Bay of BengalArabian SeaPenganga

Godavari

Manjra

Bhima

Krishna

Tunabbgadra

Krihna

Godavari

Sabari

IndravatiPrannitaVamsadhara

Mahanadi

Pennar

Palar

Ponnaiyar

Kaveri

Vaigai

Tamiraparani

Periyar

BhavaniBeypore

Tunga

Bhadra

Wardha

Wainganga

Narmada

Betwa

Parbati

Kali Sindh

ShipraBanas

Luni

Sabarmati

Mahi

BhadarShetrunjaya

Ganga

Yamuna

Sarda

Ghaghra

Gomati

Gandak

Baghmati

Kosi

Damodar

Kasai

Subarnarekha

Brahmani

Baitarani

Rihand

Hughli

Brahmanputra

Barak

Chambal

Sutlej

Beas

Ravi

Chenab

Jhelum Indus

Son

Chennai

Hyderabad

Bhubaneshwar

KOLKATA

Raipur

Dehradun

Shimla

Srinagar

Aizwal

Imphal

KohimaGuwahati

Shillong

Agartala

ItanagarGangtok

Patna

Ranc hi

Mumbai

Bhopal

Jaipur

Lucknow

Panaji

Bangalore

Thiruvananthapuram

Gandhinagar

NEW DELHI

Chandigarh

Silvasaa

Pondicherry (Puducherry)

Diu

Kavarati

TAMIL

NADU

KARNATAKA

GOA

GUJARAT

HARYANA UTTARANCHAL

NAGALAND

MANIPUR

TRIPURA

SIKKIMNEPALHIMALAYA

MEGHALAYA

ASSAM

MIZORAM

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

PUNJAB

PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

CHINA

BOUTHAN

BIRMANI

BANGLADESH

RAJASTHAN

CHHATTISGARH

ORISSA

BIHAR

JHARKHANDWEST BENGAL

HIMACHAL

PRADESH

MADHYA PRADESH

UTTAR PRADESH

JAMMU & KASHMIR

MAHARASHTRA

ANDHRA PRADESH

KERALA

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Pondicherry (Karaikal)

Pondicherry (Yanam)

Pondicherry

Daman & Diu

Chandigarh

Delhi

LakshadweepIslands

Kolkata

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BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOTANICAL GARDENRobert Kyd

MAIDANFort William

HOOGHYL RIVER

ARABLE LAND

GURUDAS PARKSUBHAS SAROVAR

ARABLE LAND

ARABLE LAND

ARABLE LANDREGENT PARK

REGENT PARK

TOLLYGUNGE

TOLLYGUNGE

NIBEDITA PARK

NIBEDITA PARK

NATURE PARK

TOLLYHUNGE

LAKE GARDENLION SAFARI PARKRABINDRA SAROVAR

LAKE GARDENLION SAFARI PARKRABINDRA SAROVAR

MAIDAN

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENQUEEN VIVTORIA PARK

PARC CIRCUSBIRLA PARK

NATURE STUDY PARK

WOODBURN PARKAUCLAND PARK

PARK

CHILDREN PRAK

RIPON SQUAREHAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE

CURZON PARK

TALA PARK

JATINDRA MOHAN PARK

TALA PARKJATINDRA MOHAN PARK

DESHBANDU PARKDESHPARA SHITALA MAATHGAURI BARI KIT PARK

BAGMARI PARK

TRAFALGAR SQUARE

DESHB ANDU PARK

BAGMARI PARK

QUEEN VICTORIA PARK

MILENIUM PARK

EDEN GARDENS

EDEN GARDENS

SUBHAS SAROVAR

HAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE

MILLENIUM PARK

JPDHPUR PARK

CURZON PARK

TRAFALGAR SQUARE

DESHPARA SHITALA MAATH

AUCLAND PARK

NATURE STUDY PARK

WOODBURN PARK

RIPON SQUARE

CHILDREN PARK

BIRLA PARK

AUCKLAND PARK

PARK

LAIDEIS PARK

GURUDAS PARK

LADIES PARK

JODHPUR PARK

BURIAL GROUNDBURIAL GROUND

PARC CIRCUS

ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN

BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOTANICAL GARDENRobert Kyd

MAIDANFort William

HOOGHYL RIVER

ARABLE LAND

GURUDAS PARKSUBHAS SAROVAR

ARABLE LAND

ARABLE LAND

ARABLE LANDREGENT PARK

REGENT PARK

TOLLYGUNGE

TOLLYGUNGE

NIBEDITA PARK

NIBEDITA PARK

NATURE PARK

TOLLYHUNGE

LAKE GARDENLION SAFARI PARKRABINDRA SAROVAR

LAKE GARDENLION SAFARI PARKRABINDRA SAROVAR

MAIDAN

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENQUEEN VIVTORIA PARK

PARC CIRCUSBIRLA PARK

NATURE STUDY PARK

WOODBURN PARKAUCLAND PARK

PARK

CHILDREN PRAK

RIPON SQUAREHAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE

CURZON PARK

TALA PARK

JATINDRA MOHAN PARK

TALA PARKJATINDRA MOHAN PARK

DESHBANDU PARKDESHPARA SHITALA MAATHGAURI BARI KIT PARK

BAGMARI PARK

TRAFALGAR SQUARE

DESHB ANDU PARK

BAGMARI PARK

QUEEN VICTORIA PARK

MILENIUM PARK

EDEN GARDENS

EDEN GARDENS

SUBHAS SAROVAR

HAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE

MILLENIUM PARK

JPDHPUR PARK

CURZON PARK

TRAFALGAR SQUARE

DESHPARA SHITALA MAATH

AUCLAND PARK

NATURE STUDY PARK

WOODBURN PARK

RIPON SQUARE

CHILDREN PARK

BIRLA PARK

AUCKLAND PARK

PARK

LAIDEIS PARK

GURUDAS PARK

LADIES PARK

JODHPUR PARK

BURIAL GROUNDBURIAL GROUND

PARC CIRCUS

ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN

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India has a area of 3.29 Mio.km² and is the 7th biggest country in the world.

Sharing borders with India are Ban-gladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Nepal und Pakistan.

Life forms from unicellular to multicellular and microscopic to gi-gantic sizes by the forests, deserts, mountains, other land, air und water provide shelter, food, medicine, fod-der, fuel, clothing for our daily needs and raw material for industry.

The Indo-Gangetic Plain occupies most of northern, central, and east-ern India, while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India. To the west of the country is the Thar Desert, which consists of a mix of rocky and sandy desert. India’s east and northeastern border consists of the high Himalayan range.

RiversThe major rivers of India are the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra.

The Indus, with his 3200 km is the longest river in India. It arises from Tibet, flowing through the western Himalaya, Kashmir and finally into the Arabian Sea.The Ganges River, the important flow from northindia, evolves from the 7817m high Nanda Devi in the western Himalya from two frontal flow. After

Kolkata, is the capital of the state of West Bengal and one of the nation’s largest cities. It lies on the east bank of the Hooghly River, one of the western branches of the Ganges. The climate is hot and humid. Annual temperatures average about 26º C. Annual rainfall is about 168 cm. The Topography of India is about 5 meter over sea. Up to the Hooghly River it is about 14 meter high. To the Bay of Bengal it sinks to 5m above sea level.

Districtwise the highest number of fauna is present in Kolkata (4256). The fauna and flora of West Bengal possess the combined characteris-tics of the Himalayan and sub Himalayan Gangetic plain.

The botanical garden in Kolkata has about 1,500 species, 2500 varieties including 750 trees and shrubs. Also the biggest tree “Banyan” of the world is there with 1400 airroot.

Western Ghats

DarjeelingKaangchenjunga(3th biggest moun-tain in the world)

DarjeelingTea Plantage

AssamTeagathering women

SunderbansMangroves

WestbangalEstern Ghats

Dekkan Plateau

Lotus Plant, Nelumbo nucifera:It is the National Flower of India. It symbolizes divinity, fertility, wealth and knowledge. It is grown in the damp soil. It requires Sunlight atleast six hours a day. The Lotus plant should be fertilized regularly for one year.

Jamine Plant, Jasminum sambac: Jasmine plant is found in almost all the parts of India. Jasmine is a evergreen semi shrub. Winterblüte(Dec).

Bamboo (Bansh)a woody perennial evergreen plant. Bamboo belongs to the true grass family, Poaceae.

Coconutpalmis bleeding the hole year and fruchtet das ganze jahr über und bildet jährlcih 10-14 steinfrüchte.

Orchid Plant, Oncidium sphacelatumThe bloom season begins in autumn and ends in spring.But some orchids have a sleeping time in winter.

Banyan treeIt is one of the biggesttree in the world and can be found in the botanicalgarden of Kolkata.

PLANTS IN WESTBENGAL_KOLKATA

a 2700 km course, the Ganges comes together with the Brahmaputra into the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra comes from the Tibetan Tsangpo, the most important flow of East India.

The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a continuous flow throughout the year. Other networks are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. In India, permanent natural freshwater lakes are located mainly in the Himalayan belt and are motstly tectonic or glacial in origin.

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIATopography

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

Nal Savorar

RanthamborShivapuri

SariskaKeoladeo Ghana

BoriviliTaboba

Kanha

BandhavgarhMarine

Gir

Little ran of Kutch

Naina Devi

Kaziranga

Similipal

Vedanthangal

Pulicat

Pont Calimere

Periyar

WylandNagarhole

Dandeli

MudumaliaiBandiour

Sunderbans

PalamauHazaribagh

Dudhwa

Corbett

Naina DeviValley of Flowers

Govind Sagar

Dachigam

ManasJaldapara

Velvadar

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Nal Savorar

RanthamborShivapuri

SariskaKeoladeo Ghana

BoriviliTaboba

Kanha

BandhavgarhMarine

Gir

Little ran of Kutch

Naina Devi

Kaziranga

Similipal

Vedanthangal

Pulicat

Pont Calimere

Periyar

WylandNagarhole

Dandeli

MudumaliaiBandiour

Sunderbans

PalamauHazaribagh

Dudhwa

Corbett

Naina DeviValley of Flowers

Govind Sagar

Dachigam

ManasJaldapara

Velvadar

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5. VegetationIndia, the land of physical, cultural, social and linguistic diversity has a enormous biological diversity which includes about 40 000 species of flora and 89 000 species of fauna. The tropical forest cover of India is about 6.4 sq km which represents about 19.27% of India’s total geog-raphycal area. They are cultivating Rice, Wheat, Sorghum, Millet, Jute, Tea, Cotton, Coconut an much more. It depense of the area and climati-cal zone how diffrent the nature is; tropical zone, desert, stony areas. The fast multiplying population have led to the depletion of natural res-sources, shrinking of vegetation blanket. Also the biological information is lost. Clearing of forests in the tropics, conversion of grassland, forest land to croplands for feeding population, constructions of highways or urban centres, have reduces habitat of plants and animals..

< 20 cm June 1st

Zone 1< 33 m/s

hotest in Rajasthan up to 50ºC> 27.5ºC ºC

20-40 cm June 5th

Zone 233-39 m/s

25.0-27.5 ºC

40-50 cm June 10th

Zone 339-44 m/s22.5-25.0 ºC

60-100 cm June 15th

Zone 444-47 m/s

20.0-22.5 ºC

100-150 cm July 1st

Zone 5

Tropicalstorms

(suspected)plate boundary

Plates moving direction

47-50 m/s

< 20.0 ºCColdest in Thar down to 9ºC

150-250 cm July 15th

> 50 m/s

Summerwind

Winterwind

> 250 cm August 1st

Flooding ZoneSouthwestSummer

NortheastWinter

Equatorial converence Zone

6. SoilThe geological history of India started with the geological evolution of rest of the Earth i.e. 4.57 billion years ago. India has a diverse ge-ology. Different regions in India contain rocks of all types belonging to different geologic periods. Some of the rocks are badly deformed and transmuted while others are recently deposited alluvium that are yet to undergo digenesis. It is believed that the Deccan Trap was formed as result of sub-aerial volcanic activity associated with the continental deviation in this part of the Earth during the Meso-zoic (a time of tectonic, climatic and evolutionary activity) era. That is why the rocks found in this region are generally igneous type.

7. Fauna_ Nationalparks_Animalprotections:Since the 3rd Century B.C. animal protection was a concern of Bud-dhism. They admired the cow, elefant, monkey and peacock. The cow is for the Indian people very holy, because their economic benefit is great for agriculture and milk. Without the animals they would not be able to survive. The “Corbett-Nationalpark” was the first park which developed in 1936 from the English people. There are about 93 national parks and almost 500 reserve. The parks takes about 4,7% of Indian area. Animals like the Indian elefant, Bengal tiger, leopard, crocodiles, Snakes, live there.

Ressources: Indien_C. Bourzat_Christian Verlag ; Plant diversity and conservation in India_H.J.Chowdhery ; Geological Survey of India_No.89_Sujit Dasgupta ; Indien_Allianz Reiseführer_Baedeker ; www.prakritisamsad.org ; www.blog.suedasien.info ; www.commons.wikimedia.org ; www.eusoils.jrc ; www.mapsofindia.com www.calcuttaglobalchat.net http://.banglapedia.search.com ; http://en.wikipedia.org ; http://ezinearticles.com

8. EarthquakeDue to continental drift, the India Plate split from Madagascar and col-lided with the Eurasian Plate resulting in the formation of the Himala-yas. The Himalayan orogeny has continued to the present day.Tsunamis are rare but not totally absent. The tsunami is a Pacific Ocean phenomenon and the tsunami of the 26 Deceber 2004 was one of the largest interplate shallow-thrust earthquakes that occured at the interface of the subducting Indian lithosphere and the overriding Burma plate. Kolkata lies in Zone 3, implying that earthquakes of great intensity have not hit the city as yet.

Caostel alluvium

Deep Black

Forest | Scrub

Calcareous

Mountain Meadow

Rice

Glaciers & Snow

Laterite

Desert

Red sandy

Red Loamy

Jowar (Sorghum)

Medium Black

Alluvial

Bajra (Millet)

Grey Brown

Desert

Saline & Alkali

Wheat

predominatedcrop

1. Annual Rainfall_Flooding ZoneMonsoonal and other weather conditions in India are unstable. Major droughts, floods, cyclones and other natural disasters are sporadic. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy, typically above 200cm per year. Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this is adequate for the maintenance of lush forests and other vegetation throughout the remainder of the year. December to March are the driest months, when days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are respon-sible for the extremely biodiverse tropical wet forests of these regions .

2. MonsoonThe english word “monsoon” came from Portuguese “monção”, ulti-mately from Arabic mawsim “season”.The big seasonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest, bringing heavy rainfall to the region (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). In the southwest the sum-mer monsoon begins in June and ends in September. It is tropical: warm and humid. In this time, 80-90% of the Indian areas have their annual rainfall. In most areas of India it is for 8-9 months dry. The beginning of the monsoon can be earlier or later. But for the farmers it depends very much, because the right timing and how much it rains is important for a good crop..

3. TemperatureIndia stands under the influence of the tropical climate. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid wind from Central Asia and protects India from cold weather influence from the north. In January and February it is cool and dry. The day temperature are around 20-25ºC. But in the night it can get to 10ºC (in northwest and north India). In April and May it is very hot and try. The thermometer can get to 35ºC. Sandstorm in dry areas are often. From June to September the monsoon (Southwest wind) begins. The dry period in October and November are comfortable. From December till February/March the Wintermonson starts with a northeast wind.

4. WindTehre is a relashionship between the Rainfall, Monsoon and the resulted Wind. Monsoons are strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season. The strongest monsoon winds occur in India. Monsoon - One Strong Global Wind-blows from cold to warm regions because cold air takes up more space than warm air. This weather phenomenon is created in winter when a high-pressure area forms far to the north, over Siberia. Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter, and from the sea toward land in the summer. Monsoon wind plays a predominant role in the daily life of the people of South Asia. The use of monsoon wind in the Indian Ocean was a boon to the sailing ships to reach overseas countries.

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

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