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Mastura MahmudSchool of Social, Development and Environment

Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

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Capacity Building : through cohesive methodology to produce skilled individuals through social and cultural connections to foster greater understanding in ASEAN (ASEAN Community in 2015)

Infrastructure : Technology required to develop, access and utilize information and data (softwares and hardwares)

Human capital: learning and teaching of personnel to access, practice and utilize

Institutions: programmes, curriculum development, facilities & structural organizations in agencies, universities (research) and system of government to enhance the understanding of the value of earth observation

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South East Asia is a fragmented area and is at risk to natural disasters due to its location.

Storms, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes are examples of natural disasters that affect this region.

Some problems are transboundary: forest fires, ashes and plumes from volcanos

Physical and social impacts : mortality, damage to properties and infrastructures and to socio-economy of the society affected.

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Country Years DisastersEconomic loss (USD)

Peopleaffected

People killed

Cambodia          1980‐2010 floods 536,110,000 16,679,643

Indonesia 1980‐2010

321 (118floods, 76 earthquakes) 23,601,677,000 21,663,204

annual 698,813 6,209

Brunei 1980‐2010 wildfires 2,000,000

Lao 1980‐201030 (floods, storms) 429,779,000 4,998,868 945

Malaysia 1980‐2010 58 1,867,500,000 639,344 1239

Myanmar 1980‐2010 27 4,645,643,000 3,892,069 139,208

Philippines 1980‐2010 363 7,417,145,000 116,212,416 32,956

***       2013Haiyan 13,000,000,000 4,800,000 8000

Singapore 1980‐2010 3 NA 2,238 36

Thailand 1980‐2010 105 6,022,747,000 64,154,322 11,922

***      2011floods 24 billion THB  16,224,302 1,026

Vietnam 1980‐2010 159 7,955,750,000 73,582,754 16,0994

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Remote sensing is an activity of recording, monitoring or sensing objects or events from afar. In remote sensing, the sensor does not come in direct contact with the object.

Information requires physical carrier to move from object to the sensor via the communication medium.

Electromagnetic radiation is commonly used as a carrier of information in remote sensing.5

The output of a remote sensing system typically is in the form of an image that represents the object being monitored.

Remote sensing technology is commonly referred to as obtaining information on the Earth's surface (land and sea) and atmosphere using sensors embedded on the device airborne (airplanes, balloons) or space-borne platforms (satellite, shuttle).

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Remote sensing is an activity of recording, monitoring or sensing objects from afar. The sensor does not come in direct contact with the object.

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Electromagnetic radiation typically carries information from objects on earth to sensors on satellites.

The radiation transmitted from satellite to the station on earth.

The results of the remote sensing is in the form of an object image.

Remote sensing technology obtains information about the earth (land, ocean and atmosphere) on board aircraft, balloons or satellites.

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The first satellite launched by the Soviet Union was Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957 is the premier of scientific achievement. The measuring probe has a diameter of 22 in and weighs 184 pounds. It orbited the Earth every 95 minutes with a speed of 29,000 miles per hour at an altitude of 900 km.

The United States then launched the world's first weather satellite (TIROS-1) on 1 April 1960 and has been a pioneer in remote sensing to monitor the global environment to this day.

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There are various satellites in the form of low to medium resolution satellites such as the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), or theDefense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP).

High resolution satellites observe high but not in real time can be obtained from images such as SPOT, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission (ASTER), Landsat, Quickbird etc.

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Remote sensing has empowered the mapping, studying, monitoring and management of countless resources like agriculture, forestry, geology, water, ocean etc.

Monitoring of environment facilitates in conservation.

Remote sensing has become a main device for gathering information on almost every part on the earth.

Very high spatial resolution satellites recently have increased the applications.

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Movement of ashes from the Kelut volcano in Jawa, 13 Februariy 2014.

Low resolution but frequent images

Source: Space Science & Engineering CenterUniversity of Wisconsin -Madison

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(Source: Business Insider)

BEFORE AFTER (4 MTHS)

Moderate resolution images

Smoke plumes transportedAcross boundaries

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Monitoring of fires is necessary especially in the case of future climate change.

Occurrences of past events and uncertain climate trends from global warming in addition to the practice of the use of land as well as changes in population patterns might also alter the patterns of fire.

Satellite technology has a role to play in monitoring the occurrences and spread of fire.

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Shocking: API23 Jun 2013:

7 AM25 Jun 2013:

11 AM

Muar: 746 Muar: 131

B Rambai: 346 B Rambai: 132

Melaka: 357 Melaka: 153

Kelang: 102 Kelang: 484

Singapura:371 (1 pm on 20Jun)

100: UNHEALTHY200: VERY UNHEALTHY300: DANGEROUS400: HAZARDOUS

ASMC, Singapore

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SPOT images for Palembang, July and August 1997 (N U Singapore)

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The Detection and Monitoring from earth observation and meteorological satellites (SPOT and NOAA) for near real time data on the exact locations and extent of forest fires to the coordinating authority (ASMC). (Source: NUS, CRISP)

SPOT satellite image of study area (K-J 299355-dated 29 July 1997)

The Early Warning is aimed at producing maps of areas susceptible to forest fires (NUS, CRISP)

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Feb 2004 March 2004 April 2004

June 2004 July 2004 August 200422

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The Malaysian Air Pollutant Index(Mahmud, 2005)

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Spatial Kernel density of active fires from(a) MODIS Aqua, (b) MODIS Terra

and (c) NOAA during August 2005.Source: Mahmud 2010

Comparison of the minimum central distance (mcmd) and the mean distance(mean) in Sumatera for the Terra, Aqua and NOAA satellites.

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Scientific Report on the Haze Event in Peninsular Malaysia in August 2005 (Part I & Part II)

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Without realizing it, every breath that we breathe contains millions of solid particles and liquid drops consisting of various size, shape and chemical composition.

Aerosol is defined as a mixture of gas and liquid or solid floating in the atmosphere.

Atmospheric aerosol contains various types that exist naturally as soil dust and sand storms, volcanic fires of forest and grass, pollen, spores and bacteria, sea salt, water drops and cloud drops (McMurray 2000) of various ecosystems such as mountains, deserts, land, oceans and forests.

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AOD in August of 2005 (a) 1-31Aug, (b) 1-7 Ogos, (c) 8-14 Aug dan (d) 15-21 Aug Source: Mahmud 2010

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High resolution satellite images during the tsunami in Bandar AcehIn 2004

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NASA

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Water vapour image

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Case study: Tropical Cyclone Vamei

(Grandau and Engle, 2002).33

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Observed Rainfall Gauge Data, 27 & 28 Dec 2001

27 Dec 2001 35

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21 Oct2008

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Infra-red image

Water vapour image

With global warming, stroms areMore furious and bigger

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42Locations near the coast, and over the flat plains of the paddy fields

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El Nino detection

El Niño is a global weather phenomenon, whose impacts cause global famines, floods (The Guardian).

El Niño is a giant pool of warm water found in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, that sets off a chain reaction of weather events around the world.

During an El Nino event, India and Australia are affected by drought, where the weaker monsoon rains reduces the fragile food supply. However, in the US, El Niño is seen as the “great wet hope” whose rains break the searing drought in the west.

In Southeast Asia, El Nino causes drought and exacerbate the forest fires.

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El Niño is large-scale warming of the surface tropical Pacific Ocean.

El Niño events occur every 3-6 years, last 9-12 months, sometimes even up to 18 months, and impacts the world weather.

The major impacts of El Niño are temperature anomalies, changes in precipitation, floods and droughts throughout the world.

El Niño events happen irregularly and can be predicted by the numerical climate models successfully.

El Niño forecasting is becoming more and more reliable (ProQuest)

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Sea surface temperature anomaly in the Pacific Ocean

The mechanism of the EL Nino phenomenon

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Tropical Atmospheric Project (TAO)

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Corals are vulnerable to bleaching when the SST exceeds the temperatures normally experienced in the hottest month.

The Coral Bleaching HotSpot product highlights regions where the SST is warmer than the highest climatological monthly mean SST for that location.

The HotSpot value of 1°C is a threshold for thermal stress leading to coral bleaching.

Global images and data sets are at 0.5-degree (50-km) resolution and are updated twice-weekly. (NASA)

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Climate Change Related Issues

• Deforestation and Carbon Footprints

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Before After

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LANDUSELANDCOVERCHANGES IN NUSAJAYA,JOHOR

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GOSAT (Greenhouse Observing SATellite (IBUKI)

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The only way to avoid catastrophic climate change is to take major steps to reduce global fossil fuel consumption quickly.

The risk of climate catastrophe becomes higher if we delay further.

Many changes in the carbon cycle, such as reduced ocean carbon absorption or releases from melting permafrost, or other unaccounted feedbacks may amplify global warming further in the future.

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The balance between economic development and the economic downturn should be implemented to address the natural disaster problems, environmental issues, climate change in addition to maintaining biological diversity, ecosystems, forests and nature-friendly farming practice.

So increasing demand than the world population increases and the pressure to exploit natural resources is still a continual problem is curbing of sustainable development, especially in poor countries.

Satellite is only a tool that can monitor but human responsibility is to circumvent the occurrence of natural disasters from human practicing unsustainable development.

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Terima KasihThank You

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