GEO1030 og GEF1100: Fjordtokt 24.-25. oktober...Fjordtokt 24.-25. oktober • Varmebudsjettet for en flateenhet i overflaten og overføring av kinetisk vindenergi til havet (Meteorologiske

GEO1030 og GEF1100: Fjordtokt 24.-25. oktober

• Varmebudsjettet for en flateenhet i overflaten og overføring av kinetisk vindenergi til havet (Meteorologiske observasjoner)

• Varmetransport i havet ved turbulent blanding (CTD-målinger)

• Biologiske effekter (Måling av secchi-dyp)

FIGURE 5.13

TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Heat input through the sea surface (where 1 PW = 1015 W) (world ocean) for 1º latitude bands for all components of heat flux. Data are from the NOCS climatology (Grist and Josey, 2003).

FIGURE 5.14


Poleward heat transport (W) for the world’s oceans (annual mean). (a) Indirect estimate (light curve) summed from the net air–sea heat fluxes of Figures 5.12 and 5.13. Data are from the NOCS climatology, adjusted for net zero flux in the annual mean. Data from Grist and Josey (2003). A similar figure, based on the Large and Yeager (2009) heat fluxes is reproduced in the online supplement (Figure S5.9). (b) Summary of various direct estimates (points with error bars) and indirect estimates. The direct estimates are based on ocean velocity and temperature measurements. The range of estimates illustrates the overall uncertainty of heat transport calculations. © American Meteorological Society. Reprinted with permission. Source: From Ganachaud and Wunsch (2003).

Salinotermmålinger 22.09.05

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

5 10 15 20 25 30 35T og S

Dyp (

m)

T-Lys-0930S-Lys-0930T-Lys-1010S-Lys-1010T-Lys-1100S-Lys-1100T-Lind-1230S-Lind-1230T-Lind-1315S-Lind-1315T-Lind-1345S-Lind-1345

FIGURE 4.8


Growth and decay of the seasonal thermocline at 50°N, 145°W in the eastern North Pacific as (a) vertical temperature profiles, (b) time series of isothermal contours, and (c) a time series of temperatures at depths shown.

FIGURE 4.4


Mixed layer depth in (a) January and (b) July, based on a temperature difference of 0.2°C from the near-surface temperature. Source: From deBoyer Montégut et al. (2004). (c) Averaged maximum mixed layer depth, using the 5 deepest mixed layers in 1° × 1° bins from the Argo profiling float data set (2000-2009) and fitting the mixed layer structure as in Holte and Talley (2009). This figure can also be found in the color insert.

FIGURE 4.26


Mean Secchi disk depths as functions of latitude in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Source: From Lewis et al.(1988).

FIGURE 4.29


Euphotic zone depth (m) from the Aqua MODIS satellite, 9 km resolution, monthly composite for September 2007. (Black over oceans is cloud cover that could not be removed in the monthly composite.) See Figure S4.3 from the online supplementary material for the related map of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR). This figure can also be seen in the color insert. Source: From NASA (2009b).

FIGURE S4.3


Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR; Einsteins m–2 day–1) from the SeaWiFS satellite. Source: From NASA (2009b).


Annual average net heat flux (W/m2). Positive: heat gain by the sea. Negative: heat loss by the sea. Data are from the NOCS climatology (Grist and Josey, 2003). Superimposed numbers and arrows are the meridional heat transports (PW) calculated from ocean velocities and temperatures, based on Bryden and Imawaki (2001) and Talley (2003). Positive transports are northward. The online supplement to Chapter 5 (Figure S5.8) includes another version of the annual mean heat flux, from Large and Yeager (2009). This figure can also be found in the color insert.

FIGURE 5.12

FIGURE 5.13


Heat input through the sea surface (where 1 PW = 1015 W) (world ocean) for 1º latitude bands for all components of heat flux. Data are from the NOCS climatology (Grist and Josey, 2003).

FIGURE 4.1


(a) Surface temperature (°C) of the oceans in winter (January, February, March north of the equator; July, August, September south of the equator) based on averaged (climatological) data from Levitus and Boyer (1994). (b) Satellite infrared sea surface temperature (°C; nighttime only), averaged to 50 km and 1 week, for January 3, 2008. White is sea ice. (See Figure S4.1 from the online supplementary material for this image and an image from July 3, 2008, both in color). Source:From NOAA NESDIS (2009).

FIGURE S4.1(Continued)


FIGURE S4.1


Satellite infrared sea-surface temperature (ºC; nighttime only), averaged to 50 km and 1 week, for (a) July 3, 2008 (austral winter) (b) January 3, 2008 (also Figure 4.1b in the textbook, where it appears in gray scale only). White is sea ice. Source: From NOAA NESDIS, (2009b).

FIGURE 4.15


Surface salinity (psu) in winter (January, February, and March north of the equator; July, August, and September south of the equator) based on averaged (climatological) data from Levitus et al. (1994b).

FIGURE 4.14


Mean salinity, zonally averaged and from top to bottom, based on hydrographic section data. The overall mean salinity is for just these sections and does not include the Arctic, Southern Ocean, or marginal seas. Source: From Talley (2008).

FIGURE 4.19


Surface density σθ (kg m–3) in winter (January, February, and March north of the equator; July,August, and September south of the equator) based on averaged (climatological) data from Levitusand Boyer (1994) and Levitus et al. (1994b).

FIGURE 4.3


Variation with latitude of surface (a) temperature, (b) salinity, and (c) density averaged for all oceans for winter. North of the equator: January, February, and March. South of the equator: July, August, and September. Based on averaged (climatological) data from Levitus and Boyer (1994) and Levitus et al. (1994b).

Overflatesirkulasjonen• Atlanterhavet• Stillehavet• Indiske hav • Sørishavet• Middelhavet• Norskehavet• Barentshavet• Nordishavet

FIGURE 9.1Atlantic Ocean surface circulation schematics. (a) North Atlantic and (b) South Atlantic; the eastward EUC along the equator just below the surface layer is also shown (gray dashed).


• Sørlige ekvatorialstrøm• Brasilstrømmen• Antarktiske sirkumpolare

strøm (Vestenvindsdriften)

• Benguelastrømmen

• Falklandstrømmen

• Guineastrømmen

• Nordlige ekvatorialstrøm• Guiana/Antiller-

strømmene• Golfstrømmen

(Nordatlantiske vestenvindsdrift)

• Kanaristrømmen

• Labradorstrømmen• Ekvatoriale motstrøm

Atlanterhavet• Sørlige ekvatorialstrøm• Brasilstrømmen• Antarktiske sirkumpolare strøm

(Vestenvindsdriften)• Benguelastrømmen

• Falklandstrømmen

• Guineastrømmen

• Nordlige ekvatorialstrøm• Guiana/Antiller-strømmene• Golfstrømmen (Nordatlantiske

vestenvindsdrift)• Kanaristrømmen

• Labradorstrømmen• Ekvatoriale motstrøm

• Sørlige ekvatorialstrøm• Østaustraliastrømmen• Antarktiske sirkumpolare

strøm (Vestenvindsdriften)

• Peru- eller Humboldtstrømmen

• Sørlige ekvatoriale motstrøm

• Nordlige ekvatorialstrøm

• Kuroshio• Nordlige

stillehavsstrøm• Californiastrømmen

• Oyashio• Nordlige ekvatoriale

motstrøm

Stillehavet• Sørlige ekvatorialstrøm• Østaustraliastrømmen• Antarktiske sirkumpolare strøm

(Vestenvindsdriften)• Peru- eller Humboldtstrømmen

• Sørlige ekvatoriale motstrøm

• Nordlige ekvatorialstrøm• Kuroshio• Nordlige stillehavsstrøm• Californiastrømmen

• Oyashio• Nordlige ekvatoriale motstrøm

• Sørlige ekvatorialstrøm• Agulhasstrømmen• Antarktiske sirkumpolare strøm

(Vestenvindsdriften)• Vestaustraliastrømmen

• Ekvatoriale motstrøm (vinter)

• N. ekvatorialstrøm (vinter)• Somalistrømmen (sommer)

Indiske hav• Sørlige ekvatorialstrøm• Agulhasstrømmen• Antarktiske sirkumpolare strøm

(Vestenvindsdriften)• Vestaustraliastrømmen

• Ekvatoriale motstrøm (vinter)

• N. ekvatorialstrøm (vinter)• Somalistrømmen (sommer)

Sørishavet• Antarktiske vestenvindsdrift• Antarktiske østenvindsdrift

Table 7.1 South Equatorial Current + 23 Sv Brazil Current + 17 Sv Benguela Current + 23 Sv Florida Current 26 Sv Antilles Current 12 Sv Gulf Stream + 80 Sv Canary Current + 60 Sv

Table 7.2 Kuroshio 65 Sv North Pacific Current (west wind drift) 35 Sv California Current 15 Sv North Equatorial Current 45 Sv North Equatorial Countercurrent 25 Sv Antarctic Circumpolar Current 100 Sv Peru Current 18 Sv Equatorial Undercurrent 40 Sv

Strømhastigheter i Atlanteren• Sørlig ekvatorialstrøm 70 cm s-1

• Nordlig ekvatorialstrøm 35 cm s-1

• Floridastrømmen 160 cm s-1

• Golfstrømmen opp til 250 cm s-1, middel 150 cm s-1

• Saltstraumen opp til 10 m s-1?, middel 4-5 m s-1

FIGURE 5.3


Schematic diagrams of inflow and outflow characteristics for (a) Mediterranean Sea (negative water balance; net evaporation), (b) Black Sea (positive water balance; net runoff/precipitation).

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GEO1030 og GEF1100: Fjordtokt 24.-25. oktober...Fjordtokt 24.-25. oktober • Varmebudsjettet for en flateenhet i overflaten og overføring av kinetisk vindenergi til havet (Meteorologiske