Koizumi Faculty of Creative Science and Engineering,Waseda University,

Tokyo, Japan

Takuya Kusaka Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.,

Tsukubashi, Ibaraki, Japan

The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan

Jiro Kuwano Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, Sakura-ku,

Saitama, Japan

Yip Poon Lai AnchorSol Co Ltd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

S. Robert Lo University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Rauan Ermagambetovich Lukpanov Department Civil Engineering, Eurasian

National University of L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, Kazakhstan

Koki Matsumoto Civil Engineering Division, Hazama Ando Corporation, Tokyo,

Japan

Irwan Meilano Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Shu Morioka West Japan Highway Maintenance Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka,

Japan

Agus Setyo Muntohar Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muham-

madiyah, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Takeshi Nagae Department of Management Science and Technology, Tohoku

University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Miyagi, Sendai

Eiki Nakayama Core Laboratory, OYO Corporation, Kita-ku, Saitama, Japan

Hirofumi Nishida Kanagawa Water Supply Authority, Asahi-ku, Yokohama,

Kanagawa, Japan

Yukihiro Nishida West Japan Highway Maintenance Corporation, Ibaraki,

Osaka, Japan

Akira Nishihara Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan

Koji Ohmori Research Institute of Digital Geo-Environment, Kanazawa,

Ishikawa, Japan

Shintaro Ohno Civil Engineering Design Division, Kajima Corporation, Minato-ku,

Tokyo, Japan

Hideki Ohta Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku,

Tokyo, Japan

Contributors xxi

Pedro Simao Seco e Pinto Geotechnical Department, University of Coimbra,

Coimbra, Portugal

Geotechnical Department, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC),

Lisbon, Portugal

Thirapong Pipatpongsa Global Scientific Information and Computing Center,

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

M. Ridwan Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Teijiro Saito Civil Engineering Division, Nishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd.,

Tokyo, Japan

Jaturonk Saowapakpiboon Department of Highways, Bangkok, Thailand

Takeshi Sato Civil Design and Service Department of Osaka Head Office, Toyo

Construction Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan

I. Wayan Sengara Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of

Technology Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Shinji Shimamoto Load and Traffic Design Division, CTI Engineering Co., Ltd.,

Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan

Arlindo Sousa Geotechnical Department, National Laboratory of Civil Engineer-

ing (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal

Sokkheang Sreng Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.,

Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan

Shigehiko Sugie Technical Research Institute, Obayashi Corporation, Kiyose,

Tokyo, Japan

Suhardjono Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Shinya Tachibana Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, Sakura-ku,

Saitama, Japan

Jiajia J. Tai Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan University,

Chengdu, China

Tomohide Takeyama Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of

Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroshi Tanaka Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.,

Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan

Moriyuki Taya Head Office, OYO Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan

xxii Contributors

Wahyu Triyoso Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Yoshihisa Uchita Construction Department, Tokyo Electric Power Company,

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani Department of Civil Engineering, Diponegoro

University, Semarang, Indonesia

Jinbing B.Wei Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan University,

Chengdu, China

Sri Widiyantoro Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia,

Jakarta, Indonesia

Takayuki Yamakami Information Media Center, Kanazawa University,

Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

Serik Beisengalievich Yenkebayev Department Civil Engineering, Eurasian

National University of L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, Kazakhstan

Yoshihiro Yokota Maeda Kohsen Corporation, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo,

Japan

Askar Zhussupbekov Department Civil Engineering, Eurasian National University

of L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, Kazakhstan

Contributors xxiii