Geographic TheoryQuick Write 4.30

• How far would you go to buy a cup of coffee?• How far would you travel to see your favorite band?• How far would you go to save $30 on new shoes?• How far would you go for your prom dress/tuxedo

rental?

• On average these distances will progressively increase• Goods have a threshold and range• Central Place Theory explains this…

Check for understanding…

Urban Structure Models

All three models…

• Developed during the first half of the 20th century, a period of rapid urbanization in North America

• Based on studies in Chicago (Burgess & Hoyt)• Focus of the models is different types of land

use

Concentric Zone Model• Developed by E.W. Burgess• Argues that urban land use is best represented by a series of

concentric circles• Recognizes 5 distinct zones:

– The CBD/nonresidential– Zone in transition/poorest quality housing/immigrants– Zone of working class homes– Zone of ‘better residences’/middle class– Commuters’ zone/high-class residential

• The concentric pattern arises as land uses compete & are sorted according to ability to pay for land. As one moves toward the central city, land becomes scarcer but accessibility improves, the rent therefore increases, and land uses that cannot exact sufficient rent are sorted out. Similar activities are likely to be found at similar distances from the CBD.

Sector Model

• Developed by H. Hoyt• This model assumes the land use is

conditioned by transportation routes radiating outward from a city center

• Industrial, retailing, & residential districts extend out from the CBD like wedges

• Hoyt saw the best housing extending north from Chicago along Lake Michigan

Multiple Nuclei Model• Developed by C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman• This model assumes that urban areas have more than one focal point

influencing land use• Land-use patterns are formed around several nuclei that attract

certain uses and repel others. These nuclei most often develop in response to the evolving transportation network. They form, for example, around major highway intersections & surrounding airports

• These multiple nuclei may have arisen in 1 of 2 ways:– They were once separate settlements but were absorbed by growth of the

urban area– They appeared as urban growth stimulated specialization & specialized

centers outside the CBD, around which complementary uses then located• Residential land use develops in response to the influence of the

various nuclei

Similarities & differences between the Latin American Model & the Concentric Zone Model

• Concentric zones of housing of different quality exist, radiating from the city center

• The housing in the zones, however, is reversed from that which exists in North America. The highest-quality homes are in the innermost rings & the poorest quality are in the outermost

• The market is centrally located, as opposed to North American cities where retailing is becoming increasingly suburbanized

Similarities & differences between the Latin American model & the sector model

• In both models spines of land use radiate from the city center

• The ‘Grand Boulevard’ of elite shops is in the Latin American model only

• North American-style suburbanization may occur associated with the spine of development

• An industrial spine may develop along a transportation route such as a railroad or highway in both models

Similarities & differences between the Latin American model & the multiple nuclei model

• Both may contain government housing projects

• Both may contain industrial parks• Disamenity zones exist in association with

less-desirable land only in the Latin American model

Urban Environm

ents

Urban Environments

• Movement decisions within a city • Studied in terms of expansion and

relocation diffusion • 2 Major forces of Diffusion:

Centralizing Forces and Decentralizing Forces

Centralization

• Economic Advantage • Social Advantage

Suburbanization and Decentralization

• Socioeconomic Factors • Public Policy • Cost of Decentralization

Gentrification

• Began 1970’s • Opposite of

suburbanization • Gentrification:

movement of middle-class people into deteriorated areas of city centers

Gentrification

• Economic Factors – Deindustrialization

• Social Factors • Political Factors • Cost of Gentrification

The New Urban Landscape

• 25 to 30 years great change in urban landscape

• New urban form called the edge city • Gentrification, redevelopment, and

immigration have modified downtown

The New Urban Landscape

• New Ethnic Neighborhoods • Shopping Malls • Office Parks • Master Planned Communities • Decline of Public Space

Changes in Cities in the U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city

centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization

U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Developed Countries: suburbanization· wealthy move to suburbs · automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’· better services· wealthy move to suburbsCounterurbanization (exurbanization)·idyllic settings·cost of land for retirement·slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets

Intraregional Migrations in LDCs

Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.

Urbanization· migration from rural areas· lack of jobs in countryside· lack of services in cities· Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list

Rank City Population1 Tokyo, Japan 28 million2 New York City, United States 20.1 million3 Mexico City, Mexico 18.1 million4 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 18 million5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.7 million6 Los Angeles, United States 15.8 million7 Shanghai, China 14.2 million8 Lagos, Nigeria 13.5 million9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12.9 million

10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.5 million

Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico

Changes in Cities in LDCs Populations of cities in the less developed

world have been surging: urbanization, migration, natural increase

Urbanization in LDCs:· driven by changes in global economy that make farming more challenging· the poor live in the suburbs, rich live in CBD· cities struggle to provide jobs and housing· services overtaxed· squatter settlements common· crime on the rise

Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Europe versus U.S. Cities: Sprawl

European cities, including this hypothetical U.K. example, tend to restrict suburban development, thereby concentrating new development in and around existing concentrations. This leaves large rings of open space, so-called greenbelts.

What are the social costs of sprawl?

Toulouse, France

Ferrara, Italy

Sogne, Norway

Venice, Italy

Somewhere in France

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Florence, Italy

Copenhagen, Denmark

European Cities: result of very long histories

Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval High density and compact form - wall around city or low-growth zoning Low skylines - many built before elevators, others required cathedral or

monument to be highest structure Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work Neighborhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do. Scars of War - many wars , many cities originally defensive Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles Municipal Socialism - many residents live in buildings that are owned by city

gov’t. Some of these are massive housing projects, others small scale apartment buildings.

Sprawl…Over?

• What reasons do the authors give for the slowdown of people moving to outlying suburbs?

• What groups are more inclined to live in urban areas, according to the article?

• What pop culture persona does the article compare urban sprawl to? Why?

• How does this article compare to the older article you read for your most recent reflection?

Cities in Crisis, Urban Problems

U.S. City Problems Sprawl

commutes environmental problems

tax flight (bankrupts cities)Racial and Economic Segregat

ion schools taxes democracy

School Segregation

Inner Cities• Inner-city physical

problems– Deterioration process– Urban renewal

• Inner-city social problems– Underclass– Culture of poverty

• Inner-city economic problems– Annexation

School Segregation

Stressed School Districts

in Cincinnati Metropolitan

Area

Fig. 13-24: A high-cost school district has either a high percentage of students eligible for free lunches or a rapidly changing enrollment. Districts in the suburbs have high costs but low spending.

Racial Change in Chicago1980 - 2000

Fig. 13-17: Racial & ethnic change in Chicago, 1980-2000. Dots represent where race and ethnicity increased. White population increased in the inner city and North Side, while African American and Hispanic population increased in the outer city and inner suburbs.

Dayton, OhioDrug-related Arrests

Fig. 13-18a: Drug-related arrests have been concentrated in the low income inner-west side of the city.

Dayton, OhioRace and Voting

Fig. 13-18b: In the 2005 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin, an African American incumbent, concentrated in the African American west side of the city.

Growth of Chicago

Fig. 13-19: Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport. The city of Chicago covers only a portion of the Chicago metropolitan statistical area (inset).

Problems of Suburbs

• The peripheral model– Density gradient– Cost of suburban sprawl– Suburban segregation

• Transportation and suburbanization– Motor vehicles– Public transportation

• Local government fragmentation– Metropolitan government– Growing smart

Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.

Fig. 13-22: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

Peripheral Model of Urban Areas

Fig. 13-20: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient

1900-1990

Fig. 13-21: The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

U.S. Urban Growth Stages