Georgia Georgia and the American Experienceand the American Experience

Chapter 12: Chapter 12:

Baby Boomers, Baby Boomers, Rebellion, and WarsRebellion, and Wars

Study Presentation Study Presentation

©2005 Clairmont Press

Georgia Georgia and the American Experienceand the American Experience

Section 1: The Postwar PeriodSection 1: The Postwar Period

Section 2: Georgia After WWIISection 2: Georgia After WWII

Section 3: The Civil Rights MovementSection 3: The Civil Rights Movement

Section 4: A Period of Protests and Section 4: A Period of Protests and ChallengesChallenges

©2005 Clairmont Press

Section 1: The Postwar PeriodSection 1: The Postwar Period

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION:– How was life in the U.S. different

after WWII?

Television Changes AmericaTelevision Changes AmericaTelevision use expanded in the 1950s

• Frozen dinners were invented to heat quickly and eat in front of the TV

More televisions were in homes and people spent more time watching

ABC, CBS, NBC were major networks

• Entertainment was importantPeople could now watch news events

almost as they happened

How is TV news different from previous news sources?

The Cold WarThe Cold WarRelations between the US

and USSR became tenseCold War: a war of words

and diplomacyUS and USSR were world’s

most powerful countries (Superpowers)

USSR kept eastern Europe in communism behind the “iron curtain”

Containment of communism led to war in Korea and Vietnam

Where is the “Iron Curtain?”

How do these cartoons represent the “domino theory”?

How does the “domino theory” affect the policy of containment?

The Korean WarThe Korean War Korea was divided after WWII 38th parallel was line between

communist North and democratic South

June 25, 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea

United Nations countries sent troops to assist South Korea

• 25,000 Americans killed; 500 Georgians

Peace declared in July 1953; no winner

• Many businesses benefited from doing business with the military bases and armed forces

Why is the Korean War sometimes called the “forgotten war”?

Section 2:Section 2:Georgia After WWIIGeorgia After WWII

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION:–What events affected Georgians

after World War II?

An Atlanta TragedyAn Atlanta Tragedy

December 7, 1946: Winecoff Hotel fireHotel was Atlanta’s tallest at 15 floorsThere were nearly 300 guests; 119 killed1948: Georgia enacted stricter fire codes for

hotels and other businesses

What fire codes do you think would make tall buildings safer?

Industries Move to GeorgiaIndustries Move to Georgia• Businesses continued to move into the stateAir conditioning began to be installed

making year round work more comfortableGeorgia’s low taxes were attractive to

workers and businessesLockheed became largest employerCDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta

headquarters established

How do these industries help the state?

“One Person, One Vote”The concept that each citizen’s vote should

equal every other citizen’s voteCounty-unit system was declared

unconstitutional in 1962This change caused more representatives

to come from urban areasGeneral Assembly had to reapportion

(redraw) voting districts to ensure districts of equal population sizeHow is the “One Person One Vote” similar or different from the County Unit System? Which one do you think is more fair?

The 3 Governors Episode

• Newly re-elected governor Eugene Talmadge died before taking office

• The previous governor, Ellis Arnall, the Lieutenant Governor, and Talmadge’s son, Herman, fought over who would govern

• The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that a special election must be held

• Herman Talmadge was elected

Georgia Governors

• Melvin Thomas: purchased Jekyll Island to build a state-owned resort; established UGA Veterinary School

• Herman Talmadge: Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act – established 9-month school year raised standards for schools

• Marvin Griffin: began educational television; oversaw purchase of Stone Mountain for park

Georgia Governors

• Carl Sanders: elected in 1962; worked to diffuse racial violence; increased spending on education; used television ads to campaign

• Lester Maddox: elected 1967; surprise winner; appointed more African Americans to state office than all other governors combined; integrated the State Patrol; “People’s Days” – any Georgian could visit and talk with the governor

Click to return to Table of Contents.

Section 3: Section 3: The Civil Rights The Civil Rights

MovementMovement• ESSENTIAL QUESTION

– What advances were made in civil rights during the postwar period?

The Supreme Court and The Supreme Court and EducationEducation

• 1948: racial integration ordered in armed forces

1950: Brown v. Board of Education – case struck down “separate but equal” concept; schools were to be integrated

Sibley Commission: found that most Georgians would rather close schools than integrate

• More private schools opened1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes

first African American students at UGA 1971: All Georgia public schools integrated

Why do you think it took so long to integrate all schools?

What does this picture show you about integration?

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus BoycottDec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, African

American, refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL

• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the NAACP organized civic leaders and prepared marches

Supreme court ruled segregation on public transportation unconstitutional

A Nonviolent Movement is BornA Nonviolent Movement is BornMartin Luther King, Jr. developed

a nonviolent approach to social changedirect, nonviolent actionslegal remediesballotseconomic boycotts

SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference – civil rights group led by Dr. King

Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy to people refuse to leave a public building until their demands are met

Who influenced Dr. King’s nonviolent idea?

The Albany MovementThe Albany Movement1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil

rights activitySNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee – challenged segregated bus system in Albany

• Nearly 500 people jailed

• Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans

Protests Move to AlabamaProtests Move to Alabama

1963: Martin Luther King, Jr. begins work to integrate all aspects of public life in Birmingham, AL

• Over 3,000 people arrestedBomb killed 4 black children in their churchAfrican Americans and whites from the

north and south began to join together to stop the violence

The Civil Rights ActThe Civil Rights ActPresident Kennedy created new

civil rights lawsKennedy was assassinated

before the new laws came into effect

Lyndon Johnson became president and pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

All public facilities had to be integrated

Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor unions

The Voting Rights ActThe Voting Rights Act1964: Freedom Summer – Martin Luther

King, Jr. and SNCC worked to get African Americans registered to vote

Selma-to-Montgomery, AL march led by Dr. King

• Nearly 30,000 marchers Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of

1965 – one million African Americans were registered to vote

A Shift in MoodA Shift in Mood• Some people moved from the nonviolent

strategies to more aggressive ones• SNCC and “Black Panthers” confronted

police• Malcolm X preached black separatism• Race riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and

Newark• April 1968: Dr. King assassinated in

Memphis, TN while working with striking sanitation workers

Atlanta: A Case Study in Atlanta: A Case Study in ChangeChange

• Integration in Atlanta was relatively peaceful• Church leaders get much credit for this peaceful

change• William Hartsfield: Atlanta mayor who expanded

Atlanta’s airport and worked with African American and white leaders; worked to integrate Atlanta’s schools

• Ivan Allen: Atlanta mayor ordered removal of “white” and “colored” segregation signs in the City Hall; integrated police and fire services and city government

• Troubled times followed but were overcome• The city became known as “the city too busy to

hate” Click to return to Table of Contents.

Section 4: A Period of Section 4: A Period of Protests and ChallengesProtests and Challenges

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION– What problems faced Americans

during the 1970s?

Georgia in the 1970sGeorgia in the 1970sTed Turner: TBS television network expanded

from one station to a national networkMARTA: Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit

Authority – began rapid rail service in AtlantaGeorgia cities began to lose population to the

suburbsCities have worked to attract residents

What three developments helped rebuild Georgia’s cities?

Jimmy CarterJimmy CarterJames Earl Carter: 1970

– elected governor of Georgia; 1977-1981 served as President of the United StatesAs president, negotiated

peace between Israel and Egypt

Problems as president: high energy costs, high interest rates, high inflation, 52 American hostages held in Iran

Who defeated Jimmy Carter in 1980?

The Women’s Rights MovementThe Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement: women gained

confidence that they could do the same jobs as men and should have the same rights

• Women often could not get credit at banks NOW: National Organization for Women –

promoted women’s rights issuesERA: Equal Rights Amendment – never

became part of the Constitution1972: Title IX – President Nixon signed law

which prohibited discrimination in education (academics or athletics)

Compare & Contrast this Women’s Rights movement with that of the Progressive Era.

Vietnam Divides AmericaVietnam Divides AmericaNorth Vietnam: communistSouth Vietnam: democraticUSA began support South Vietnam

against the North1968: Over 500,000 Americans

involved in Vietnam War• Protests against the war increased1973: war ended with no clear victor

– Vietnam is now united and communist

How does Vietnam fit into the ideas of “Containment” and the “Domino Theory”?

WatergateWatergate1972: Group of men arrested for breaking into

the Watergate building in Washington, DC to “bug” Democratic National Committee offices

Evidence supported that President Nixon knew of the burglary and tried to cover it up

Nixon resigned and Vice-President Gerald Ford became president

How did this scandal affect peoples’ trust of government?

The Energy CrisisThe Energy Crisis1973: US supports Israel in its war vs. EgyptArab nations stop selling oil to the USPrice of gas went up & there were shortagesGeorgians began to drive less and purchase

fuel-efficient carsPrudhoe Bay, Alaska: Alaskan Pipeline

brought oil to the “lower 48” states