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Georgia Institute of Technology
Southern Company VisitJune 11, 2008
Gretchen Goldman, Siv Balachandran, Laura Parry, Marcus Trail, Jane Li, Jim
Mulholland, Mei Zheng and Ted RussellGIT
Georgia Institute of Technology
Agenda• 12:30 Greetings: Introduce Georgia Power Fellows
• 12:40 Overview of ASACA Russell
• 1:00 Fire Station Eight: Overview Russell
• 1:15 Fire Station 8: BC-Wind rose analysis Russell/Parry
• 1:25 Fire Station 8: Iron analysis Weber
• 1:40 Fire Station 8: Discussion All
• 1:55 Spatial Analyses Mulholland/Goldman
• 2:20 Break
• 2:30 PAH Analyses: Mulholland/Li
• 2:45 Organic Analyses Zheng
• 3:30 Discussion
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Power Fellows: Air
• Used to attract top students to the graduate program– One in air, one not-air
• Siv Balachandran (2007)– Won Amina Ghosh Award this year– Ph.D. expected 2011– Synthesized ASACA Report– Likely working on EPA Source Apportionment-
Epidemiologic project
• 2008: Laura Parry & Marcus Trail (yes, two)– Both GIT undergrads working on ASACA as seniors,
planning on getting their MS (2010)– Continue to work on ASACA, help on EPD CMAQ project
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA Agenda
• ASACA– Overall update
• Ted for Siv Balachandran et al.– Fire Station 8
• Ted for Laura Parry & Marcus Trail– Spatial analyses
• Gretchen Goldman– PAH analyses
• Lane Li– WSOC
• Rodney– On-line metals
• Rodney
• Discussion (throughout)
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA Overview• Began 1998 (in the field, 1999)
– Andre Butler in response to needs identified as part of SOPHIA– Measure particle composition on a daily basis
• Metals, ions, EC/OC– Metals abandoned in 2001 as large fraction below detection of
ICP-AES» Done via XRF on special needs basis
•Three original sites• Ft. Mac (TEOM & PCM), S. Dekalb (PCM), Tucker (TEOM & PCM)
•TEOM @ JST•Complement SEARCH
•Ft. Yargo added (1 in 3 sampling)•Tucker moved to Fire Station 8 in 2007
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA Updates
• System still ticking– TEOMs down for maintenance and repair for awhile
• Ft. Mac still to be decommissioned– Who knows when
• Fire Station 8– EPD moved from FS 8… moving back to the area.
• Current Students– Siv Balachandran (PhD, 2011)– Hyeon-Kook Kim (MS, 2007) (PT, moving to Florida for
PhD)– Emily Lantrip (MS, 2009)– Marcus Trail (UG, 2008) (Future GP Fellow)– Laura Parry (UG, 2008) (Future GP Fellow)
• Transition: Sangil is on an airplane home
Georgia Institute of Technology
Research Projects Using ASACA Data
• Prescribed and wildfire impact and composition analyses– Very successful
• Source impact at Fire Station 8• Spatial analyses• PAH trend• Source apportionment
– Variety in process
• Health association• …• Most also use SEARCH data… thanks!
Georgia Institute of Technology
2007-2008 Student Projects
• Siv Balachandran– ASACA Synthesis
• MS Project– Hyeong Kook Kim
• FS 8 PCA-Wind speed analysis (two months)
• Undergrad projects– Marcus Trail
• Data quality analysis and representation
– Laura Parry • FS 8 BC-wind speed analysis
Georgia Institute of Technology
Capturing a Forest Fire
• February 28th, 2007– 3000 acre planned burned 70
km SE of Atlanta– Winds shift– PM levels climb from <10g
m-3 to over 150 in two hours– Ozone jumps 20 ppb
• Bad for health, but– Great opportunity to diagnose
forest fire impacts• ASACA composition data
– Fires appear to have greater impact than emissions inventories suggest
– Rich in OC, not EC– Aging increases water
solubility
Simulated PM plume
160
120
80
40
0
2/27/2007 2/28/2007 3/1/2007 3/2/2007
Hourly TEOM Observed PM Concentrations
3
2
1
0
g/m
3
2/27/07 3/1/07 3/3/07
20
15
10
5
0
g
/m3
EC OC K+ (x5) NH4+ NO3- SO42-
Georgia Institute of Technology
Understanding Fire Impacts
• As sulfate, nitrate and mobile source OC/EC come down, fire-derived carbon will become a more dominant PM component– Increased prescribed burning (and possibly wildfires)
• Objective– Extend fire emissions studies to measuring plume composition
• Originally thought about going to prescribed burn sites, but luckily, the plume came to us
• Fire Studies– Measurements
• Prescribed fire, February 28– PM2.5 increase over 100 ug m-3
• Wildfire impacts: May and June – Modeling
• Identification of issues
Georgia Institute of Technology
Hourly PM
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Confederate
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Walton160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
S. Dekalb
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
2/27/07 2/28/07 3/1/07 3/2/07
StartTime (EST)
Newnan
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
McDonough
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Gwinnett
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Athens
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Jefferson St.
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Yorkville
160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Fire Station #8 160
120
80
40
0
g/m
3
Ft. McPherson
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
-85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5
ASACA SEARCH SLAMS PM SLAMS O3 urban area boundary primary roads prescribed burning sites
Atlanta
NewnanFayetteville
McDonough
ConyerWalton
Athens
Fort YargoGwinnett
Kennesaw
YorkvilleFS8
South DekalbFort McPherson
Confederate
Jefferson St.
•PM began to increase dramatically at about 4:00 pm
•From about 10 to over 150 ug m-3
•Ozone also increased by 30 ppb•Late afternoon in February
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
ppm
2/27/2007 2/28/2007 3/1/2007 3/2/2007
StartTime (EST)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
ppm
A
BC
CO (left) NOy NO SO2
(c)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
ppm
YorkvilleGwinnettNewnanFayettevilleDouglasville
(b)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
ppm
ConfederateConyerMcDonoughSouthDekalbJeffersonKennesaw
(a)
Georgia Institute of Technology
Aethalometer
10
8
6
4
2
0
g/m
3
2/26/2007 2/27/2007 2/28/2007 3/1/2007 3/2/2007
StartTime (EST)
600x10-6
500
400
300
200
100
0
1/m
Yorkville
10
8
6
4
2
0
g/m
3
600x10-6
500
400
300
200
100
0
1/mBC (left) Bsp (right)
Jefferson St.
10
8
6
4
2
0
g/m
3
South Dekalb
Georgia Institute of Technology
Chemical Composition
50
40
30
20
10
0
g/m
3
2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07
FS8
2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07
FT
2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07
SD
2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07
JST
2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07
YRK
AmmoniumNitrateSulfateOCEC
GC/MS Analysis
QZ Filter Organic Solvent ExtractSonication
FiltrationCondensate Extract
Evaporation
Blow-down
One Half Extract
One Half Extract
Methylation
Silylation
GC/MS Analysis
GC/MS Analysis
Alkanes
Hopanes and Steranes
PAHs
Resin Acids
Fatty Acids
Others
Levoglucosan
Cholesterol
Methyltetrols
BSTFA (Silylation)
N
Si(CH3)3F3C
O
Si(CH3)3R-OH R-O-Si(CH3)3 (M+73)
R-COOH R-COO-Si(CH3)3 (M+73)
R-COOH + CH2N2 R-COO-CH3 (M+15)
Dizomethane (Methylation)
Georgia Institute of Technology
Levoglucosan in Smoke Samples
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Am
bie
nt
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ng
/m3)
Before Fire Smoke After Fire
Georgia Institute of Technology
Ambient Data of Fatty Acids in Smoke Samples
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Tet
rade
cano
ic a
cid
Pen
tade
cano
ic a
cid
Hex
adec
anoi
c ac
id
Hep
tade
cano
ic a
cid
Oct
adec
anoi
c ac
id
Non
adec
anoi
c ac
id
Eic
osan
oic
acid
Hen
eico
sano
ic a
cid
Doc
osan
oic
acid
Tric
osan
oic
acid
Tet
raco
sano
ic a
cid
Pen
taco
sano
ic a
cid
Hex
acos
anoi
c ac
id
Hep
taco
sano
ic a
cid
Oct
acos
anoi
c ac
id
Non
acos
anoi
c ac
id
Tria
cont
anoi
c ac
id
9-he
xade
ceno
icac
id9,
12-
Oct
adec
aned
ieno
ic9-
Oct
adec
enoi
cac
id
Pin
onic
aci
d
Pin
ic a
cidA
mb
ien
t C
on
cen
trat
ion
(n
g/m
3)
Before Fire Smoke After Fire
Source Apportionment (CMB-Regular*)
50
40
30
20
10
0
g/m
3
2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07
undeterminedmetal prod.dustmotor vehiclesprescribed burningNH4NO3(NH4)2SO4NH4HSO4
SDFTFS8
(a)
25
20
15
10
5
0
g/m
3
2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07
undeterminedothersmotor vehiclesprescribed burning
SDFTFS8
(b)
Extra “undetermined” on smoke day suggestive it is from fire, but not captured by traditional CMB modeling• Profile(s) in error• Secondary formation
*CMB-MM underway
Georgia Institute of Technology
CMAQ Results
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
12 15 18 21 24
Hour (EST)
PM
2.5
(µg
m-3
)
(c)
(d)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
12 15 18 21 24
Hour (EST)O
3 (p
pmV
)PM2.5 Ozone
Predicted w/o added organicPredicted with added organic & improved timing
Contribution from fire
Observed
Shown are peak levels at any monitor in the Atlanta area.
Too little OC and ozone rise without additional biogenic VOC emissions-- Timing is still a bit off.
Georgia Institute of Technology
OC-Potassium Relationship
y = 5551.5x2 - 59.862x + 2.7476
R2 = 0.9964
y = 1922.9x2 + 11.14x + 0.6822
R2 = 0.9979
y = 2197.1x2 - 8.4675x + 1.8351
R2 = 1y = 172.13x + 0.8785
R2 = 0.9934
y = 119.59x - 0.4041
R2 = 0.9465
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0000 0.0200 0.0400 0.0600 0.0800 0.1000 0.1200
K, g/m3
OC
, g
/m3
FS8
FT
SD
Georgia Institute of Technology
“Forecast”, “Hindcast” and Observed Plumes
Georgia Institute of Technology
Simulated PM2.5 Impact of the Oconee NF and Piedmont NWR Fires
Georgia Institute of Technology
Fire Summary
• ASACA and SEARCH networks captured fire events– Prescribed (mainly pine forest)
• Suggests need for increased terpenoid emissions in inventory
• Able to forecast impacts with accuracy• Developed source profile of aged emissions
– Wild (mixed forest, scrub)• Still analyzing
Georgia Institute of Technology
Fire Station 8
• FS 8 consistently had highest PM2.5 in Atlanta region at EPD sites– Various hypotheses as to why:
• Direct exhaust from fire truck idling, busy road & streetlight with trucks, rail yard
• Only mass sampler, so difficult to assess why
– EPD got permission to move sampler*• Moved in mid 2007
• Moved Tucker samplers (PCM, TEOM) to FS 8 in January of 2007– Added aethalometer and wind station (thanks)
*but…
Georgia Institute of Technology
Site Location
• 1721 Marietta Blvd. Atlanta, GA
Georgia Institute of Technology
FS8 Monitoring Site
EPD Looking to move back
Quarry
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA Fire Station 8 Sampler
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA Sampler
• Quartz: EC/OC• Nylon: Ions• Teflon: Metals (archived)
Georgia Institute of Technology
Comparison to EPD Sampler*
05
1015
20253035
1/1
2/2
007
1/2
6/2
007
2/9
/2007
2/2
3/2
007
3/9
/2007
3/2
3/2
007
4/6
/2007
4/2
0/2
007
5/4
/2007
EPD
ASACA
SDK
*Before EPD sampler moved
Georgia Institute of Technology
Fire Station 8: PM2.5 Mass
FSE PM2.5 Jan ~ Jun 07
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ug
/m3)
PCM PM2.5
TEOM PM2.5
Reconstructed (without metals, OC ratio =1.4) vs. TEOM
Fire Station 8 PM2.5 Mass:Composite vs. TEOMF S 8 Material Balance
2/22/07 ~ 5/31/07
y = 1.1378x + 2.8944R 2 = 0.8095
N=880
1020304050607080
0 20 40 60 80
P C M 24 hr P M2.5 avg (ug/m3)
Teo
m 2
4 h
r P
M 2
.5
avg
Georgia Institute of Technology
Cation-Anion Balance
Georgia Institute of Technology
Fire Station 8 PM and BC
Fire Station 8 PM2.5 and BC
0.0000
10.0000
20.0000
30.0000
40.0000
50.0000
3/1/07 3/29/07 4/26/07 5/24/07 6/21/07Date
PM
(ug m
^-3)
.
FS_Teom_PM (ug/m3)
aeth_EC(ug/m3)
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA PM2.5 Mass
Speciated PM 2.5 Jan ~ May 07
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07
PM
2.5
(uq/m
3)
FS8FTSDYGJST
Georgia Institute of Technology
Source Impact Assessment
• Data collection– BC – aethalometer: 5 minute readings
• Hourly averages - Igor
– Wind speed, direction - sonic anemometer: 10 sec. • Hourly average direction – Igor
• Data Representation– OC:EC Ratio– Wind rose plots
• Annual average BC by wind rose• BC*WS plots• Temporally-divided plots
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA EC:OC
OC:EC averages:FS 8: 4.7SDK: 5.3Ft. Mac: 6.8Yargo: 9.7
Georgia Institute of Technology
Wind Rose Analysis
• Construct circular plot of average BC concentrations associated with each wind direction to identify if high concentrations are associated with specific directions.
• Use hourly averaged aethalometer and wind velocity data
Georgia Institute of Technology
BC Wind Rose Plotavg
wsp
BC
March ’07 – Feb ’08 FS8 BC Concentration
High BC levels from the ESE and North• North: Low wind speeds• ESE: Rail yard or road.
Georgia Institute of Technology
FS8 PM2.5
PM2.5 FS8 2007* *limited data (3/1-5/31)
• Less directional than BC• Still peak from north
avg
wsp
PM2.5
Georgia Institute of Technology
FS8 Monitoring Site
avg
wsp
BC
Georgia Institute of Technology
Concerns
• Are the wind measurements reasonable– Is the wind really that light from the north
• Compared wind roses at other locations
• Are the high levels from the north due to lower winds– Plotted BC * WS
• This assumes an inverse relationship for mass conservation, however there are correlations between wind speed and convection
• Can one distinguish rail yard impacts from Marietta Blvd (they are both to the west)?– Compared night vs. day wind roses
• Rail yard expected to run more continuously– Compared Sunday vs. weekday roses
Other Station Wind Rose Resultsavg
wsp
NOx
CO
S. Dekalb
avg
wsp
BC
avg
wsp
BC
FS 8
JST (daily)
Consistent results-Low winds from north-Higher-concentrations from north
JST has more uniform results
Georgia Institute of Technology
FS8 BC*wind speedavg
wsp
BC*wsp
• Accounts for dilution
Georgia Institute of Technology
JST wsp*BCavg
wsp
BC*wsp• Suggests lack
of local source
Jefferson St. BC*wsp 3/27-2/08* *daily data
Georgia Institute of Technology
FS8 BC: Daytime vs. Nighttimeavg
wsp
BC*wsp
6 AM – 6 PM 6 PM – 6 AM
avg
wsp
BC*wsp
Georgia Institute of Technology
FS8 BC: Weekday vs. Sunday
avg
wsp
BC*wsp
Sundays OnlyWeekdays
avg
wsp
BC*wsp
Georgia Institute of Technology
Fire Station 8 Summary• Site does not appear to have significant artifacts from nearby trees• Continue to find elevated PM2.5
– EC high
• Wind rose analysis suggests rail yard is a major source– Low OC:EC ratio– Major impacts from W to SW
• Normalized for winds• High levels at night and on Sunday indicating more continuous activity
– Still some ambiguity as to whether Marietta Blvd. plays major role.
• EPD study (with M. Bergin) funded by CMAQ money to buy new GenSets to conduct additional analyses– Add monitors around rail yard
• Aethalometers at 2 additional sites• Metals analyses
Georgia Institute of Technology
Site Location
x
xEPD
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA: Plans• Use FS 8 in tandem with EPD study
– Thanks for the foresight
• How does ASACA fit in to Southern Company plans?– Lots of data
• Good group of students
• How does it fit in to GIT plans– Undergrad and Grad student training
• Major educational mission• Keep lab skills/capabilities tuned
– Data for air quality modeling, Emory studies and targets of opportunity
• Fires, PAHs, etc.– Ability to assess what other data might mean
• Highway/rooftop/Yorkville study
Georgia Institute of Technology
What else is up?• EPD Study of PM Before/After new GenSets in Switchyard
– Use FS8 data • Source apportionment for EPA (Jaemeen Baek, Yongtao Hu, Bo Yan…)• Satellite study using CMAQ & ICARTT (Burcak Kaynak)
– Mostly done• Climate study for EPA [KJ Liao (off to DoE) and T. Tagaris]
– Almost all done• Mexicali –Imperial Valley Air Quality (Santosh Chandru: off to Trinity)
– Done• EPA Indicator study
– Using ASACA, JST and STN data to develop and assess indicators of automobile air quality and health impact (with Emory: J. Pachon grad student)
• EPA Source-Apportionment linked to Epi– Announced… would start after Oct. 1.
• Higher order aerosol sensitivity analysis (C. Baroncella)• ACC Reactivity Assessment (S. Capps)• EPD Prescribed fire composition (T. Tagaris, S. Lee, et al.)
Georgia Institute of Technology
ASACA-Associated Papers 2007-2008• Lee, S.; Kim, H. K.; Yan, B.; Cobb, C. E.; Hennigan, C.; Nichols, S.; Chamber, M.; Edgerton,
E. S.; Jansen, J. J.; Hu, Y. T.; Zheng, M.; Weber, R. J.; Russell, A. G., (2008) Diagnosis of aged prescribed burning plumes impacting an urban area. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, (5), 1438-1444.
• Sarnat, J. A.; Marmur, A.; Klein, M.; Kim, E.; Russell, A. G.; Sarnat, S. E.; Mulholland, J. A.; Hopke, P. K.; Tolbert, P. E., Fine particle sources and cardiorespiratory morbidity: An application of chemical mass balance and factor analytical source-apportionment methods. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, (4), 459-466.
• Tian, D.; Wang, Y. H.; Bergin, M.; Hu, Y. T.; Liu, Y. Q.; Russell, A. G., (2008) Air quality impacts from prescribed forest fires under different management practices. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, (8), 2767-2772.
• Lee, S., A.G. Russell, and K. Baumann, Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in the southeastern united states, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57 (9), 1123-1135, 2007.
• Marmur, A., J.A. Mulholland, and A.G. Russell, Optimized variable source-profile approach for source apportionment, Atmospheric Environment, 41 (3), 493-505, 2007.
• Weber, R.J., A.P. Sullivan, R.E. Peltier, A. Russell, B. Yan, M. Zheng, J. de Gouw, C. Warneke, C. Brock, J.S. Holloway, E.L. Atlas, and E. Edgerton, A study of secondary organic aerosol formation in the anthropogenic-influenced southeastern United States, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 112 (D13), 2007.
• Zheng, M., G.R. Cass, L. Ke, F. Wang, J.J. Schauer, E.S. Edgerton, and A.G. Russell, Source apportionment of daily fine particulate matter at Jefferson street, Atlanta, GA, during summer and winter, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57 (2), 228-242, 2007.
• Yan, B., Zheng, M., Hu, Y.T., Lee, S., Kim, H.K., and Russell A.G., 2007. Organic Composition of Carbonaceous Aerosols in an Aged Prescribed Fire Plume, Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussion, 7, 18015-18042.
• Ivy, D; Mulholland, JA; Russell, AG, 2008, Development of ambient air quality population-weighted metrics for use in time-series health studies AIR & WASTE MANAGE.T ASSOC. Volume: 58 Issue: 5 Pages: 711-720