GEO/ENV 315/GEO 514 Hydrogeology

• Class meets: Time: Mondays: 5:30 pm – 8:30 pm. Location: ESS 183• Office Hours: Wednesdays and Fridays 3:00 – 4:00 pm ESS 230• Required textbook: Applied Hydrogeology (4th edition), C. W. Fetter Prentice Hall

GEO/ENV 315/GEO 514 Hydrogeology

• Instructor: Lianxing Wen email: Lianxing.Wen@sunysb.edu office: ESS 230 phone: 632-1726 fax: 632-8240

Requirements and Grading

• Geo/Env 315: attend lectures; 5 problem sets (60%), 2

examinations (20% each).• Geo 514: all above (80%) + a term paper

(20%)

Class website

• Class website: http://geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Geo315/

Water Budget

• Saline water• Land Area -- Ice caps and glaciers -- Ground water -- Soil Moisture -- Fresh water lakes -- Rivers -- Saline lakes

Water Budget

• Saline water 97.2%• Land Area 2.8% -- Ice caps and glaciers 2.14% -- Ground water 0.61% -- Soil Moisture 0.005% -- Fresh water lakes 0.009% -- Rivers 0.0001% -- Saline lakes 0.008%

Water Budget (Cont.)

• Atmosphere 0.001%• Atmosphere circulates rapidly -- 30 in. on Conterminous U.S. -- 22 in. are returned via evaporation and transpiration. -- 8 in. flows into oceans as rivers.

Hydrologic Equation

• Inflow = outflow +/- Changes in storage• Equation is simple statement of mass

conservation

Hydrologic inputs into area

• Precipitation• Surface water inflow (streamflow +

overland flow)• Ground water inflow from outside area• Artificial import (pipes + canals)

Hydrologic outputs into area

• Evapotranspiration from land areas• Evaporation from surface water• Runoff of surface water• Groundwater outflow• Artificial export of water through pipes and

canals

Changes in storage

• Changes in volume of: -- surface water in streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds. -- soil moisture in vadose zone -- ice and snow at surface -- temperature depression storage -- water on plant surfaces -- ground water below water table

Mono Lake

• Inputs: precipitation; streams; ground water.• Outputs: evaporation; artificial streams.

Hydrologic Cycle (Precipitation Pathways)

• Depression Storage - ice, snow, puddles.• Overland flow• Infiltration -- Vadose zone – (soil moisture), interflow -- Gravity drainage -- Zone of saturation – (ground water)• Baseflow-ground-water contribution

Hydrologic Cycle (Precipitation Pathways – cont.)

• Baseflow – groundwater contribution to stream

• Subsea outflow• Runoff – total flow in a stream• Magmatic water

Energy Transformation

• 1 Caloria of heat = energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water from 14.5 – 15.5oC

• Latent Heat of vaporization Hv = 597.3 – 0.564T (Cal./g)• Latent Heat of condensation

Energy Transformation, Cont.

• Latent heat of fusion – Hf – 1 g of ice at 0oC => ~80 cal of heat must be

added to melt ice. Resulting water has same temperature.

• Sublimation Water passes directly from a solid state to a vapor

state. Energy = Hf + Hv => 677 cal/g at 0oC.• Hv > 6Hf > 5 x amt. to warm water from 0oC ->

100oC

Aquifer

• Properties: Porosity, specific yield, specific retention.

• Potential: Transmissivity, storativity.

• Types: confined, unconfined.

• Hydraulic conductivity, Physical Laws controlling water transport.

Ground-water flow to wells

• Extract water• Remove contaminated water• Lower water table for constructions• Relieve pressures under dams• Injections – recharges• Control slat-water intrusion