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GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES • “Architecture of bedrock” • Structural Geology- – shapes, – arrangement, – interrelationships of bedrock – units & forces that cause them

GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

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Page 1: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES

• “Architecture of bedrock”• Structural Geology-

– shapes, – arrangement, – interrelationships of bedrock – units & forces that cause them

Page 2: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 3: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 4: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Behavior of rocks to stress & strain

• Elastic– Elastic limit

• Plastic• Brittle Stress

Strain

Page 5: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 6: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Structures as a Record of the Geologic Past

• Geologic maps and field methods– Observations of outcrops– Geologic map– Strike and dip

• Original horizontality• Strike• Angle of dip• Direction of dip• Symbols

– Geologic cross section

Page 7: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 8: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Structures as a Record of the Geologic Past

• Geologic maps and field methods– Observations of outcrops– Geologic map– Strike and dip

• Original horizontality• Strike• Angle of dip• Direction of dip• Symbols

– Geologic cross section

Page 9: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 10: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Structures as a Record of the Geologic Past

• Geologic maps and field methods– Observations of outcrops– Geologic map– Strike and dip

• Original horizontality• Strike• Angle of dip• Direction of dip• Symbols

– Geologic cross section

Page 11: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 12: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 13: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

FOLDS

• Anticline vs. syncline– Hinge line (axis)– Limb– Axial plane

• Plunging fold• Structural dome• Structural basin

Page 14: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 15: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

FOLDS

• Anticline vs. syncline– Hinge line (axis)– Limb– Axial plane

• Plunging fold• Structural dome• Structural basin

Page 16: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 17: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

FOLDS

• Anticline vs. syncline– Hinge line (axis)– Limb– Axial plane

• Plunging fold• Structural dome• Structural basin

Page 18: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 19: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 20: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

FOLDS

• Interpreting folds– Open fold– Isoclinal fold– Overturned fold– Recumbent fold

Page 21: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 22: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 23: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 24: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 25: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Fractures in rock• Joints

– Columnar jointing– Sheet jointing– Joint set

• Faults– Dip-slip faults- normal and reverse

• Footwall vs. hanging wall

– Normal fault• Graben; Rift• Horst ; fault-block mountain range

Page 26: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 27: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 28: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Fractures in rock• Joints

– Columnar jointing– Sheet jointing– Joint set

• Faults– Dip-slip faults- normal and reverse

• Footwall vs. hanging wall

– Normal fault• Graben; Rift• Horst ; fault-block mountain range

Page 29: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 30: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 31: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Fractures in rock

• Faults– Reverse fault

• Thrust fault- low angle reverse fault

– Strike-Slip fault• Left-lateral vs. right-lateral

Page 32: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 33: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

Fractures in rock

• Faults– Reverse fault

• Thrust fault- low angle reverse fault

– Strike-Slip fault• Left-lateral vs. right-lateral

Page 34: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 35: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them
Page 36: GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES “Architecture of bedrock” Structural Geology- –shapes, –arrangement, –interrelationships of bedrock –units & forces that cause them

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