Geomorphology study as SOP for recommendation area

development (case study Kerinci area, Jambi Province)

HW Utama1 and R Mulyasari

2

1 Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Jambi, Muaro Jambi, Jambi,

Indonesia 2Geophysics Engineering Department, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung,

Lampung, Indonesia

Email: h.wikiutama@unja.ac.id, rahmi.mulyasari@eng.unila.ac.id

Abstract. Kerinci area is located on the west to south-western of Jambi Capital Province. It has

irresistible geomorphologic site which consisted of physiography of Barisan Range Zone and

Sumateran Fault System Zone. Moreover this area is also known as volcanic - tectonics

complex. Geomorphology has an important role to give information and overview on the

existing landscape in an area. The aim of this paper is to know geomorphological

characteristics of this area that could provide an information to land use, disaster mitigation,

and references for infrastructure development (Standard Operating Procedure/SOP). Analysis

of morphology aspect was employed in this study, which are morphography, morphometry,

and morphogenetics aspect including morphostructure active, passive, dynamic, and also

consider morphoconservation aspect. Remote sensing is a method which is carried out to know

characteristic of drainage pattern and geologic mapping. The geomorphologic map is resulted

based on analysis morphology aspect. This area could be divided into several geomorphologic

units, there are volcanic – denudational, karst, structural, volcanic-structural, structural –

denudational, and fluvial morphology. In addition, based on geomorphologic map, SOP could

be designed and developed as a recommendation for area development in Kerinci.

Keywords: geomorphology, SOP, Kerinci.

1. Introduction

Kerinci is one of areas located on the Barisan Arc Magmatic Zone [1]. This area is located on the west

to south-western of Jambi Capital Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). It has irresistible geomorphologic

site which is consisted of physiography of Barisan Range Zone and Sumatran Fault System Zone.

Moreover, this area is also known as volcanic - tectonics complex [2]. That condition has impacts on

the morphological landforms of Kerinci, which triggers a number of disasters. Therefore, study

geomorphological condition of an area is necessary for development of that area. Geomorphological

studies have an important role to provide information and overview on the existing landscape of an

area on a map.

Geomorphological map can be considered as graphical inventories of a landscape depicting

landforms and surface as well as subsurface materials. This map can act as a preliminary tool for land

management, geomorphological and geological risk management, as well as providing baseline data

for other applied sectors of environmental research [3].

The purpose of this study is to analysis geomorphological characteristics of this area that could

provide information of land use, disaster mitigation, and references for infrastructure development

(Standard Operating Procedure/SOP). The geomorphologic aspects would be analyzed using remote

sensing analysis.

Figure 1. Research Area.

2. Regional Geology

Sumatera island was resulted from subduction of Indian Ocean plate boundary beneath the Eurasian

Continent plate in the Cenozoic Period which is thought to cause a clockwise rotation of Sumatera

Island [4, 5, 6]. This subduction made changing position of Sumatera Island, which initially directed

west – east to northwest – southeast [7]. Deformation changes in Sumatra Island occurred in Oligo –

Miocene Period [2]. This deformation caused movement of Sumatran fault which became active at

that time.

2.1 Physiography

Physiography of Sumatra Island is divided into several physiographic zones: Bukit Barisan Zone,

Semangko Fault Zone (Sumatera Fault Zone), Highland and Hills Zone, Bukit Tiga Puluh Zone, Outer

Arc Zone, and Sunda Exposure Zone [1]. Kerinci area is part of Bukit Barisan Zone – Sumatera Fault

Zone Physiography (Figure 2).

2.2 Tectonic setting

Regional tectonic setting of Sumatera island have several phases. Active tectonics began in the

Paleocene–Eocene Cenozoic Era. Magmatisme activity starts from Oligo–Miocene along Sumatera

Fault Zone/Sumatera Fault System (SFS). Pliocene tectonic activity produces basalt which is crushed

as an indication of tectonic traces, then accompanied by active quaternary volcanic activity [8, 9].

Based on [10], there are 19 segments of Sumatera Fault Zone, the research area is included in the

Siulak segment (Figure 3). This segment is suspected as controlling the formation of Kerinci

geomorphology, indicated a relationship between Siulak fault segment with the existence of active

volcano, volcano-tectonic lake, hotspring, and another geomorphological forms [11] (Figure 4).

Figure 2. Physiography map of Central Sumatera, Kerinci and surrounding areas are included in

Bukit Barisan Zone-Sumatera Fault Zone Physiography modified from van Bemmelen (1939) and

Tobler (1917) in [1].

Figure 3. Sumatra Fault Zone segments [10], research area assosiated with Siulak Fault Segment.

Figure 4. Indicating a relationship between Siulak Fault with the existence of active volcano,

volcano-tectonic lake, hotspring, and another geomorphological forms (modified from [11]).

2.3 Stratigraphy

Based on regional geological maps of Sungaipenuh and Ketahun sheet [8] and Painan sheet [9] (Figure

5), stratigraphy of Kerinci and surrounding regions are generally composed by Paleozoic-Tertiary

basement groups and Quaternary – Recent volcanic rocks.

Quaternary rocks consist of volcanic rock products (basalt-andesite-riolite, breccia, tuff, and lava

products), sedimentary rocks consist of breccias, conglomerates, and sandstones. Tertiary rocks

compose of sandstone, conglomerates, and breccias. Paleozoic rocks compose of basement such as

metamorphic rock, granite, diorite and conglomerate.

2.4 Geology of Kerinci Area

Geology of Kerinci area is obtained based on geological map data, remote sensing and several

checking surface geological mapping method. Furthermore, research area have 16 (sixteen)

stratigraphy units (Figure 5). The age determination of stratigraphy units is based on previous research

and refer to regional geological maps. There is change in formation boundary units from regional to

local geological map because of the difference of scale. Furthermore, the dynamic geological

conditions of Kerinci are influenced by the existence of Siulak Fault segmentation.

3. Data and Method

Data used in this research were Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM

DEM) data with spatial resolution 90 m and digital elevation model (ASTER GDEM) with spatial

resolution 30 m, which are available free of cost from USGS website [12, 13], geological map of

Sungaipenuh Ketahun and Painan sheets with scale of 1:250.000, data from Geological Research and

Development Centre [8, 9]. All of data were used to analyze and specify geomorphological aspects.

The research was presented to find geomorphological aspects, namely morphology,

morphogenesis, and morphochronology [14, 15]. Data and geomorphological parameters were used to

calculate and compute geomorphic index using remote sensing method integrated with GIS

(Geographic Information System) techniques.

The image of SRTM DEM-ASTER GDEM was used as the basic data to analyze and interpret

geomorphological aspects. Several stages of analysis were carried out to achieve objectives of study.

First, analyze hillshade with four irradiations directions to find out the development of lineaments and

the presence of fault. Second, determine manual lineaments and delineate structural geology to

determine structural geological aspects. Third, overlay regional geology and SRTM data to find out

local geological map. Fourth, based on local geological map can be determined geomorphic units, this

units used to determine morphological-morphochronological aspects. In addition, this research was

supported by checking several location for deciding and ascertaining data.

Figure 6. Geological map of Kerinci and Surrounding Area (modified from [8, 9]).

4. Result and Discussion

Geomorphic features were analyses by remote sensing method integrated with GIS techniques. Several

stage of analyses were resulted morphology, morphometry, morphogenesis, and morphochronology

aspect. Futhermore, several investigation of geology (lithology units-formation, tectonics and

neotectonics interpretation) were did to checked data. Result of the research is focused on

geomorphology aspect to recommendation development area.

4.1 Drainage pattern

Drainage pattern research area is composed by dendritic on the alluvial plain. In the slope inside a

Kerinci depression have formed bearing a resemblance to radial centripetal drainage pattern,

characteristic of Kerinci Ancient Caldera (KAC). This drainage pattern is occupied of volcanic

structural landforms. The outer of Kerinci ancient caldera was characterized parallel drainage pattern

that indicated by a hills and undulations KAC, whereever possibility primary drainage/stream has

intermittent or secondary stream perpendicular flow drainage to primary drainage.

The outer of KAC has also formed rectangular drainage pattern to indicate drainage stream

associated with fracture zone such as Siulak fault system and joints. Determination of drainage

patterns conducted to help comprehend landform characteristics.

4.2 Geomorphic Features

Geomorphological map has been analyzed using some approaches for determining geomorphic

units, namely identification, interpretation and determination to classify geomorphic unit. This

geomorphic aspect has been used in morphology, morphogenesis and morphochronology.

Combination of three aspect will be conducted morphoconservation aspect. Morphoconservation is

utility of a geomorphic unit, such as recommendation for development area.

4.2.1 Geomorphic Identification

Geomorphic identification of Kerinci Lake and surrounding was conducted using ASTER

GDEM–SRTM DEM image with 30–90 m resolution/pixel. Resolution of the image help on precisely

distinguishing between geomorphic features. This data have been overlaid with geological map, then

integrated between geological units and geomorphic features.

4.2.2 Geomorphic Interpretation

The interpretation of research area is conducted by determining dominantly geomorphic process

which control of landforms and landscape generally. Interpretation included endogenic processes

(lithology, resistance, structural geology, soluble (morphogenesis)) and exogenic processes

(weathering, eroded (morphogenesis), landform or morphography, slope, elevation (morphology),

degree of deformation and morphostratigraphy (morphochronology)). According to this approach,

Kerinci Lake process is dominantly controlled by volcanic and structural process, whereas only

fractional of fluviatil, denudational, and karst process.

4.2.3 Determination of Geomorphic Unit

According to the explanation of geomorphic unit for identification and interpretation stage, the

research area were determined based on approaches affirmed. Research area was divided into 7

landforms, namely volcanic–denudational, karst, structural, volcanic-structural, structural–

denudational, and fluvial landform (Figure 7) and (Table 1). These determination landforms were also

bended on morphochronological aspect. The geomorphic unit is also supported by surface mapping of

several landscape and outcrop location (Figure 8 and 9).

Table 1. Geomorphic units of the Kerinci Lake and surrounding (oldest to young).

No Morphology

Id

Morphochronology

(Landform) Id

Morphogenesis Degree of

Potential

Stratigraphy

1 AP Fluvial Plain, alluvial, flat

relatively, active fault

system

High Recent

2 LAKE Volcanic

Structural

Lake, meteoric-

volcanic water,

volcano-tectonic

- Holocene-

Recent

3 TIH Volcanic

Structural

Hill, isolated, tuff,

volcanism, active

Siulak fault, angle-

steep slope

Very high Pleistocene

4 VDU Volcanic Undulate, volcanic Moderate Pleistocene

Denudational breccia, tuff, step

slope, volcanism, low

resistance, weathering,

eroded

5 KFEU Structural Undulate, breccia,

fault system, low-

middle resistance

Very High Pleistocene

6 KFEVU Volcanic

Structural

Undulate, volcanic

breccia, andesitic tuff,

volcanism, fault

system, middle

resistance

Very high Pleistocene

7 PGFV Structural Valley, sandstone,

structural, high

resistance

Moderate Pleistocene

8 PGFU Structural Undulate, angle of

slope, claystone,

siltstone, structural,

high resistance

Very high Pleistocene

9 PGSDV Structural

Denudational

Valley, siltstone,

sandstone, micro fault,

low resistance,

weathering, eroded

High Pleistocene

10 KVH Volcanic Hill, pumiceous

claystone, volcanism,

angle slope, middle

resistance

Low Pleistocene

11 KFH Structural Hill, sandstone,

conglomerate, breccia,

active fault SFS, angle

slope, deformation

Very high Pliocene

12 ASV Structural Valley, tectonic-fault,

basalt silicified-

sheared, deformation

Very high Pliocene

13 SPGH Volcanic Hill, granodiorite,

high resistance,

magmatism

Low Pliocene

14 SGH Volcanic Hill, granodiorite,

high resistance,

magmatism

Low Pliocene

15 GH Volcanic Hill, granite, high

resistance, magmatism

Low Miocene

16 SDFH Structural Hills, steep slope,

lava, breccia,

ignimbrite, fault

Moderate Oligo-Miocene

17 BSVH Volcanic

Structural

Hill, angle-steep

slope, volcanism-

tectonic fault, volcanic

breccia, tuff

High Eocene

18 SLH Karst Hill, angle slope,

soluble, limestone

Moderate Cretaceous

19 PFV Structural Valley, tuffaceous High Cretaceous

shale, minor fault

system

20 PFU Structural Undulate, angle slope,

fault, tuffaceous shale,

minor fault system

High Cretaceous

21 SVDH Volcanic

Denudational

Hills, angle slope,

tuffaceous shale, low

resistance, eroded,

weathering

Moderate Cretaceous

Abbreviation morphology id (see explanation below)

1. Volcanic Denudational

This landform has been producted volcanic process associated with Barisan Range, however

resistance of lithology, such as on the ductile deformation in Siulak Formation which tuffaceous shale,

of Mesozoic Epoch were secondary factor controlled of landform processes. It has combination factor

of volcanism Pra-Tertiary–Tertiary, several stratigraphy unit have weathering, eroded, and

resedimentary. This landform composed of Siulak Volcanic Denudational Hill (SVDH) and Volcanic

Denudational Undulation (VDU).

2. Structural

SFS was the first controlled landform, primary Siulak fault which have southeastern - northwestern

oriented direction, which is Peneta Fault Undulation (PFU), Peneta Fault Valley (PFV), Siulak Deras

Fault Hills (SDVH), Alang Structural Valley (ASV), Kumun Fault Valley (KFV), Pengasih Fault

Valley (PGFV), Pengasih Fault Undulation (PGFU), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU).

This landform is composed by tuffaceous shale, basalt silicified and sheared, sandstone, conglomerate,

breccia. Basalt silicified–sheared indicated track/fossil of tectonic Pra-Quarter.

3. Karst

Karst landform was the little (fractional) area of the research area. This landform characterized by

metasedimentary limestone in Cretaceous. Geological processes such as tectonics active would have

been being since Cretaceous Mesozoic-Paleocene Cenozoic–Quarternary Cenozoic. Basically, Karst

area have multibasinal drainage pattern, whereas to identified secondary drainage pattern. This

landform is only Siulak Limestone Hill (SLH).

4. Volcanic structural

Volcanic Structural landform is combination of volcanism Tertiary – Quarternary and also

controlled by SFS. The SFS was active in Tertiary, several stratigraphy units have weathering with

low to middle degree. This landform is generally composed by volcanic breccia, andesitic tuff. It is

very attractive landform, which is Kerinci lake volcano tectonic and Tanco Isolated Hill (TIH) (Figure

9). Either geomorphic is orientation southeastern – northwestern, which are similarly to SFS especially

Siulak fault is dextral fault could be pull apart, whereas stratigraphy composed by tuff, volcanic

breccia. In addition, this landform include by Kerinci Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU) and

Bandan Structural Volcanic Hills (BSVH). Fault escarpment is an active tectonic role to show

approximately of northeastern - southwestern side of Kerinci Lake.

5. Volcanic

More than half research area is composed by product of volcanic and controlled by SFS.

Magmatism would have Pra – Tertiery, specifically for research area since of Oligo-Miocene–

Pliocenewere granite, granodiorite. Kunyit Volcano has product of tuff, pummiceous claystone. This

volcano would have been being active having granite–granodiorite magmatism. This landform is half

of Barisan Range, that more half Quarternary active volcano. Granite Hill (GH), Seblat Granodiorite

Hill (SGH), Sungai penuh Granodiorite Hill (SPGH) were plutonic rocks whereas Kunyit Volcanic

Hill (KVH) was volcanic rocks and volcanic-sedimentary rocks.

6. Structural denudational

This landform has been formed by product of tectonics process associated with Sumateran Fault

System. However, this landform have resistance of lithology, such as on the ductile deformation in

Siulak Formation which sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, and metasediment of Mesozoic Epoch.

This landform was specified controlled by Siulak fault segment. This landform only composed of

Pengasih Structural Denudational Valley (PGSDV). Degree of weathering deformation are other factor

that have been forming this landform.

7. Fluvial

Fluviatil was recent geologic settings, sedimentary processes, unlitification, sedimentary

material. Generally, this landform has characteristic plain slope, such as Alluvial Plain (AP). Fossil of

minor structural geology is bid fair to cover below of alluvial lithology, so as reactivity fault that

triggering Siulak segment, it possibility will be change to morphology.

4.3 Morphology aspect as SOP for recommendation area

Study geomorphology as SOP is the focus of the research. Based on considerable study,

geomorphology map and geological map have made potential zonation, with the result that could be

standard operational procedural for recommendation development area. According previous

explanation, research area was divided to 4 zonation based on geomorphic unit (Figure 10).

Principle of making zonation is counted by morphology, morphogenesis (lithology, structural

geology, weathering, eroded), which is very high, high, medium, and low (See Table 1). In addition,

aspect of lithology and structural is very important, especially active structural SFS, because this

research area is located dense/capital population or residence, government building, public

transportation such as road, bridge, and irrigation, therefore full research area covered that

characterized.

1. Very high potential

Very high potential is classified as very high risk when will become area for development. Lithology

comprise of sandstone, volcanic breccia, tuff, basalt silicified. The existence of SFS Siulak segment is

primary cause or trigger of mass movement. SFS is active fault, accordingly needed to precisely

handling which considerably study of hydrogeology and engineering geology. The characterized very

high potential comprise of Volcanic structural landform, which is Tanco Isolated Hill (TIH), Kerinci

Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Volcanic Undulation (KFEVU), and

structural landforms (Alang Structural Valley (ASV), Kumun Fault Hill (KFH) and Pengasih Fault

Undulation (PGFU)).

2. High potential

In the Fluvial landform, Alluvial Plain (AP) was included high potential category. Although, the

lithology is sedimentary material, however the existence of minor fault of SFS concealed alluvial

deposits, by any chance reactivate fault SFS will be triggering mass movement and risk for

development area such residence another. The considerably study hidro-geotech which localize

specify area. This classified is included by Structural Denudational, which is

PengasihStructuralDenudational Valley (PGSDV). Volcanic structural landform, there is Bandan

Structural Volcanic Hills (BSVH). Structural landform comprise of Peneta Fault Undulation (PFU)

and Peneta Fault Valley (PFV). Lithology comprised of category such as tuffaceous shale, sandstone,

and siltstone.

3. Moderate potential

This landform is occupied by volcanic denudational which is Siulak Volcanic Denudational Hills

(SVDH), Volcanic Denudational Undulation (VDU), karst landform there is Siulak Limestone Hill

(SLHM), structural landform which is Siulak Deras Fault Hills (SDFH), Pengasih Fault Valley

(PGFV). Research area composed and formed lithology of andesitic lava, volcanic breccia, sandstone,

claystone, and limestone. This classified is recommended for development area a fortiori which

characterized lithology relatively resistance, ductile - brittle deformation, only fault approximately.

4. Low potential

Low potential occupied of volcanic landform which is Kunyit Volcanic Hill (KVH), Sungaipenuh

Granodiorite Hill (SPGH), Seblat Granite Hill (SGH), and Granite Hill (GH). Character of lithology is

crystalline rocks, high resistance, not influenced by active fault. Therefore, this area is very

recommended for development area such as government building, public transportation, and residence

another.

Figure 7. Geomorphology map of Kerinci Lake and surrounding.

Figure 8. Landscape of Kerinci lake and morphology surrounding (Photoshoot from northeastern).

Figure 9. Landscape Kerinci lake from northwestern, to show of Tanco Isolated hill associated of

Kerinci lake.

Figure 10.Geohazard potential zone of Kerinci Lake and surrounding.

5. Conclusions

The result found that geomorphologic map is resulted based on analysis morphology aspect. This area

could be divided into several geomorphologic units, there are volcanic – denudational, karst,

structural, volcanic-structural, structural – denudational, and fluvial morphology. In addition, based on

geomorphologic map, SOP could be designed and developed as a recommendation for area

development in Kerinci.

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