Georgetown McCoy Louvis Neg Harvarddebate Round9

7/24/2019 Georgetown McCoy Louvis Neg Harvarddebate Round9

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1NC


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Your decision should answer the resolutional question: Is the enactment of

topical action better than the status quo or a competitive option?

1. !esolved" before a colon reflects a le#islative forum$O% &'(

(5-12, # 12, Punctuation The Colon and Semicolon, http://usaocc!a"m!mil/$%$/&12!htm'The colon int"oduces the olloin&: a! ) list, *ut onl ate" +as ollos,+ +the olloin&,+ o" a noun o" hichthe list is an appositie: ach scout ill ca"" the olloin&: (colon' meals o" th"ee das, a su"ial .nie,and his sleepin& *a&! The compan had ou" ne oice"s: (colon' ill Smith, 0"an. Tuc.e", Pete" 0illmo"e,and lie" eis! *! ) lon& 3uotation (one o" mo"e pa"a&"aphs': $n The 4ille" )n&els %ichael Shaa"a"ote: (colon' ou ma ind it a die"ent sto" "om the one ou lea"ned in school! The"e hae *een mane"sions o that *attle 67etts*u"&8 and that a" 6the Ciil 9a"8! (The 3uote continues o" to mo"epa"a&"aphs!' c! ) o"mal 3uotation o" 3uestion: The P"esident decla"ed: (colon' +The onl thin& e haeto ea" is ea" itsel!+ The 3uestion is: (colon' hat can e do a*out it d! ) second independent clause

hich e;plains the i"st: Potte"esoled: (colon' That this council petition the mao"!

). *%F+ should" means the debate is solel, about a polic, established b,#overnmental means-ricson &'(?on %!, =ean me"itus o the Colle&e o i*e"al )"ts Calio"nia Poltechnic @!, et al!, The =e*ate"As7uide, Thi"d dition, p! B'The P"oposition o Polic: @"&in& 0utu"e )ction $n polic p"opositions, each topic contains ce"tain .eelements, althou&h the hae sli&htl die"ent unctions "om compa"a*le elements o alue-o"ientedp"opositions. 1! )n a&ent doin& the actin& ---The @nited States in The @nited States should adopt a

polic o "ee t"ade! i.e the o*ect o ealuation in a p"oposition o alue, the a&ent is the su*ect o thesentence! 2! The e"* shouldDthe i"st pa"t o a e"* ph"ase that u"&es action! E! )n action e"* to olloshouldin the should-e"* com*ination! 0o" e;ample, should adopthe"e means to put ap"o&"am o"polic, into action thou#h #overnmental means! B! ) speciication o di"ections o" a limitation o theaction desi"ed! The ph"ase free trade, o" e;ample, &ies di"ection and limits to the topic, hich ould, o"e;ample, eliminate conside"ation o inc"easin& ta"is, discussin& diplomatic "eco&nition, o" discussin&

inte"state comme"ce! P"opositions o polic deal ith utu"e action! Fothin& has et occu""ed! The entire

debate is a*out hethe" somethin& ou&ht to occu".9hat ou a&"ee to do, then, hen ou accept the

affirmative sidein such a de*ate is to oe" suicient and compellin& "easons o" an audience to pe"o"mthe utu"e action that ou p"opose!

*nified stasis / 0he, eplode the number of potential affs / removin# the

incentive for the ne# to conduct in2depth pre2round research / which is debate3sprimar, benefit. -ternall, constrained discussions force creativit,4 whilepreservin# avenues for non2traditional forms of evidence.

5ebate3s benefits come from ar#uin# a#ainst a well prepared opponent / thatpreparation is the onl, wa, to test the epistemolo#, of the aff4 their impact claimsare false until tested0alisse 6 P"oesso" o Philosoph G Hand


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(>o*e"t, Philosoph I Social C"iticism, =eli*e"atiist "esponses to actiist challen&es, E1(B' p! B2J-BE1'The a"&ument thus a" mi&ht appea" to tu"n e;clusiel upon die"ent conceptions o hat"easona*leness entails! The deli*e"atiist ie $ hae s.etched holds that "easona*leness inolessome de&"ee o hat e ma call epistemic modest! n this ie, the "easona*le citiKen see.s tohae he" *elies "eLect the *est aaila*le "easons, and so she ente"s into pu*lic discou"se as aa o testin& he" ies a&ainst the o*ections and 3uestions o those ho disa&"eeM hence sheimplicitl holds that he" p"esent ie is open to "easona*le c"iti3ue and that othe"s ho holdopposin& ies ma *e a*le to oe" ustiNcations o" thei" ies that a"e at least as st"on& as he""easons o" he" on! Thus an mode o politics that p"esumes that discou"se is e;t"aneous to3uestions o ustice and ustiNcation is un"easona*le! The actiist sees no "eason to accept this!>easona*leness o" the actiist consists in the a*ilit to act on "easons that upon due "eLectionseem ade3uate to unde""ite actionM discussion ith those ho disa&"ee need not *e inoled!

)cco"din& to the actiist, the"e a"e ce"tain cases in hich he does in act .no the t"uth a*out hatustice "e3ui"es and in hich the"e is no "oom o" "easoned o*ection! @nde" such conditions, thedeli*e"atiistAs demand o" discussion can onl o*st"uct usticeM it is the"eo"e i""ational! $t maseem that e hae "eached an impasse! Ooee", the"e is a u"the" line o c"iticism that the actiistmust ace! To the actiistAs ie that at least in ce"tain situations he ma "easona*l decline toen&a&e ith pe"sons he disa&"ees ith (1Q', the deli*e"atie democ"at can "aise the phenomenonthat Cass Sunstein has called R&"oup pola"iKationA (Sunstein, 2EM 21a: ch! EM 21*: ch! 1'! Toe;plain: conside" that political actiists cannot esche deli*e"ation alto&ethe"M the oten en&a&e in

"allies, demonst"ations, teach-ins, o".shops, and othe" actiities in hich the a"e called to ma.epu*lic the case o" thei" ies! )ctiists also must en&a&e in deli*e"ation amon& themseles hendecidin& st"ate&! Political moements must *e o"&aniKed, hence those inoled must decide uponta"&ets, methods, and tacticsM the must also decide upon the content o thei" pamphlets and thep"ecise messa&es the most ish to cone to the p"ess! ten the audience in *oth o thesedeli*e"atie conte;ts ill *e a sel-selected and smpathetic &"oup o li.e-minded actiists! 7"ouppola"iKation is a ell-documented phenomenon that has R*een ound all oe" the o"ld and in mandie"se tas.sAM it means that Rmem*e"s o a deli*e"atin& &"oup p"edicta*l moe toa"ds a mo"e

e;t"eme point in the di"ection indicated * the mem*e"sA predeliberation tendencies3 (Sunstein,

2E: 12'! $mpo"tantl, in &"oups that Ren&a&e in "epeated discussionsA oe" time, the pola"iKationis een mo"e p"onounced (2E: Oence discussion in a small *ut deoted actiist enclae thatmeets "e&ula"l to st"ate&iKe and p"otest Rshould p"oduce a situation in hich indiiduals holdpositions mo"e e;t"eme than those o an indiidual mem*e" *eo"e the se"ies o deli*e"ations

*e&anA (i*id!' 1Q The act o &"oup pola"iKation is "eleant to ou" discussion *ecause the actiist hasp"oposed that he ma "easona*l decline to en&a&e in discussion ith those ith hom hedisa&"ees in cases in hich the "e3ui"ements o ustice a"e so clea" that he can *e conNdent thathe has the t"uth! 7"oup pola"iKation su&&ests that deli*e"atiel con"ontin& those ith hom edisa&"ee is essential een hen e hae the t"uth! 0o" een i e hae the t"uth, i e do noten&a&e opposin& ies, *ut instead deli*e"ate onl ith those ith hom e a&"ee, ou" ie ill

shit p"o&"essiel to a mo"e etreme point , and thus we lose the truth ! $n o"de" to aoid

pola"iKation, deli*e"ation must ta.e place ithin hete"o&eneous Ra"&ument poolsA (Sunstein, 2E:JE'! This o cou"se does not mean that the"e should *e no &"oups deoted to the achieement osome common political &oalM it "athe" su&&ests that en&a&ement ith those ith hom one

disa&"ees is essential to the p"ope" pu"suit o ustice! $nsoa" as the actiist denies this, he is

un"easona*le!

%tasis is the internal lin7 to solvin# the aff / debate has the abilit, to chan#epeople3s attitudes because it forces pre2round internal deliberation on a focusedtopic of debate+oodin and Nieme,er )ust"alian Fational @nie"sit(>o*e"t and Simon, 9hen =oes =eli*e"ation e&in $nte"nal >election e"sus Pu*lic =iscussion in=eli*e"atie =emoc"ac Political Studies, Hol 5, p 2Q-BJ, 9ile$nte"science'

9hat happened in this pa"ticula" case, as in an pa"ticula" case, as in some "espects peculia"unto itsel! The p"o*lem o the loomield T"ac. had *een ell .non and much discussed in thelocal communit o" a lon& time! ;a&&e"ated claims and counte"-claims had *ecome ent"enched,


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and un"electie pu*lic opinion pola"iKed a"ound them! $n this ci"cumstance, the eect o the

information phase o deli*e"atie p"ocesses as to *"ush aa those hi#hl, polari8ed

attitudes , dispel the mths and sm*olic postu"in& on *oth sides that had come to dominate the

de*ate, and li*e"ate people to act upon thei" attitudes toa"d the p"otection o "aino"est itsel! The.e point, "om the pe"spectie o Rdemoc"atic deli*e"ation ithinA, is that that happened in the

ea"lie" sta&es o deli*e"ation before the o"mal discussions (Rdeli*e"ationsA, in the discu"sie

sense' o the u" p"ocess ee" *e&an! The simple p"ocess o u"o"s seein& the site o" themseles,ocusin& thei" minds on the issues and listenin& to hat e;pe"ts had to sa did i"tuall all the o".in chan&in& u"o"sA attitudes! Tal.in& amon& themseles, as a u", did e" little o it! Ooee", thesame mi&ht happen in cases e" die"ent "om this one! Suppose that instead o hi&hl pola"iKedsm*olic attitudes, hat e hae at the outset is mass i&no"ance o" mass apath o" non-attitudes!The"e a&ain, peopleAs en&a&in& ith the issue ocusin& on it, ac3ui"in& ino"mation a*out it,thin.in& ha"d a*out it ould *e somethin& that is li.el to occu" ea"lie" "athe" than late" in thedeli*e"atie p"ocess! )nd mo"e to ou" point, it is somethin& that is most li.el to occu" ithinindiiduals themseles o" in ino"mal inte"actions, ell in adance o an o"mal, o"&aniKed &"oupdiscussion! The"e is much in the la"&e lite"atu"e on attitudes and the mechanisms * hich thechan&e to suppo"t that speculation!E1 Conside", o" e;ample, the lite"atu"e on Rcent"alA e"susRpe"iphe"alA "outes to the o"mation o attitudes! eo"e deli*e"ation, indiiduals ma not hae &ienthe issue much thou&ht o" *othe"ed to en&a&e in an e;tensie p"ocess o "election!E2 $n such

cases, positions ma *e a""ied at ia pe"iphe"al "outes, ta.in& co&nitie sho"tcuts o" a""iin& atRtop o the headA conclusions o" een simpl olloin& the lead o othe"s *elieed to hold simila"attitudes o" alues (upia, 1JJB'! These sho"thand app"oaches inole the use o aaila*le cuessuch as Re;pe"tnessA o" Ratt"actienessA (Pett and Cacioppo, 1J' not deli*e"ation in theinte"nal-"electie sense e hae desc"i*ed! 9he"e pe"iphe"al sho"tcuts a"e emploed, the"e ma*e inconsistencies in lo&ic and the o"mation o positions, *ased on pa"tial ino"mation o"incomplete ino"mation p"ocessin&! $n cont"ast, Rcent"alA "outes to the deelopment o attitudesinole the application o mo"e deli*e"ate eo"t to the matte" at hand, in a a that is mo"e a.in tothe inte"nal-"electie deli*e"atie ideal! $mpo"tantl o" ou" thesis, the"e is nothin& int"insic to theRcent"alA "oute that "e3ui"es &"oup deli*e"ation! >esea"ch in this a"ea st"esses instead theimpo"tance simpl o Rsuicient impetusA o" en&a&in& in deli*e"ation, such as hen an indiidual isstimulated * pe"sonal inolement in the issue!EE The same is t"ue o Ron-lineA e"sus Rmemo"-*asedA p"ocesses o attitude chan&e!EB The su&&estion he"e is that e lead ou" o"dina" lies

la"&el on autopilot, doin& "outine thin&s in "outine as ithout much thou&ht o" "election! 9hene come ac"oss somethin& RneA, e update ou" "outines ou" R"unnin&A *elies and p"o cedu"es,attitudes and ealuations acco"din&l! ut hain& updated, e then d"op the impetus o" theupdate into deep-sto"ed Rmemo"A! ) conse3uence o this p"ocedu"e is that, hen as.ed in theo"dina" cou"se o eents Rhat e *elieeA o" Rhat attitude e ta.eA toa"d somethin&, e easil

"et"iee hat e thin. but we cannot so easil, retrieve the reasons wh, ! That mo"e ull

"easoned assessment the so"t o thin& e hae *een callin& inte"nal-"electie deli*e"ation "e3ui"es us to call up "easons "om sto"ed memo" "athe" than ust consultin& ou" "unnin& on-lineRsumma" ud&mentsA! C"uciall o" ou" p"esent discussion, once a&ain, hat p"ompts that shit "omonline to mo"e deepl "electie deli*e"ation is not necessa"il inte"pe"sonal discussion! Theimpetus o" i;in& oneAs attention on a topic, and "et"iein& "easons "om sto"ed memo", mi&htcome "om an o a num*e" sou"ces: &"oup discussion is onl one! )nd a&ain, een in the conte;to a &"oup discussion, this shit "om RonlineA to Rmemo"-*asedA p"ocessin& is li.el to occu" ea"lie"

"athe" than late" in the p"ocess, oten *eo"e the o"mal discussion ee" *e&ins! )ll this is simpl tosa that, on a &"eat man models and in a &"eat man die"ent so"ts o settin&s, it seems li.el that

elements o the pre2discursive p"ocess a"e li.el to p"oe crucial to the shapin& and "eshapin&

o peopleAs attitudes in a citiKensA u"-stle p"ocess! The initial p"ocesses o focusin# attention

on a topic , p"oidin& ino"mation a*out it and initin& people to thin. ha"d a*out it is li.el to

p"oide a stron# impetus to inte"nal-"electie deli*e"ation, alte"in& not ust the ino"mation people

hae a*out the issue *ut also the a people p"ocess that ino"mation and hence (pe"haps' hatthe thin. a*out the issue! 9hat happens once people hae shited into this mo"e inte"nal-"electiemode is, o*iousl, an open 3uestion! %a*e people ould then come to an eas consensus, as


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the did in thei" attitudes toa"d the =aint"ee "aino"est!E5 " ma*e people ould come todie"&ent conclusionsM and the then ma (o" ma not' *e open to a"&ument and counte"-a"&ument, ith tal. actuall chan&in& minds! u" claim is not that &"oup discussion ill alasmatte" as little as it did in ou" citiKensA u"!E u" claim is instead me"el that the ea"liest steps inthe u" p"ocess the shee" ocusin& o attention on the issue at hand and ac3ui"in& mo"eino"mation a*out it, and the inte"nal-"electie deli*e"ation that that p"ompts ill ina"ia*l matte"mo"e than deli*e"atie democ"ats o a mo"e discu"sie st"ipe ould hae us *eliee! Ooee"much o" little die"ence o"mal &"oup discussions mi&ht ma.e, on an &ien occasion, the p"e-discu"sie phases o the u" p"ocess ill ina"ia*l hae a conside"a*le impact on chan&in& thea u"o"s app"oach an issue! 0"om CitiKensA ?u"ies to "dina" %ass Politics $n a citiKensA u"so"t o settin&, then, it seems that ino"mal, p"e-&"oup deli*e"ation Rdeli*e"ation ithinA illineita*l do much o the o". that deli*e"atie democ"ats o"dina"il ant to att"i*ute to the mo"eo"mal discu"sie p"ocesses! 9hat a"e the p"econditions o" that happenin& To hat e;tent, in thatsense, can indin&s a*out citiKensA u"ies *e e;tended to othe" la"&e" o" less ell-o"de"eddeli*e"atie settin&s en in citiKensA u"ies, deli*e"ation ill o". onl i people a"e attentie,open and illin& to chan&e thei" minds as app"op"iate! So, too, in mass politics! $n citiKensA u"ies

the need to pa"ticipate (o" the anticipation o pa"ticipatin&' in o"mall o"&aniKed &"oup

discussions mi&ht *e the Rp"omptA that eo.es those att"i*utes! ut the"e mi&ht *e man othe"possi*le Rp"omptsA that can *e ound in less o"mall st"uctu"ed mass-political settin&s! Oe"e a"e ae as citiKensA u"ies (and all co&nate mic"o-deli*e"atie p"ocesses'EQ mi&ht *e die"ent "ommass politics, and in hich lessons d"an "om that e;pe"ience mi&ht not the"eo"e ca"" oe" too"dina" politics: U ) citiKensA u" concent"ates peopleAs minds on a sin&le issue! "dina" politicsinole man issues at once! U ) citiKensA u" is oten supplied a *ac.&"ound *"iein& that has *eena&"eed * all sta.eholde"s (Smith and 9ales, 2, p! 5'! $n o"dina" mass politics, the"e is "a"elan e3uialent common &"ound on hich de*ates a"e conducted! U ) citiKensA u" sepa"ates thep"ocess o ac3ui"in& ino"mation "om that o discussin& the issues! $n o"dina" mass politics, thosep"ocesses a"e ina"ia*l inte"tined! U ) citiKensA u" is p"oided ith a set o e;pe"ts! The can *e3uestioned, de*ated o" discounted! ut the"e is a st"ictl limited set o Rcompetin& e;pe"tsA on thesame su*ect! $n o"dina" mass politics, claims and sou"ces o e;pe"tise oten seem i"tualllimitless, alloin& o" much &"eate" Rselectie pe"ceptionA! U Pa"ticipatin& in somethin& called aRcitiKensA u"A eo.es ce"tain e" pa"ticula" no"ms: no"ms conce"nin& the Rimpa"tialitA app"op"iateto u"o"sM no"ms conce"nin& the Rcommon &oodA o"ientation app"op"iate to people in thei" capacitas citiKens!E The"e is a e" die"ent ethos at o". in o"dina" mass politics, hich a"e tpicall

d"ien * la&"antl pa"tisan appeals to sectional inte"est (o" utte" disinte"est and ote" apath'! U $na citiKensA u", e thin. and listen in anticipation o the discussion phase , .noin& that e

soon ill hae to deend ou" ies in a discu"sie settin& he"e the ill *e probed

intensivel, !EJ $n o"dina" mass-political settin&s, the"e is no such incentie o" pain& attention! $t

is pe"ectl t"ue that citiKensA u"ies a"e RspecialA in all those as! ut i *ein& special in all thoseas ma.es o" a *ette" mo"e R"electieA, mo"e Rdeli*e"atieA political p"ocess, then those a"edesi&n eatu"es that e ou&ht t" to mimic as *est e can in o"dina" mass politics as ell! The"ea"e a"ious as that that mi&ht *e done! "iein& *oo.s mi&ht *e p"epa"ed * sponso"s o

)me"ican p"esidential de*ates (the ea&ue o 9omen Hote"s, and such li.e' in consultation iththe sta.eholde"s inoled! )&"eed panels o e;pe"ts mi&ht *e 3uestioned on p"ime-time teleision!$ssues mi&ht *e se3uenced o" de*ate and "esolution, to aoid too much competition o" peopleAstime and attention! Ha"iations on the )c.e"man and 0ish.in (22' p"oposal o" a Rdeli*e"ation daA

*eo"e ee" election mi&ht *e &ene"aliKed, ith a da ee" e months *ein& &ien oe" to smallmeetin&s in local schools to discuss pu*lic issues! )ll that is p"ett isiona", pe"haps! )nd(althou&h it is clea"l *eond the scope o the p"esent pape" to e;plo"e them in depth' the"e a"edou*tless man othe" mo"e-o"-less isiona" as o int"oducin& into "eal-o"ld politics analo&ueso the elements that induce citiKensA u"o"s to p"actice Rdemoc"atic deli*e"ation ithinA, een *eo"ethe u" discussion &ets unde"a! Oe"e, e hae to content ou"seles ith identiin& thoseeatu"es that need to *e "eplicated in "eal-o"ld politics in o"de" to achiee that &oal and ith theRpossi*ilit theo"emA that is esta*lished * the act that (as s.etched immediatel a*oe' the"e is atleast one possi*le a o doin& that o" each o those .e eatu"es!


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OFF

0he affs claims of &the s,mbolic order3 and &lan#ua#e3 bein# the cause of

women3s eclusion and oppression are inaccurate and mas7s capitalisms role ineploitation / material conditions shape and maintain the patriarchal ideolo#iesthe, critici8e / this misdia#nosis ma7es a shift in mass consciousness a#ainstcapitalism and patriarch, impossibleVthis is hi&hli&hted die"ent than the a.e = ca"d

O3%hea 1(ouise, %a";ism and omen


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and most oten o".in& class men4 as the 7e, perpetrators of seism and the"eo"e the mainp"o*lem and natu"al ta"&et o an anti-se;ist actiism o" measu"es! So it matte"s ho these issuesa"e con"onted! *iousl indiidual men need to *e challen&edM and ee"da se;ism should *emade a union issue, emphasisin& that se;ism and a*use o omen diides ou" st"u&&les to i&ht o"a *ette" o"ld!6E28 ut as some )me"ican eminists hae concluded ate" ea"s o e;pe"ience ini&htin& a"ound the issues o se;ual iolence, campai&ns o" political moements that ta"&et these;ist *ehaiou" o indiidual men and appeal to the state as p"otecto" o omen a&ainst them tendto unde"mine such eo"ts, encou"a&e identiication ith autho"it and d"a& those inoled to the"i&ht!6EE8Y The othe" p"o*lem ith the inc"eased ocus on the pe"sonal eects o se;ism is thatomen a"e at thei" ea.est and most atomised hen the e;pe"ience o" t" to con"ont themaniestations o se;ism in thei" pe"sonal lies! 0ocusin& on these thus tends to "eino"ce andencou"a&e identiication as ictims hich, hile undenia*l "electin& the "ealit o se;ism, doesnot help to challen&e o" chan&e it! Onl, b, fi#htin# bac7 with the aim of chan#in# socialconditions can the realit, of oppression and the sufferin# of the oppressed be fou#ht andended! This must inole omen and othe" opp"essed &"oups &ainin& the conidence and i&htin&spi"it to de the patte"ns o su*mission that a"e the eect o that opp"ession! )n identit *ased onictimhood, o" a political movement that ta7es this sufferin# as its startin# point4 is not aneffective basis for such a stru##le.en amon&st those attemptin& to maintain somecommitment to %a";ism a&ainst the "et"eat "om class politics oe" the last couple o decades,includin& some socialist eminists, the"e e;ists a p"onounced lac. o conidence that %a";ism

p"oides an eectie theo"etical and p"actical &uide to li*e"atin& the opp"essed

0he aff3s absolutist re;ection of &sameness3 creates a fractured resistance tooppression that #ets coopted and creates complacenc, 2 prioriti8in# individualintersectionalties over the shared eperience of class eploitation createsmicromovements that at best result in mar#inal #ains for individual #roups / it3sthe oldest tric7 in capitalism3s boo7


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o"ldZ The hite man has nee" unde"stood this ma&ical su*stitution! The hite man ants theo"ldM he ants it o" himsel! Oe discoe"s he is the p"edestined maste" o the o"ld! Oe enslaesit! Ois "elationship ith the o"ld is one o app"op"iation! ut the"e a"e alues that can *e se"edonl ith m sauce! )s a ma&ician $ stole "om the hite man a Rce"tain o"ld,A lost to him and his.ind! 9hen that happened the hite man must hae elt an ate"shoc. he as una*le to identi,*ein& unused to such "eactions (1-1Q'!Y 0o" see"al pa&es, 0anon a"&ues that *lac. peoplemust em*"ace *lac.ness, and st"u&&le on the *asis o *ein& *lac., in o"de" to ne&ate hitesup"emacists social "elations! ut to stop the"e "ep"oduces ou" one-sided e;istence and the o"mso appea"ance o capitalism! Identit, politics ar#ues4 I am a blac7 man4" or I am a woman4"without fillin# out the other side of the contradiction =and I am a human! If the startin#and endin# point is one2sided4 there is no possibilit, for abolishin# raciali8ed and #enderedsocial relations! 0o" suppo"te"s o identit politics (despite claimin& othe"ise', omanhood, ao"m o appea"ance ithin societ, is "educed to a natu"al, static identit! Social "elations such asomanhood, o" simpl &ende", *ecome static o*ects, o" institutions! Societ is the"eo"eo"&aniKed into indiiduals, o" sociolo&ical &"oups ith natu"al cha"acte"istics! The"eo"e, the onlpossi*ilit o" st"u&&le unde" identit politics is *ased on e3ual dist"i*ution o" indiidualism ($ illdiscuss this u"the" *elo'! This is a *ou"&eois ideolo& in that it "eplicates the alienated indiidualinented and deended * *ou"&eois theo"ists and scientists (and mate"iall eno"ced' sincecapitalismAs *i"th!Y 0u"the"mo"e, this indiidualism is cha"acte"istic o the cu""ent social moment! )slet communist theo"ist o"en 7oldne" has theo"iKed, capitalism has *een in pe"petual c"isis o" the

last B ea"s, hich has *een a*so"*ed in appea"ance th"ou&h neoli*e"al st"ate&ies (amon&othe"s'! e" time, capital is o"ced to inest in machines oe" o".e"s in o"de" to .eep up ith thecompetitie p"oduction p"ocess! )s a "esult, o".e"s a"e e;pelled "om the p"oduction p"ocess! 9ecan see this most clea"l in a place li.e =et"oit, he"e automation com*ined ithdeindust"ialiKation let hund"eds o thousands o*less! The eects o this cont"adiction o capitalismis that o".e"s a"e o"ced into p"eca"ious o".in& situations, umpin& "om &i& to &i& in o"de" toma.e enou&h mone to "ep"oduce themseles! 7oldne" "ee"s to this condition as the atomiKedindiidual o".e"! )s 7oldne" has "itten elsehe"e, this inc"eased indiidualism leads to a politicso die"ence, he"e omen, 3uee"s, people o colo", etc!, hae nothin& in common ith oneanothe"!Y $nte"sectionalit theo"ists co""ectl identiied and c"iti3ued this p"o*lem ith identitpolitics! 0o" e;ample, *ell hoo.s, in a polemic a&ainst li*e"al eminist ett 0"iedan, "ites,Y0"iedan as a p"incipal shape" o contempo"a" eminist thou&ht! Si&niicantl, the one-dimensional pe"spectie on omenAs "ealit p"esented in he" *oo. *ecame a ma".ed eatu"e o the

contempo"a" eminist moement! i.e 0"iedan *eo"e them, hite omen ho dominate eministdiscou"se toda "a"el 3uestion hethe" o" not thei" pe"spectie on omenAs "ealit is t"ue to thelied e;pe"iences o omen as a collectie &"oup! Fo" a"e the aa"e o the e;tent to hich thei"pe"specties "elect "ace and class *iases[ (E'!Y hoo.s is co""ect to sa that *asin& an enti"epolitics on one pa"ticula" e;pe"ience, o" a set o pa"ticula" die"ences, unde" capitalism isp"o*lematic! >owever4 intersectionalit, theor, replicates this problem b, simpl, addin#particular moments4 or determinant pointsM hoo.s &oes on to a"&ue o" "ace and class inclusionin a eminist analsis! Simila"l, theo"ies o an inte"loc.in& mat"i; o opp"essions, simpl c"eate alist o natu"aliKed identities, a*st"acted "om thei" mate"ial and histo"ical conte;t! This methodolo&

is ust as ahisto"ical and antisocial as ett 0"iedanAs!Y)&ain, patriarch, and white supremac,

are not ob;ects or institutions" that eist throu#hout histor, the, are particular

epressions of our labor4 our life2activit,4 that are conditioned b, @and in turn4 conditionA

our mode of production. $n Capital, %a"; desc"i*es la*o" as the meta*olism *eteen humansand the e;te"nal o"ldM pat"ia"ch and hite sup"emac, as p"oducts o ou" la*o", a"e also theconditions in hich e la*o"! 9e a"e constantl inte"actin& ith the o"ld, chan&in& the o"ld andchan&in& ou"seles th"ou&h ou" meta*olic la*o"! So pat"ia"ch and hite sup"emac, li.e allsocial "elations o la*o", chan&e and t"anso"m!Y Batriarch, under capitalism ta7es a specificform that is different from #endered relations under feudalism4 or tribalism , etc! The"e ill *eoe"lap and simila"ities in ho pat"ia"ch is e;p"essed unde" die"ent modes o p"oduction! )te"all, the o*ectie conditions o eudalism laid the oundation o" ea"l capitalism, hich laid theoundation o" indust"ial capitalism, etc! Ooee", this simila"it and oe"lap does not mean thatpa"ticula", pat"ia"chal "elations t"anscend the mode o p"oduction! 0o" e;ample, unde" *oth


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eudalism and capitalism the"e a"e &ende"ed "elations ithin a nuclea" amil, thou&h these"elations too. e" die"ent o"ms pa"ticula" to the mode o p"oduction! )s Silia 0ede"ici desc"i*es,ithin the eudal amil the"e as little die"entiation *eteen men and omen! She "ites,Y sinceo". on the se"ile a"m as o"&aniKed on a su*sistence *asis, the se;ual diision o la*o" in itas less p"onounced and less disc"iminatin& than the capitalist a"m! [ 9omen o".ed in theields, in addition to "aisin& child"en, coo.in&, ashin&, spinnin&, and .eepin& an he"* &a"denM thei"domestic actiities e"e not dealued and did not inole die"ent social "elations "om those omen, as the ould late", in a mone-econom, hen houseo". ould cease to *e ieed as "ealo". (25'!Y $ historical understandin# of patriarch, needs to understand patriarch, fromwithin a set of social relations based on the form of labor.$n othe" o"ds, e cannotunde"stand the o"m o appea"ance, omanhood, apa"t "om the essence, a unie"sal human!Y)%a";ist Conception o 0eminism!Y)t this point, $ should ma.e msel e" clea" and state that thelimitations o identit politics and inte"sectionalit theo" a"e a p"oduct o thei" time! The"e as no

"eolution in the @S in 1J! 0he advances of 9lac7 Bower4 women3s liberation4 #a,

liberation4 and the movements themselves4 have been absorbed into capital ! Since the

1JQs, academia has had a st"on&hold on theo"! ) none;istent class st"u&&le leaes a acuum otheo"etical p"oduction and academic intellectuals hae had nothin& to d"a on e;cept o" the

identit politics o the past! $ new politics that corresponds to a new form of stru##le is

desperatel, needed M hoee", the


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)&ain, *o""oin& "om 0anon, e can sa $ am a oman and a human, o" $ am a *lac. pe"sonand a pe"son! The .e is to emphasiKe *oth sides o the cont"adiction! m*"acin& omanhood,o"&aniKin& on the *asis o *lac.ness, and *uildin& a speciicall 3uee" politics is an essentialaspect o ou" li*e"ation! $t is the mate"ial sta"tin& point o st"u&&le! )s noted ea"lie", 0"antK 0anondesc"i*es this moement in The ied ;pe"ience o the lac. %an chapte" o lac. S.in, 9hite%as.s! Ooee", at the end o the chapte", 0anon leaes the cont"adiction un"esoled and leaesus sea"chin& o" somethin& mo"e, statin&, 9ithout a *lac. past, ithout a *lac. utu"e, it asimpossi*le o" me to lie m *lac.ness! Fot et hite, no lon&e" completel *lac., $ as damned(11Q', and, 9hen $ opened m ees este"da $ sa the s. in total "eulsion! $ t"ied to &et up *utthe eisce"ated silence su"&ed toa"d me ith pa"alKed in&s! Fot "esponsi*le o" m acts, at thec"oss"oads *eteen Fothin&ness and ininit, $ *e&an to eep (11J'! 0anon points to thecont"adiction *eteen the pa"ticula" o"m o appea"ance (*lac.ness' and the essence, theunie"sal (humanness'!Y $n the conclusion, as noted ea"lie", 0anon "esoles this cont"adiction,a"&uin& o" u"the" moement toa"d the unie"sal, the total a*olition o "ace! Oe "ites,Y $n no adoes m *asic ocation hae to *e d"an "om the past o peoples o colo"! $n no a do $ hae todedicate msel to "eiin& a *lac. ciiliKation unustl i&no"ed! $ ill not ma.e msel the man oan past! $ do not ant to sin& the past to the det"iment o m p"esent and m utu"e (21'!Y 0o"0anon then, and o" %a";, the st"u&&le o" li*e"ation must include *oth the pa"ticula" and theunie"sal, *oth the appea"ance and essence! 9e must *uild upon and push on *oth sides o thesecont"adictions!Y Some P"actical Conse3uences!Y Since identit politics, and the"eo"e

inte"sectionalit theo", a"e a *ou"&eois politics, the possi*ilities o" st"u&&le a"e also *ou"&eois!Identit, politics reproduces the appearance of an alienated individual under capitalism and

so stru##le ta7es the form of equalit, amon# #roups at best4 or individuali8ed forms of

stru##le at worse .Y n the one hand, a*st"act sociolo&ical &"oups o" indiiduals st"u&&le o" an

e3ual oice, e3ual "ep"esentation, o" e3ual "esou"ces! ie" CollectieAs o". as a"ound teachin& hite omen to stop *ein& "acist *holdin& anti-"acism o".shops (J5'! Toda, e mi&ht see &"oups hose onl o"m o st"u&&le is toidenti and smash &ende"ed, machismo, male-chauinist, miso&nist, and pat"ia"chal elementsithin the let! )nothe" e;ample is Tum*l" use"sA constant "eminde" to chec. ou" p"iile&e! )&ain,it is impo"tant to add"ess and co""ect these elementsM hoee", cont"adictions and anta#onismswithin the class cannot be overcome in isolation4 and individual epressions of patriarch,are impossible to overcome without a broader stru##le for the emancipation of our labor. 9e ill nee" "ee ou"seles o machismo ithin the moement ithout a*olishin& &ende" itsel,and the"eo"e alienated la*o" itsel!Y) t"ul "eolutiona" eminist st"u&&le ill collectiel ta.e upissues that put the pa"ticula" and the o"m o appea"ance in cone"sation ith the unie"sal and the

essence! lsehe"e, $ hae oe"ed the olloin& as e;amples o a"eas that ould do that o".:Y7"ass"oots clinic deense ta.eoe"s and/o" nonp"oit o".e" committees that *uild solida"it ac"osso".e"-client lines!Y Fei&h*o"hood &"oups en&a&ed in tenant st"u&&les ith the capacit to dealdi"ectl ith iolence a&ainst omen in the communit!Y Pa"ent, teache", and student alliances thatst"u&&le a&ainst school closu"es/p"iatiKation and o" t"anso"min& schools to mo"e accu"atel"elect the needs o child"en and pa"ents, o" e;ample on-site childca"e, di"ectl democ"aticclass"ooms and dist"icts, smalle" class siKes, etc!Y Se; o".e" collecties that p"otect omen "oma*usie ?ohns and othe" communit mem*e"s, and *uild democ"aticall omen- and 3uee"-"un*"othels ith sae o".in& conditions!Y 9o".place o"&aniKations in eminiKed o".places li.e


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nonp"oits, the se"ice indust", pin. colla" manuactu"in&, etc!, o" o".e" cente"s that specialiKe ineminiKed o".places and ta.e up issues and challen&es speciic to omen!Y The"e a"e man,man othe"s that $ cannot theo"iKe! )s noted, e cannot p"oect the o"ms o st"u&&le and thei"co""espondin& theo"ies ithout the collectie and mass actiit o the class, *ut it is ou" o* as

"eolutiona"ies to p"oide tools that help oe"th"o the p"esent state o aai"s! To do so, we must

return to ep"esented * the o". o liKa*eth 7"osK, >osi"aidotti, and othe"s, this tu"n in theo" has come in "esponse to the deepenin& ine3ualities andc"ises o capitalism that a"e hain& p"oound eects on omen o"ldide D material problemsoutside the tet and not resolvable b, a chan#e in cultural values ! 9hile it is impo"tant to seethat the ne mate"ialist eminisms a"e "esponses to "eal p"o*lems, it is e3uall impo"tant to

unde"stand ho these mate"ialisms a"e limited * thei" conceptualiKation o the mate"ial! The new

materialist feminisms are actuall, disenablin# for feminism in that the, are forms of

spiritualism which displace critique with strate#ies ofenchanted affective adaptation andsu"ial and thus dismantle mate"ialist eminismosi "aidotti


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7nowled#e of what needs to be transformedD is treated as impossible! )*andonin& thep"oect o t"anso"mation, $ a"&ue, is a si&n o the a dominant +mate"ialist+ eminism D unde" the&uise o +ne mate"ialism+D has inc"easin&l a*andoned the p"oect o omeneason has nothin& to do ith it! That


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position o indiiduals ho must compete on the ma".et o" o". hile leain& it the p"e"o&atie othe one"s to o"&aniKe the totalit to the *eneit o a e at the e;pense o the man! Y Cent"al to"aidotti


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demonst"ated the oll o doin& so! et e stu**o"nl *eliee that the chants o T!$!F!)! must *e com*ated o" the oe" as a ait

accompli, somethin& hich p"o&"essie etists should refuse to accept Dnamel the triumph of capitalism and

its political *edello neo-li*e"alism, hich hae o".ed to&ethe" to natu"aliKe sue"in&, unde"mine collectiest"u&&le, and o*lite"ate hope! 9e concu" ith )min (1JJ', ho claims that such chants must *e deied and"eealed as a*su"dand c"iminal, and ho puts the challen&e e ace in no unce"tain te"ms: humanit ma let itsel *e

led * capitalism


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st"u&&lin& in the st"eets haenAt "ead a*out T!$!F!)!, the end o &"and na""aties o emancipation, o" thedecente"in& o capitalism!$t seems as thou&h the st"u&&le o" *asic su"ial and some sem*lance o human di&nit in themean st"eets o the dstopian met"opoles doesnAt pe"mit much time o" oppo"tunit to "ead the head p"oclamations emanatin& "omsemina" "ooms! )s ! P! Thompson (1JQ, p! 11' once "ema".ed, sometimes Re;pe"ience al.s in ithout .noc.in& at the doo", and

announces deaths, c"ises o su*sistence, t"ench a"a"e, unemploment, inlation, &enocide!A This, o cou"se, does not meanthat socialism ill ineita*l come a*out, et a sense o itsnascent p"omise animates cu""ent socialmoements!$ndeed, noted histo"ian Ooa"d ]inn (2, p! 2' "ecentl pointed out that ate" ea"s o sin&le-issue

o"&aniKin&(i!e! the politics o die"ence', the 9T and othe" anti-co"po"ate capitalist p"otests si&naled a tu"nin&point in the Rhisto" o moementso "ecent decades,A o" it as the issue o RclassA that mo"e than anthin& R*oundee"one to&ethe"!A Oisto", to pa"aph"ase Thompson (1JQ, p! 25' doesnAt seem to *e olloin& Theo"


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C$%-

0he aff can3t subvert dominant discourseEthe s,mbolic order / provides no prais

point and falls into conservatismwa#erman )7Sean, The (io'lo&ical 0allacies o uce $"i&a"a 6http://summit!su!ca/item/1E1Q18 //

This Se; 9hich $s Fot ne, uce $"i&a"aAs inluential collection o essas, is cele*"atin& itsiteenth annie"sa" in n&lish t"anslation! )nd in that time, it has achieed the status o aclassic, deined * %a". Tain as a *oo. hich people p"aise and donAt "ead! The act thatman students o lite"a" theo" ma not hae actuall "ead $"i&a"a does not .eep them "om"espondin& to the mention o he" name ith a .noin& nod and a "ee"ential mu"mu" o app"oal!en the pe"sonDli.e meDho .nos nothin& o classical music .nos enou&h to smile and sa,)h, %oKa"t, hen the compose"As name is mentioned! $t cannot *e lon& *eo"e $"i&a"aAs name*ecomes an a.a"d adectie, li.e =e""idian o" 4a.aes3ue! The stain& poe" o $"i&a"aAs*oo. su&&ests that its si&niicance in the ield o mode"n lite"a" theo" "emainsDi ou ill pa"donthe e;p"essionDseminal! Y uce $"i&a"a ould not pa"don the e;p"ession, indicatie as it is o the

phallocent"ic th"ust o lan&ua&e! This Se; 9hich $s Fot ne is oten a diicult *oo. to unde"standDintentionall so, since $"i&a"a adocates the su*e"sion o the dominant, phallocent"ic const"ucto clea", e;posito" p"ose! Ooee", the cent"al 3uestions "aised in This Se; 9hich $s Fot ne a"eclea" enou&h, and "e&a"dless o hethe" $"i&a"a o" anone else succeeds in anse"in& them, theas.in& alone has potentiall impo"tant implications o" societ at la"&e! This is &"eat p"aise indeed,and a compliment hich cannot oten *e *estoed upon the incessant *ut la"&el i""eleant outputo the lit! c"it! %achine! ut sadl, the social importance of Iri#ara,3s tet remains merel,potential4 because her battlefield is verbal and theoretical4 not actual! $"i&a"a "ites,Y theeminine has nee" *een deined e;cept as the ine"se, indeed the unde"side, o theY masculine!So o" oman it is not a matte" o installin& he"sel ithin this lac., thisY ne&atie, een *denouncin& it, no" o "ee"sin& the econom o sameness * tu"nin&Y the eminine into the standa"do" se;ual die"enceM it is "athe" a matte" o t"in& toY p"actice that die"ence! Oence these3uestions: hat othe" mode o "eadin& o" "itin&,Y o inte"p"etation and ai"mation, ma *e mineinasmuch as $ am a oman (15J'Y 6th"ou&hout, all italics a"e $"i&a"aAs8 Y To *e&in to anse" he"on 3uestion, to *e&in to ima&ine hat a uni3uel eminine discou"se mi&ht loo. li.e, $"i&a"ainte"o&ates i"st that hich p"ecludes such a discou"se: the inescapa*le, dominant, masculinediscou"se ithin hich e all cu""entl ope"ate! 5ecenterin# the dominant discourse is adifficult tas74 li7e as7in# fish to deconstruct the concept of water! $n philosophical discou"se,$"i&a"a inds the deinin& cha"acte"istics o phallocent"ic lan&ua&e, namel cohe"ence,consistenc, lo&ic, and linea"it! $"i&a"a u"&es an inte"p"etie "e"eadin& o dominant 9este"nphilosophical te;ts, o" it is indeed p"ecisel philosophical discou"se that e hae to challen&e,and dis"upt, ! ! ! inasmuch as it constitutes the discou"se on discou"se (QB'! an&ua&e in tu"n is atool o poe" and opp"ession in ou" phalloc"atic societ, * hich omen a"e "educed to me"ecommodities, to *e e;chan&ed * men as o*li&in& p"op6s8 o" the enactment o manAs antasies(25'! 0o" a oman, the alte"natie to su*mittin& to the masculine "ameo". is e3uall dep"essin&:

) oman ma st"ie to *eat the men at thei" on &ame, as it e"e, app"op"iatin& the masculinediscou"se and its attendant poe" o" he"sel! ut in so doin&, a oman has done nothin& in

$"i&a"aAs ees toa"d esta*lishin& the othe"Dthe eminineDas distinct "om the oneDthemasculine! She has *ecome me"el manAs e3ual, a potential man! 0o" $"i&a"a, e3ualit *eteenthe se;es does not su*e"t o" een challen&e the dominant discou"se!Y)t this point $, as a tpicallempi"ical and &oal-o"iented male, as., 9ell, hat then can e do to chan&e thin&s 0o" $"i&a"a,hoee", this 3uestion is not pa"ticula"l inte"estin&, especiall i itAs comin& "om a man! )s =aid>ichte" o*se"es, Those eminists ho see. a*oe all a sense o the die"ences *eteenemininit and masculinit ma ind $"i&a"a a compellin& theo"istM those mo"e conce"ned ithp"a&matic &oalsDho p"ee" to &et thei" sha"e o the thin&s men hae t"aditionall dominatedDma ind he" 3uietism less useul (1Q2-E'!Y $"i&a"a could hae tu"ned outa"d "om he" thou&hts


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and put into action the "esentment hich ma".s ee" pa&e o he" te;t! She could hae made ThisSe; 9hich $s Fot ne a o". o sm*olic action, a *oo. si&niicant outside the academ, amaniesto o" oe"tu"nin& the ta*les in the emale commodit e;chan&e! That such p"a&matism isso tho"ou&hl i&no"ed in the te;t seems ine;cusa*le, ate" $"i&a"a a"&ues that male opp"ession oomen is so pe"asie that it inects not onl ee" action *ut ee" utte"ance! (0o" those ho li.ethis so"t o thin&, it as done ea"lie" and ith a" mo"e intensit, cla"it, and humo"Dand ith apoe"ul desi"e to actuall chan&e societD* Hale"ie Solonas in he" SC@% %aniesto!' utthou&h $"i&a"a is also a pschoanalst, she is p"ima"il an academician! So she tu"ns ina"d, tothe sae and sophisticated o"ld o ideas, o te;ts, o inte""o&atin& each o"d, utte"ance, sentence,! ! ! ee" phoneme, ee" lette" (', descendin& into an ee"-ti&hte" spi"al o deconst"uction, untilshe inds up sta"in& at he" on nael (actuall at a place sli&htl loe" than he" nael', in the endhain& dest"oed nothin& *ut st"amen! Y 9hich ma *e ust as ell, since $"i&a"a anciesdest"oin& the discu"sie mechanism itsel (Q', castin& aside an manipulation o discou"se thatould also leae discou"se intact! ! ! ! 9e need to p"oceed in such a a that linea" "eadin& is nolon&e" possi*le! ! ! ! The"e ould no lon&e" *e eithe" a "i&ht side o" a "on& side o discou"se, o"een o te;ts ('! Oe"e Iri#ara, wal7s down the well2trodden path of theorists before herwho have followed their brilliance down the trail to utter nonsense , sel-de(con'st"uctin& ee"instance in hich thei" "itin&s app"oach comp"ehensi*ilit, and su*e"tin& ee" no*le attemptmade * a patient "eade" to ta.e the autho" se"iousl!Y)s a metapho" o" the non-linea", multiple,sel-contained natu"e o eminine discou"se, $"i&a"a "ites in iid anatomical detail a*out emale

auto-e"oticism! 9e lite"a" schola"s a"e oten accused o mental mastu"*ationM $"i&a"a seems tohae ta.en this c"iticism as he" thesis! ) omanY touches he"sel in and o he"sel ithout an needo" mediation! ! ! ! 9oman touches he"sel all the time, ! ! ! o" he" &enitals a"e o"med o to lipsin continuous contact! Thus, ithin he"sel, she is al"ead toD*ut not diisi*le into one(s'Dthatca"ess each othe"! ! ! ! Oe" se;ualit, alas at least dou*le, &oes een u"the": it is plu"al! ! ! !9oman has se; o"&ans mo"e o" less ee"he"e! ! ! ! This is dou*tless h she is said to *ehimsical, incomp"ehensi*le, cap"icious ! ! ! not to mention he" lan&ua&e, in hich she sets o inall di"ections leain& him una*le to disce"n the cohe"ence o an meanin&! (2, 2-J'Y This allunctions as a lead-in to a ise o*se"ation a*out male s! emale discou"se, thou&h it is ano*se"ation made elsehe"e * othe"s ho actuall appl it to imp"oin& "eal-o"ld communicationand unde"standin&! 0eminine discou"se is cont"adicto", Y somehat mad "om the standpoint o"eason, inaudi*le o" hoee" listens to 6it8 ith "ead-made &"ids! ! ! ! ne ould hae to listenith anothe" ea", as i hea"in& an othe" meanin&! ! ! ! 0o" i she sas somethin&, it is not, it is

al"ead no lon&e", identical ith hat she means! ! ! ! $t is useless, then, to t"ap omen in the e;actdeinition o hat the mean, to ma.e them "epeat (themseles' so that it ill *e clea"M the a"eal"ead elsehe"e in that discu"sie machine" he"e ou e;pected to su"p"ise them! (2J'Y Thepop-lin&uist =e*o"ah Tannen, and een ?ohn 7"a in his ho""iicall popula" %en a"e "om %a"s,9omen a"e "om Henus, hae o*se"ed undamental die"ences *eteen male and emalepatte"ns o e"*al initiation and "esponse! ut unli.e $"i&a"aDho is too *us *ein& *"illiant, aloo,and i"onicD*oth Tannen and 7"a oe" p"a&matic su&&estions o" listenin& ith anothe" ea"!$"i&a"a does not &o in this di"ection! Since she *eliees lan&ua&e is a eapon used * men tot"ap omen, she has no inte"est in the notion o successul communication! $n act, he" a"&umentcannot een accommodate the ph"ase successul communcation as anthin& *ut an o;mo"on!Yut the 3uotes a*oe and th"ou&hout he" *oo. "eeal hat appea"s to *e a pa"ado;: $"i&a"aem*"aces the se;ist limitations men hae placed upon the emale intellect! She has a "esponse tothis c"iticism, o cou"se: mimic.in& the "ep"essie "oles o emininit, omen ma uncoe" the

mechanisms * hich 6these "oles8 e;ploit them (22'! To ma.e matte"s o"se, $"i&a"a alsoseiKes in the name o omen those ste"eotpes t"aditionall leeled a&ainst men! $n the a*oee;ce"pts, o" e;ample, she sas that omen a"e in a constant state o se;ual a"ousal, hich isdou*tless h the spea. and act the a the do! 0u"the"mo"e, she "elies heail upon thehie"a"chical discou"se and the se;ist &ene"aliKations she claims to ant dest"oed! She posits *necessit masculine oneness, na""oness, and linea"it in o"de" to die"entiate eminine plu"alit,openness, and "ele;iit!Y Thou&h the"e a"e man moments o o"i&inal thou&ht in This Se; 9hich$s Fot ne, the"e a"e also plent o e;amples li.e these o $"i&a"a simpl tu"nin& the ta*les in thehuman commodit e;chan&e! $"i&a"aAs tactics ma.e it clea" that *ehind all the e"*al clee"nessand the undenia*le intellectual italit is anothe" ea"in& e;ample o an an&" schola", eelin&


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ma"&inaliKed, t"in& to &et een! ne o the ao"ite st"aman allacies o contempo"a" theo" isthe tactic o positin& oe"l simpliied hie"a"chical oppositionsDsuch as masculine s! eminine, o"=e""idaAs ao"ite: "itten s! spo.en discou"seDand then *oldl ine"tin& them, as i an intelli&entthin.e" supp"ted these simplistic dualities in the i"st place, o" p"iile&ed one oe" the othe"! Thismethodol& its hand in &loe ith the emotion o an&e" and the motie o "een&e: ou e"e onceon top, *ut no eA"e on top! $tAs ust Stephen Potte"As one-upmanship, no matte" ho ehementl$"i&a"a calls one and man into 3uestion!Y)nothe" o*stacle standin& *eteen $"i&a"a and"eleance is he" poe"ul a*ilit to alienate he" audience (althou&h $Am p"o*a*l &iin& he" a "un o"he" mone "i&ht no'! This comes th"ou&h most clea"l in Chapte" Q, entitled _uestions! $t is notcalled _uestions and )nse"s *ecause $"i&a"a has that annoin&l smu& ha*it, encounte"ed indeconst"uctionists and ?ehoahAs 9itnesses, o tu"nin& the 3uestion *ac. on the 3uestione", and ocondescendin& to s.eptics as dimits ho ust donAt &et it! )cco"din& to $"i&a"aAs t"anslato",Cathe"ine Po"te", 3uestions a"e a ha*itual mode in $"i&a"aAs "itin&, *ecause 6the8 int"oduce aplu"alit o oices and acilitate the e;amination o a p"io"i concepts ithout, hoee", insistin&upon deinitie anse"s o" "eisions o the sstems o thou&ht that a"e *"ou&ht into 3uestion (221'!Oo te""i*l conenient!Y 9hat is a oman as.s a student "om the Philosoph =epa"tment atthe @nie"sit o Toulouse! $"i&a"a "esponds, $ *eliee $Ae al"ead anse"ed that the"e is no a $ould Ranse"A that 3uestion! The 3uestion Rhat is ! ! ! A is the 3uestionDthe metaphsical3uestionDto hich the eminine does not allo itsel to su*mit (122'! $snAt that ust the so"t o"esponse that ma.es ou ish ouAd d"opped he" class hile ou had the chance ut he"

"esponsesDsuch as the a"eDa"e not simpl a maddenin& semantic manne"ismDo"(o'manne"ism! The a"e "athe" an indication o that most phallocent"ic o ailin&s: intellectual"i&idit! $"i&a"a attempts to p"eempt and silence all c"iticism o he" o". * sain& the olloin&: Y

)s o" hat is si&niied * the "eactions that a o". such as mine ma p"oo.e, $ thin. $ hae ust"esponded to that: a pe"son ho is in a position o maste" does not let &o o it easil, does noteen ima&ine an othe" position! ! ! ! $n othe" o"ds, the masculine is not p"epa"ed to sha"e theinitiatie o discou"se! (15Q'Y $n othe" o"ds, if ,ou disa#ree with her ,ou are4 b, definition4 partof the problem. 0his rhetorical strate#, has been used for centuries b, a wide variet, ofcultural critics4 includin# witch burners4 ollo %a, o*se"es that in ou" e"a, the most common pscholo&icaldeense a&ainst con"ontin& and acceptin& ou" on emotions is intellectualiKation, aoidin& thepain o "a emotion * "e"amin& and e;te"naliKin& it as a "ational const"uct! $ thin. his o*se"ationis e;t"emel impo"tant o" us as schola"s: 9ho could *e mo"e p"one to intellectualiKation than

intellectualsY ouA"e missin& the point, people ma a"&ue! $"i&a"a is *ein& i"onic! $ndeed she is,and in act she has &ien he"sel no choice: the linear4 lo#ical discourse she so loathes is the

onl, medium she has for communicatin# her ideas. Thus * cha"acte"iKin& communication

and een lan&ua&e itsel as the enem, as a t"ap, $"i&a"a has thou&ht he"sel into an intellectualend&ame, oinin& man o he" contempo"a"ies in poststuctu"al and pe"o"matiit theo"ies: $lan&ua&e cont"ols us and not ice e"sa, then the onl a out is th"ou&h pa"od, sa"casm, i"on!%uch contempo"a" c"iticism is an intellectualiKation o the eelin& e all sha"e at some leel, theeelin& o *ein& ma"&inaliKed, o the loss o poe" and ill! To accept such a loss can onl "esult ineelin&s o an&e" and "esentment, e;p"essed as cnicism and i"on, moods and tones hich a"e


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sadlD*ut not coincidentallDpe"asie in n&lish depa"tments! 0o" ou" theo"ies mi""o" not onlou" ideolo&, *ut ou" pscholo&! $Am not a&ainst theo", pe" seM as O! ! %enc.en said, )p"oesso" must hae theo"ies as a do& must hae leas! ut li.e all intellectualiKations, theo"iessuch as $"i&a"aAs can onl ail us: Such *elies cannot empoe" thei" adhe"ents since the theo"iesa"e ounded upon an acceptance o disempoe"ment, and a"e thus sel-deeatin&! That $"i&a"a isso "ee"ed is thus et anothe" indication that too man &"aduate students a"e loo.in& to theo"hen the should "eall *e loo.in& into the"ap!Y To p"aise $"i&a"aAs insi&hts, as $ hae t"ied attimes to do, leaes an unpleasant taste in m mouth, li.e complimentin& >ush im*au&h on hissuccess, o" a 4lansman on his neatl p"essed hood! This Se; 9hich $s Fot ne pe"petuates andle&itimiKes the se;ism hich "emains ashiona*le in academia, and ouls the o"th pu"suit oeminist studies *ehind hich it hides! Ooee" appealin& $"i&a"aAs "allin& c" to an assault onhe&emon ma seem, he" call must *e ta.en o" hat it is: "esentment intellectualiKed, diisienessmas3ue"adin& as a li*e"atin& philosoph!

G


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To "etu"n to the p"o*lem o mate"ialit and the *od, let us cla"i the "emainin& issues! $"i&a"a posits thatonl an unde"standin& o the "ep"essed eminine as maintainin& a lin. to unintelli&i*le matte", andunctions outside o conentional lin&uistic st"uctu"e, can li*e"ate omen! utle" does not constitute ane;t"a-lin&uistic space as hain& an possi*l use in li*e"ation! P"ima"il, she sees such a tas. as ailed"om the sta"t and cannot se"e as a unitin&, political endeao"! $"i&a"a "elies on accessin& ina"ticulatematte" o the emale *od as the onl moe in hich to e"adicate male domination o su*ecthood!Cont"a" to this, utle" contends that the onl a e can unde"stand ou" *odies, and/o" matte", isth"ou&h its lin&uistic a"ticulations! Fo matte" hat tpe o em*odied "itin& an autho" did, the ouldnecessa"il *e "ee""in& *ac. to a lin&uistic "ameo". that, contains all ite"ations o the *od!H! Concludin& Thou&hts:uce $"i&a"a "eaches outside the alls o lan&ua&e and &"asp at the hauntin& specte" o emininit!Somethin& uni3ue a*out the emale *od has *een lost o" dealued into none;istence! $"i&a"aAs p"oectto li*e"ate omen "om the pat"ia"ch "elies on "ediscoe"in& this loss! @no"tunatel, the pat"ia"chaldomination penet"ates ee" aspect o lin&uistic and social unde"standin&! $"i&a"a accepts this to meanthat an li*e"ation the uses lan&ua&e ill still ent"apped in masculine hie"a"chies! To &et outside olan&ua&e $"i&a"a ocuses on the emale *od! The die"ences *eteen the male and emale *od a"e the"eason o" omenAs opp"ession! ecause o this, $"i&a"a posits that onl th"ou&h acceptin& and thentu"nin& these die"ences in on themseles can e li*e"ate omen!


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)NC !O9

0his means alt solvenc, is irrelevant222neither team3s method fies" thestructural harm4 but an accurate account of histor, creates the possibilit, ofresistanceMcLaren, C"itical Studies G Chapman @, u"*an schoolin& p"o G @C), 1(Pete", >a&e and Oope: The >eolutiona" Peda&o& o Pete" %ca"en an $nte"ie ith Pete"%ca"en, Currculo sem Fronteiras, !1, n! 2, p! ;li;-li;'

%ca"en: %ita, $ li.e the a that ou "amed that 3uestion! The o*iousness o conse"atie cultu"e is p"ecisel hit is so hidden"om ie! %uch li.e those ho cont"olled the pa"adis a"ticiicels o ee"da lie in the ilm, The T"uman Sho! $am st"uc. each da * the manne" in hich p"edato" capitalism anticipates o"&etulness, nou"ishes social amnesia,

smoothes the pillos o inalit, and paes the o"ld ith a sense o inevitabilit,and sameness! $ am

dep"essin&l imp"essed * hat a o"mida*le opponent it has p"oen to *e, ho it atall denies the ull deelopment oou" human capacities, and inu"es us to the immuta*ilit o social lie! $n othe" o"ds, it natu"aliKesus to the

idea that capital is the *est o all possi*le o"lds, that it ma not *e pe"ect, *ut it ce"tainl is p"ee"a*le to socialism and

communism! %an leftists have unittin&l become apolo#ists o" capitalist "elations o domination *ecause the

a"e oe"*u"dened * theseemin& ina*ilit o Fo"th )me"icans to ima&ine a o"ld in hich capital did not"ei&n sup"eme! To add"ess thissituation, $ hae tu"ned toc"itical peda&o&!%ita: ou a"e e" much identiied ith theield o c"itical peda&o&! Oo ould ou deine c"itical peda&o& 9hat is ou" position ithin this ield toda %ca"en: )s ou

.no, %ita, c"itical peda&o& has *een a cent"al liberator, cu""ent in education o the last to decades! C"itical peda&o&

has se"ed asa o"m o st"u&&leithin and a&ainst the social no"ms and o"ces that st"uctu"e the schoolin& p"ocess! %ostapp"oaches to c"itical peda&o& a"e limited to distu"*in& the oundations upon hich *ou"&eois .noled&e is *uilt, placin& the te"m

Rschoolin&A itsel unde" sc"utin! _uestions that a"ise in c"itical peda&o& oten hae to do ith the "elationshipamon& schoolin& and the *"oade" a""a o pu*lics const"ucted * the ma".etplace and*"ou&ht a*out * thesecula"iKation and the inte"nationaliKation o the politics o consumption!$n othe" o"ds, c"itical peda&o& most oten dealsith cultu"al maniestations o capital, and the no"ms and o"mations that a"e en&ende"ed * means o "elations o e;chan&e! This is

a &ood st"ate& as a" as it &oes! Ooee", the "eolutiona" peda&o& that $ adocate, that $ hae *uilt "om the "oots o

0"ei"eAs and %a";As o". and the o". o man othe"s, such as the &"eat "eolutiona" Che 7uea"a, inoles the uprootin#ofthese seeds o naturali8ation planted th"ou&hthe "eiication o social "elations and the su*sumption o

die"ence to identit * means o the la o alue and this meansund"essin& the e;ploitatie, se;ist, "acist, and

homopho*ic dimensions o contempo"a" capitalist societ! ut it also means more than simpl, &uncoverin#3 these

"elations, o" lain& them *a"ein all o thei" ideolo&ical na.edness! $t stipulates and he"e it is impo"tant not to mince

o"ds the total uprootin# o class societin all o its disa*lin& maniestations! >eolutiona" peda&o& "ee"s to

ta.in& an actie pa"t in a total social "eolution, one in hich actin& and .noin& a"e indeli*l used such that the o*ecto .noled&e is i""eoca*l shaped * the e" act o its *ein& contemplated! That is, the e" act o contemplation($ need toemphasiKe that this act o contemplation is collectie and dialo&ical' shapes and is shaped * the o*ect unde"inesti&ation! The .noe"s a"e shaped th"ou&h dialo&ue * the .non! >eolutiona" peda&o& attempts to

p"oduce an ecess of consciousness oe" and a*oe ou" conditional o" natu"aliKed consciousness, to c"eate, as it

e"e, an oe"lo that out"uns the histo"ical conditions that en"ame itand that see. to ancho" it, so that e

mi&ht "ee ou" thou&ht and, * e;tension, ou" ee"da social p"actices "omits "ootedness in thee" mate"ialconditions that ena*le thin.in& and social actiit to occu"in the i"st p lace! $n othe" o"ds, "eolutiona" peda&o&teaches us that e need not accommodate ou"seles to the pe"manence o the capitalist la o alue! $n act, it "eeals to us hoe can *e&in to thin. o continuin& %a";As st"u&&le o" a "eolution in pe"manence! ) num*e" o thin.e"s hae helped to unchain the"eolutiona" implications o 0"ei"eAs thou&ht in this "e&a"d =onaldo %acedo, Oen" 7i"ou;, $"a Sho", Pete" %ao, amon& othe"s! $hae attempted to do this * ite"atin& the p"otean potential o his o". o" social "eolution and not ust the democ"atiKin& ocapitalist social "elations! So much contempo"a" o". on 0"ei"e has inlated its coina&e o" t"anso"min& class"oom p"actices *ut

dealued its potential o" "eolutiona" social chan&e outside o the class"oom in the ide" societ! >eolutiona" peda&o&"e3ui"es a dialectical unde"standin& o &lo*al capitalist e;ploitation!0"ei"e is oten *"ou&ht in to illuminate de*atesoe"school "eo"m that a"e &ene"all st"uctu"ed a"ound the conceit oa dialo&ueoe" e3ualit o oppo"tunit, hich "a"el&o *eond momentous "enunciations o co"po"atism o"teeth-"attlin& denunciations o p"iatiKation! ut such


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de*atesstudiousl i#nore the .e cont"adictions to hich histo" has &ien "ise those *eteen la*o" and capital!

Such de*ates a"e en#ineered in the @nited States to avoid add"essin& these contradictions. %ita: 9hat do ou

see as the most impo"tant challen&e in the utu"e o" educational "esea"che"s %ca"en: The .e to see *eond the choi" oinisi*ilities that enelope us, and to identi ho cu""ent calls o"esta*lishin& democ"ac a"elittle mo"e than

hal-a house policies, a smo7escreen for neo2liberalism and o" ma.in& capitalism &oe"na*le and

"e&ulated a sta.eholde" capitalism i ou ill! $ do not *eliee such a capitalism ill o"., no" am $ in ao" o ma".et socialism!

9e need to cha"t out a tpe o positie humanism that can &"ound a &enuine socialist democ"ac ithoutma".et "elations, a %a";ist humanism that can lead to a t"anscendence o alienated la*o"!0olloin& %a";,a&leton claims that e a"e "ee hen, li.e a"tists, e p"oduce ithout the &oad o phsical necessitM and it isthis natu"e hich o" %a"; is the essence o all indiiduals! T"anso"min&the "ituals o schoolin& can onl &o so a", sincethese "ituals a"e em*edded in capitalist social "elations and the la o alue! The"e a"e si&ns that "esea"ch in the social sciences

mi&ht *e &oin& th"ou&h a sea-shit o t"anso"mation! $ thin. e need to ta.e the ocus aa "om ho individual

identities a"e commodiied in postmode"nconsume" spaces, and put mo"e emphasis on c"eatin&

possi*ilities o" a radical reconstitution o societ! $ li.e the ne pu*lic "ole o Pie""e ou"dieu a "ole that sees him

ta.in&his politics into the st"eetsand acto"ieso 0"ance, i&htin&the st"uctu"al inusticesand economic insta*ilities*"ou&ht a*out * capitalism and neo-li*e"alism i&htin&hat, in eect, a"e nothin& sho"t o totalita"ian p"acticesthat a"eacilitatin& the e;ploitation othe o"ldAs o".e"s!ou"dieu "ealiKes that e haenAt e;hausted all the alte"natiesto capitalism!$ that is the case, e need, as "esea"che"s, to *"in& ou" o". to *ea" onthe see.in&out o ne

social "elationsa"ound hich ee"da lie can *ep"oductiel and c"eatiel o"&aniKed!$n m ie, this is socialscience and politics the a it should *e p"acticed!


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)NC $0 B-!ace, class and &ende", hile theina"ia*l inte"sect and inte"act, a"e not co-p"ima"! ThisRt"ipletAapp"o;imateshat the Rphilosophe"s mi&ht call a cate&o" mista.e!A n the su"ace the t"iplet ma *e conincin&Dsomepeople a"e opp"essed *ecause o thei" "ace, othe"s as a "esult o thei" &ende", et othe"s *ecause o thei" classD*ut this Ris&"ossl misleadin&A o" it is not that Rsome indiiduals maniestce"tain cha"acte"istics .non as class

hich then "esults in thei" opp"essionM on the cont"a", to *e a mem*e" o a social class ;ust is to be

oppressed3 and in this "e&a"d class is Ra holl social cate&o"A(a&leton, 1JJ, p! 2J'! 0u"the"mo"e, een thou&h

RclassAis usuall ino.ed as pa"t o theao"ementioned and much aunted t"iptch, it isusuall #utted of its

practical4 social dimension o" t"eated solel as a cultu"al phenomenonDas ust anothe" o"m o

Rdie"ence!A$n these instances, class is t"anso"med "om an economicand, indeed, social cate&o" to ane;clusiel cultu"al o" discu"sie oneo" one in hich class me"elsi&niies a Rsu*ect position!AClass isthe"eo"e cut o "om the political econom o capitalism and class poe" see"ed "om e;ploitation and apoe" st"uctu"eRin hich those ho cont"ol collectiel p"oduced "esou"ces onl do so *ecause o the alue &ene"ated * those

ho do notA (Oenness I $n&"aham, 1JJQ, p! 2'! Such theo"iKin& has had the eect o replacin# an histo"ical

mate"ialist class analsis ith a cultu"al analsis o class!)s a "esult, man post-%a";ists haealso st"ipped

the idea o class op"ecisel that element hich, o" %a";, made it "adicalDnamel its status as a universal

form o e;ploitation hose a*olition "e3ui"ed(and as also cent"al to' the a*olition o all maniestations o

opp"ession(%a";, 1JQ, p! '!9ith "e&a"d to this issue, 4oel (22' is pa"ticula"l insi&htul, o" he e;plicitl add"esses an issue hich continues to e; the etDnamel the p"io"it &ien to die"ent cate&o"ies o hat he calls

Rdominatie splittin&ADthose cate&o"ies o R&ende", class, "ace, ethnic and national e;clusion,A etc! 4oel a"&ues that e need to as. the 3uestion o p"io"it ith "espect to hat Oe notes that i e mean p"io"it ith "espect to time, then the cate&o" o &ende"ould hae p"io"it since the"e a"e t"aces o &ende" opp"ession in all othe" o"ms o opp"ession! $ e e"e to p"io"itiKe in te"ms o e;istential si&niicance, 4oel su&&ests that e ould hae to depend upon the immediate histo"ical o"ces that *ea" don on distinct&"oups o peopleDhe oe"s e;amples o ?es in 1JEs 7e"man ho sue"ed "om *"utal o"ms o anti-Semitism and Palestinians toda ho e;pe"ience anti-)"a* "acism unde" $s"aeli domination! The 3uestion o hat has political p"io"it, hoee", ould dependupon hich t"anso"mation o "elations o opp"ession a"e p"acticall mo"e u"&ent and, hile this ould ce"tainl depend upon the p"ecedin& cate&o"ies, it ould also depend upon the ashion in hich all the o"ces actin& in a conc"ete situation a"e deploed! )s to the

3uestion o hich split sets into motion all o the othe"s, the p"io"it ould hae to *e &ien to class since class "elationsentail the state as aninst"ument o eno"cement and cont"ol, and it is the state that shapes and o"&aniKes the splits that appea"in human ecosstems!Thus class is *oth lo&icall and histo"icall distinct "om othe" o"ms o e;clusion(hence e should not tal. o RclassismA to &o alon& ith Rse;ismA and R"acism,A and Rspecies-ismA'! This is, i"st o all, *ecause classis an essentiall man-made cate&o", ithout "oot in eena mstiied *iolo&! 9e cannot ima&ine a humano"ld ithout &ende" distinctionsDalthou&h e can ima&ine a o"ld ithout domination * &ende"! uta

o"ld ithout class is eminentl, ima#inable Dindeed, such as the human o"ld o" the &"eat mao"it o ou" speciesA

time on ea"th, du"in& all o hich conside"a*le uss as made oe" &ende"! Oisto"icall, the die"ence a"ises *ecause RclassAsi&niies one side o a la"&e" i&u"e that includes a state appa"atus hosecon3uests and "e&ulations c"eate

"aces andshape &ende" "elations!Thus the"e ill *e no true resolution of racism so lon& as class societ

stands, inasmuch as a "aciall opp"essed societ implies the actiities o a class-deendin& state! Fo" can&ende" ine3ualit *e enacted aa so lon& as class societ, ith its state, demandsthe supe"-e;ploitationoomen


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contempo"a" na""aties hich tend to ocus on oneo" anothe" o"m o opp"ession, the i""e"a&a*le poe" ohisto"ical mate"ialism"esides in its a*ilit to "eeal(1' hoo"ms o opp"ession *ased on cate&o"ies o die"ence donot possess"elatie autonom "om class"elations *ut"athe" constitute the as in hich opp"ession islied/e;pe"ienced ithin a class-*ased sstemM and (2' ho all o"ms o social opp"ession unction ithin an oe"a"chin&capitalist sstem! This "ameo". must *e u"the" distin&uished "om those that ino.ethe te"ms RclassismA and/o"RclasselitismA to(ostensi*l' o"e&"ound the idea that Rclass matte"sA(c! hoo.s, 2' sincee a&"ee ith 7imeneK

(21, p! 2B' that Rclass is not simpl, another ideolo#, le&itimatin& opp"ession!A>athe", class denotesRe;ploitatie "elations *eteen people mediated * thei" "elations to the means o p"oduction!A To ma"&inaliKesuch aconceptualiKation o class is to conlate an indiidual


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222O3%>-$

Independentl, that means capitalism is the root and proimate cause of their

impacts and their focus on discourse and the s,mbolic can onl, ever eist withina circumscribed re#ister2-bert J6 (Te"esa, Ph=, p"oesso" at the @nie"sit o )l*an, (@ntimel' C"iti3ues o" a >ed 0eminism,"om Post-)lit, %a";ism and Postmode"nism, edited * %as


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resistin# mass4 side b, side with autonomous discourse!


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!OO0 C$*%-

evolution of labor methods #ave men the control of surplus which #ave thempower and created #ender labor divisions that are still manifested toda, i.e.phallocentrism222,ou should also prefer our evidence because modern feministauthors are co#nitivel, biased to write off ede"n and )une su&&est that men need to *eillin& to d"op some hou"s o paid o". to ta.e up ca"e o" thei" amilies, and o".places need toadapt to le;i*le o".in& hou"s! 51 ut all this does is moe the *u"den a"ound and, o cou"se, it isno anse" to omen ho a"e sin&le pa"ents!Y So een o" eminists ho ac.noled&e the "oleclass plas, ho accept that capitalism is a p"o*lem and ho see a "ole o" o".in& class st"u&&le,the ailu"e to unde"stand the mate"ial "oots o omenAs opp"ession leads to the tin t"ac.app"oach: one st"u&&le a&ainst e;ploitation, and anothe" a&ainst opp"ession and pat"ia"ch! Toda,hoee", pat"ia"ch is "a"el ull theo"ised and is mo"e oten ust used as a desc"iption o asituation he"e omen a"e disc"iminated a&ainst!Y $n his notes at the end o his classic a"ticle9omenAs i*e"ation and >eolutiona" Socialism, Ch"is Oa"man "ote that his asse"tion that


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"eolutiona" socialists do not *eliee omenAs opp"ession is somethin& that has alas e;istedDeithe" *ecause o the *iolo&ical die"ences *eteen the se;es o" *ecause o somethin& inhe"ent inthe male psche[caused mo"e a"&ument amon& people to hom $ shoed the i"st d"at o thisa"ticle than i"tuall an othe"!52Y Oa"man &oes th"ou&h the studies and anth"opolo&ical data indetail! Oe e;amines the las, includin& the motiation and class *ac.&"ound o the (mostl' menho ca""ied out the ea"liest anth"opolo&ical studies! ut the undenia*le eidence "emains thathumans hae lied in communities that hae *een o"&anised in a m"iad die"ent as!Y The"ehae *een societies in hich people did not lie in nuclea" amilies, omen e"e not second-classcitiKens, &a se; as not deemed a*no"mal, peopleAs s.in colou" as not seen as impo"tant andnational *ounda"ies did not e;ist! The"e a"e man e;amples o societies he"e omenAsopp"essionDthe sstematic disc"imination a&ainst omenDis not a eatu"e! The"e hae *eensocieties he"e omen hae commanded mo"e poe" than men and othe"s he"e &ende"die"ences a"e o little o" no impo"tance! The essential point is that omen and men hae lied indie"ent as in the past and so could potentiall lie in die"ent as in the utu"e!Y The amiltodaY Toda, althou&h the mao"it o omen a"e not solel dedicated to &iin& *i"th and "aisin&child"en, the role of the famil,still has enormous economic and ideolo#ical benefits for thes,stem:economic *ecause indiidual amilies unde"ta.e the enti"e costs o *"in& up the ne;t&ene"ationM ideolo&ical *ecause amilies a"e encou"a&ed to see themseles as atomised, sel-contained units he"e, i ou a"e poo" o" unemploed, ou *lame ou"sel "athe" than "acism insociet, economic c"isis o" education cuts!Y The amil is also seen * man as a haen "om a

*"utal o"ld that othe"ise t"eats each o us as a me"e co& in the impe"sonal sstem! The amilcan *e the one place he"e e can e;pect and "eceie unconditional loe and suppo"t! 0amil lieis eulo&ised in the media, ade"tisin& and popula" cultu"e! >ee"ences to ha"do".in& amiliese"e a constant "e"ain du"in& the &ene"al election "om politicians o all the main pa"ties!Y %a""ia&eis still po"t"aed as the ultimate aspi"ation o" omen! =espite &ene"ations o omen *ein& a pa"to the o".o"ce, the home is still assumed to *e the omanAs sphe"e! $t is she ho must u&&leo"., shoppin&, houseo". and childca"e in o"de" to ulil societAs (and oten he" on'e;pectations o he" natu"al "ole! This leads to omen oten acceptin& lo paid o" pa"t-time o*sthat it "ound school hou"s and holidas, o" e;ample!Y)t all times the state suppo"ts and "eino"cesthis t"aditional ie o &ende" diision, ith men also e;pected to ulil e;pectations o *ein& thep"oide"! The To"ies ant to oe" ta; *"ea.s o" couples ho ma"" *ecause the a"e o""ied *the t"end o people "eectin& compliance ith the t"aditional amil unit! 9omen hae child"en late"than ee" *eo"e! Some choose to "emain childless! Since the 1JQs the"e has *een a all in the

p"opo"tion o *a*ies *o"n to omen a&ed unde" 25 in n&land and 9ales, "om BQ pe"cent(EJ, lie *i"ths' in 1JQ1 to 25 pe"cent (1,Q lie *i"ths' in 2!5EY 9hile t"aditional ideasa*out the amil do not it the "ealit o societ toda, thei" "esilience "elects the act that the it hassu"ied as a dominant social st"uctu"e, despite man p"oound chan&es in ho e lie and o".!

It serves an important purpose in maintainin# and ;ustif,in# the status quo. 0his is the

material bedroc7 for the ideas about women that permeate societ,.


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1N!


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)NC $H0

Collective resistance solves better / subordinated classes all are devalued4 butthat does not mean that a#enc, is impossible / reco#ni8in# class as a prais is7e, to effective resistance strate#ies which we3ll win as a solvenc, deficit to theaff / also answers the claim that onl, men create s,mbolsMenned, 16Sinead 4enned, ectu"e" in F@$% and a leadin& actiist ith the S9P, Ph=, %a";ismand 0eminism in an )&e o Feoli*e"alism $"ish %a";ist >eie, Hol 2, Fo Q,21E,http://i"ishma";ist"eie!net/inde;!php/im"/a"ticle/ie0ile/QJ/18

Se;ism aects all omen in societ, "e&a"dless othei" class position - ust as "acism aects people ocolou" in all classes and homopho*ia aects 7T people o all classes! This is h people ith poe"and inuence in ou" societ a"e, oe"helmin&l, male, hite and st"ai&ht!9ut while bein# wealth, doesnot insulate ,ou from seism in societ, it does allow ,ou to miti#ate some of the most difficultaspects of oppression! 9ealth omen, o" e;ample, do not hae to o"" a*out childca"e in the same a

that o".in& class omen do *ecause the can pa someone, oten a o".in& class oman, to loo. ate" thei"child"en! $ndiidual adancement ma.es sense o" ealth omen *ut as a st"ate& o" the mao"it oomen it leads to a dead end! For


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Menned, 16Sinead 4enned, ectu"e" in F@$% and a leadin& actiist ith the S9P, Ph=, %a";ismand 0eminism in an )&e o Feoli*e"alism $"ish %a";ist >eie, Hol 2, Fo Q,21E,http://i"ishma";ist"eie!net/inde;!php/im"/a"ticle/ie0ile/QJ/18

) second inluential theo" o" unde"standin& se;ismin societ ishat is sometimes .non as p"iile&etheo" o"inte"sectionalit! 9e lie in an inc"easin&l une3ual societ and people e;pe"ience opp"ession in a "an&eo die"ent as"om "ace, class and se; to &ende", nationalit and "eli&ion! P"iile&etheo" is an attempt to

"eco&nise all the die"ent as that people a"e opp"essed in ou" societ ! ne o the most idel .non p"iile&edocuments Chec7 ,our Brivile#e 11 de ines p"iile&e as an unea"ned adanta&e that a dominant &"oup

hasoe" ma"&inaliKed &"oups!< $t &oes on to a"&ue that a .e aspect o p"iile&e is that, due to its unea"ned natu"e, thoseho hae p"iile&e oten do not "ealiKe the hae it! $n othe" o"ds, the don


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scope o this essa, the"e is a &"eat deal o eidence a&ainst claims that capitalism has ente"ed ane phase o e;t"ao"dina" innoation, "each, and scope (see Oi"st and Thompson, 1JJJ'!0u"the"mo"e, *oth class pola"iKation (see %ishel, e"nstein, and Schmitt, 21' and the ideolo&icaland mana&ement st"ate&ies that contain class anta&onism (see Cloud, 1JJM Pa".e" andSlau&hte", 1JJB' still "esem*le thei" p"e-postmode"n counte"pa"ts! ) "ecent "epo"t o the conomicPolic $nstitute concludes that in the 1JJs, ine3ualit *eteen "ich and poo" in the @!S! (as ell asa"ound the o"ld' continued to &"o, in a conte;t o "isin& o".e" p"oductiit, a lon&e" o". ee.o" most o"dina" )me"icans, and continued hi&h poe"t "ates! en as the "eal a&e o themedian C "ose nea"l E pe"cent "om 1JJ, to 1JJJ, mo"e than one in ou" @!S! o".e"s liesat o" *elo the poe"t leel! )mon& these o".e"s, omen a"e disp"opo"tionatel "ep"esented, asa"e lac. and atino o".e"s! (Fota*l, unioniKed o".e"s ea"n nea"l thi"t pe"cent mo"e, onae"a&e, than non-unioniKed o".e"s!' %eanhile, =isne o".e"s sein& t-shi"ts and othe"me"chandise in Oaiti ea"n 2 cents an hou"! =isne C %ichael isne" made nea"l si; hund"edmillion dolla"s in 1JJJ--B51, times the a&e o the o".e"s unde" his emplo (>oesch, 1JJJ'!

)cco"din& to @nited Fations and 9o"ld an. sou"ces, see"al t"ans-national co"po"ations haeassets la"&e" than see"al count"ies com*ined! Su*-Saha"an )"ica and the >ussian 0ede"ationhae seen sha"p economic decline, hile assets o the o"ldAs top th"ee *illionai"es e;ceed the7FP o all o the least-deeloped count"ies and thei" com*ined population o million people(Sha.i and =A)mato, 2, pp! Q-'! $n this conte;t o a "eal (and clea"l *ipola"' class diide inlate capitalist societ, the postmode"n pa"t is a mas3ue"ade *all, in hich theo"ies claimin& to oe"

as toa"d emancipation and p"o&"essie c"itical p"actice in act encou"a&e schola"s and/asactiists to a*andon an commitment to c"atin& oppositional political *locs ith inst"umental andpe"haps "eolutiona" potential! $nstead, on thei" a"&uments, e must "eco&niKe a&enc as anillusion o humanism and settle o" plain& ith ou" identities in a mood o i"on, e;cess, andp"oound s.epticism! %a"; and n&elsA c"iti3ue o the oun& Oe&elians applies e3uall ell to the

postmode"n discu"sie tu"n: + 0he, are onl, fi#htin# a#ainst &phrases !A The o"&et, hoee",

that to these ph"ases the themseles a"e onl opposin& othe" ph"ases, and that the a"e in noa com*atin& the "eal e;istin& o"ld hen the a"e me"el com*atin& the ph"ases o this o"ld+(1JQ/1JE2, p! B1'! cou"se, the stud o +ph"ases+ is impo"tant to the p"oect o mate"ialistc"iti3ue in the ield o "heto"ic! The point, thou&h, is to e;plain the connections *eteen ph"ases onthe one hand and economic inte"ests and sstems o opp"ession and e;ploitation on the othe"!%a";ist ideolo& c"iti3ue, unde"stands that classes, motiated * class inte"est, p"oduce "heto"icsittin&l and unittin&l, successull and unsuccessull! Those "heto"ics a"e st"ate&icall adapted

to conte;t and audience! et %a";ist theo" is not na^e in its unde"standin& o intention o"indiidual a&enc! Challen&in& indiidualist humanism, %a";ist ideolo& c"itics "e&a"d people as+p"oducts o ci"cumstances+ (and chan&ed people as p"oducts o chan&ed ci"cumstancesM %a";,1JQ2*/1, p! 1BB'! 9ithin this unde"standin&, %a";ist ideolo& c"itics can desc"i*e and ealuatecultu"al discou"ses such as that o "acism o" se;ism as st"ate&ic and comple; e;p"essions o *oththei" moment in histo" and o thei" class *asis! 0u"the", this mode o c"iti3ue see.s to e;plain *othh and ho social "ealit is undamentall, sstematicall opp"essie and e;ploitatie, e;plo"in&not onl the su"ace o discou"ses *ut also thei" oten-comple; and multi-ocal motiations andconse3uences! )s u".e (1JJ/1J5' notes, %a";ism is *oth a method o "heto"ical c"iticism and a"heto"ical o"mation itsel (pp! 1J-11'! The"e is no p"etense o neut"alit o" assumption ot"anscendent position o" the c"itic! Te"esa *e"t (1JJ' summa"iKes the pu"pose o mate"ialistideolo& c"iti3ue: %ate"ialist c"iti3ue is a mode o .noin& that in3ui"es into hat is not said, intothe silences and the supp"essed o" missin&, in o"de" to uncoe" the concealed ope"ations o poe"

and the socio-economic "elations connectin& the m"iad details and "ep"esentations o ou" lies! $tshos that appa"entl disconnected Kones o cultu"e a"e in act mate"iall lin.ed th"ou&h the hi&hldie"entiated, mediated, and dispe"sed ope"ation o a sstematic lo&ic o e;ploitation! $n sum,mate"ialist c"iti3ue dis"upts Rhat isA to e;plain ho social die"ences--speciicall &ende", "ace,se;ualit, and class--hae *een sstematicall p"oduced and continue to ope"ate ithin "e&imes oe;ploitation, so that e can chan&e them! $t is the means o" p"oducin& t"anso"matie .noled&es!(p! Q'


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$0 $CC-%%

You should refuse to tie the fact that women are ecluded in debate to a win or a

loss / it3s a fact and obviousl, important to address4 but addressin# it throu#hcompetitive forums fails / the thesis of the case overview is that we need tone#ate their embodiment / Forcin# competition over the claims of the 1ac isunproductive forces fissures within an otherwise comprehensive movement.Marlber# - )ssistant P"oesso" o Communication at 9este"n 9ashin&ton @nie"sit(%ichael, P)C I CO)F7, 2, nE, ?ul, p! EEJ-B1'

7"anted, social actiists do +in+ occasional *attles in these ade"sa"ial a"enas, *ut the root

causes o thei" conce"ns la"&el remain unaddressed and the la"&e" +a"s+ a"&ua*l a"e not

&oin& ell! Conside" the case o eni"onmental actiism! Countless eni"onmental p"otests,lo**ies, and lasuits mounted in "ecent &ene"ations th"ou&hout the 9este"n o"ld! %an smallicto"ies hae *een on! et eni"onmental de&"adation continues to accele"ate at a "ate that a"outpaces the hi&hl ci"cumsc"i*ed adances made in these limited *attles the most committed

eni"onmentalists ac.noled&e thin&s a"e not &oin& ell! $n addition, adversarial strate#ies osocial chan&e em*od assumptions that hae inte"nal conse3uences o" social moements, suchas inte"nal actionaliKation! 0o" instance, i"tuall all o the social p"oects o the +let th"ou&houtthe 2th centu" hae sue"ed "om "ecu""ent inte"nal actionaliKation! The openin& decades o thecentu" e"e ma".ed * political ini&htin& amon& an&ua"d communist "eolutiona"ies! The middledecades o the centu" e"e ma".ed * theo"etical disputes amon& letist intellectuals! Thecentu"


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Marlber# (- P"oesso" o Communication G 9este"n 9ashin&ton @nie"sit(%ichael, eond the Cultu"e o Contest, p! 1E-1B'

;amples such as these su&&est, in tu"n, an anse" to the thi"d 3uestion posed a*oe: )"enAtade"sa"ial st"u&&les the onl means * hich "eal social "eo"m has ee" *een achieed Thesee;amples demonst"ate that non-ade"sa"ial st"ate&ies o social "eo"m do e;ist, and hae p"o*a*le;isted th"ou&hout histo", *ut hae simpl not *een "eco&niKed as such! The p"o*lem is that these

st"ate&ies a"e &ene"all not noticed as st"ate&ies o social chan&e! 9e seldom "ead a*out them inhisto" *oo.s *ecause the oten lac. elements o conentional na""atie d"ama! 9e seldom hea"a*out them in the comme"cial media *ecause the lac. the e;t"emism and con"ontation needed toma.e them Rneso"thA! i.eise, e do not een "ead a*out them in the "itin&s o social"eo"m-minded schola"s *ecause these st"ate&ies do not cono"m to the ade"sa"ial models osocial chan&e that man academics hae *een t"ained to RseeA! Const"uctie social "eo"m eo"tsthat hae *een ca""ied out 3uietl * countless people a"ound the o"ld, o" man &ene"ations,tend not to "e&iste" in ou" accountin& o social "eo"m eo"ts *ecause the a"e "ende"ed i"tuallinisi*le ithin the discou"ses o ade"sa"ialism! ut ade"sa"ial st"u&&les a"e clea"l not the onlmeans * hich social "eo"m has ee" *een achieed! $n act, a p"ope" accountin& mi&ht "eealthat, th"ou&hout much o histo", meanin&ul social "eo"m has *een achieed p"ima"il th"ou&hnon-ade"sa"ial means, hile ade"sa"ial st"ate&ies hae a*so"*ed eno"mous amounts o human

ene"& and &ene"ated si&niicant attention et ,ielded few lastin# results ! 0u"the"mo"e, i the

analsis in this *oo. is co""ect, a p"ope" accountin& should "eeal that hile oppositional st"ate&ieshae "eached a point o diminishin& "etu"ns, non-ade"sa"ial st"ate&ies a"e eme"&in& as the mosteectie methods o" lastin& social chan&e in an a&e o hei&htened social and ecolo&icalinte"dependence! ased on this lo&ic, a si;th and seenth theo"etical p"oposition can he added tothe ie that a"e outlined at the *e&innin& o this chapte": ! The sociall unust and ecolo&icallunsustaina*le natu"e o the cultu"e o contest has &ien "ise to an inte"nal cultu"e o p"otestM et asa st"ate& o social chan&e this cultu"e o p"otest has "eached a point o diminishin& "etu"ns*ecause it le&itimiKes and "eino"ces the codes o acie"sa"ialism that unde"lie the p"eailin&cultu"e o contest! Q! $n an a&e o inc"easin& inte"dependence, social chan&e can *e pu"sued

more effectivel, in a non2adversarial manner * ithd"ain& time and ene"& "om the old

cultu"al models and inestin& that time and ene"& in the const"uction o new more ;ust and

sustainable models hich ill se"e as a sou"ce o att"action to inc"easin& num*e"s o people as

the old models decline not th"ou&h a" o" p"otest *ut th"ou&h attrition!


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)NC 0>-O!Y / H--H

0here is no masculineEfeminine ps,cholo#ical divide / phallocentric politicshomo#eni8e differenceFels7i J6>ita 0els.i (9illiam >! 4enan, ?"!, P"oesso" o n&lish at the @nie"sit o Hi"&inia', The=o;a o =ie"ence, Si&ns, Hol! 2E, Fo! 1 ()utumn, 1JJQ', pp! 1-218

%eual difference: 0he supreme difference?

)s %ichele a""ett (1JQ' points out, the concept o die"ence is used in a"ious, not alas compati*le,as ithin eminist theo"! %ost com- monl, it is used to denote the die"ence *eteen omen andmen, hethe" this die"ence is att"i*uted to *iolo&ical, pscholo&ical, o" social causes! Second, it is usedto denote the die"ence *eteen omen as shaped * hie"a"chies o class, "ace, se;ual p"ee"ence, a&e,and so on! This second deinition is oten used to challen&e the claims o the i"st: the e;pe- "ientialdie"sit o "eal omen miti&ates a&ainst an &ene"al claims a*out the natu"e o emale die"ence! Thi"d,die"ence in its =e""idean inlection as di"ance has *een used * eminist theo"ists to add"ess the"elational and unsta*le natu"e o lin&uistic meanin& and the positionin& o the eminine as a .e site o

such insta*ilit! 0inall, the concepto se;ual die"ence is deplo,ed b, Hacanian feminists tohi#hli#ht the D#reat divideD of mascu2 lineEfeminine as an inescapable if unstable ps,cholin#uisticrelation struc2 turin# the s,mbolic order! $n this a"ticle $ conside" to inluential cu""ents ithincontempo"a" eminist thou&ht: pschoanaltical theo"ies o se;ual die"ence as deeloped ithineminist philosoph and analses o cultu"al and mate"ial die"ences *eteen omen ithin postcolonialtheo"! These to ap- p"oaches e;empli some o the most sophisticated cu""ent "itin& on die"enceithin eminism! The *oth p"oceed "om a "eco&nition o the limitations o essentialist notions o emalee;pe"ience and see., althou&h in dissimila" as, to "edeem the notion o die"ence * "adicaliKin& ande;tendin& its claims! The thus p"oide an ideal sta"tin& point "om hich to e;plo"e the "amiications oconcepts o alte"it, hete"o&eneit, and die"e

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