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CANNABIS
Genus of flowering plants (Cannabaceae) that include 3 species
Cannabis sativa, C. indica and C. ruderalisIndigenous to Central Asia and South AsiaCannabis has long been used for HempFoodMedicinal purposesPsychoactive drug
Cannabis
Cannabis plants produce a unique family of terpeno-phenolic compounds called cannabinoids
60 cannabinoids have been isolated from the hemp plant and there are naturally occurring cannabinoids in most species called endocannabinoids, in a similar fashion as endorphins (opiates) have been found.
Cannabidiol (CBD) and/or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
ratio of THC to CBD
There are two main receptors for cannabinoids in humansCB1(in brain) if stimulated produces
EuphoriaImpaired short term memory and sense of time
CB2 (in spleen, peripheral sites) if stimulated producesImmunosuppressant activityNot psychoactive
MARIJUANA
HASHISH
HASH OIL
THC
CANNABIS PREPARATONS
PREPARTION OF CANNABISMarijuana
Not a single drug but a complex mixture of over 400 chemicals
Dried flowering tops and leaves of the plantTHC
concentration 0.5% - 5% in the past, now up to 20 – 25%
It can be baked into cookies or cakes.
Dried cannabis buds
Dried, sticky resin of Cannabis plant.
Sold in solid pieces, ranging in colour from light brown to black; ; in texture from dry and hard to soft and crumbly.
Usually crumbled and smoked in pipe or hand-rolled cigarette with tobacco or marijuana.
THC concentration, 2 - 8% or higher
Hashish, hash
Thick, greenish-black, reddish-brown or yellow oil.
obtained by extracting hashish with an organic solvent.
Usually wiped onto a cigarette or rubbed into tobacco and smoked.
THC concentration 15 - 50%
Hash Oil oil, honey oil
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ1-THC
Noncrystalline, waxy liquid at room temperature
11-hydroxy THC 11-Nor-9-carboxy THC (-) Trans-isomer (Marinol) is 6 to 100 times
more potent than (+) trans-isomer(Dronabinol)Water insoluble
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Reduces the nausea and loss of appetite associated with chemotherapy
Can reduce pain signaling Can be used to treat the discomfort of AIDSCan reduce the pressure increases in the
eye associated with glaucomamultiple sclerosis, epilepsy
Therapeutic Actions
How is it used?Leaves and flowering tips are dried
SmokedConsumed as teaMixed into food
Resin from flowering headsSmokedMixed with tobaccoAlcohol extract (cannabis oil) is mixed with tobacco
and smoked
Effects of smoking are felt within a few minutes and last two to four hours. Effects from ingestion (e.g., eaten in baked or cooked foods) appear more gradually and last longer, and the person may feel dull and sluggish for some time afterwards.
Brain regions in which cannabinoid receptors are abundant
Cerebellum
Hippocampus Cerebral cortex,
especially cingulate, frontal, and parietal
regionsNucleus accumbensBasal ganglia
Body movement coordination
Learning and memoryHigher cognitive
functions
RewardMovement control
Calm, relaxed, talkative and sometimes drowsy. Concentration and short-term memory are markedly
impaired.Sensory perception seems enhanced, colours are
brighter, sounds are more distinct.Sense of time and space is distorted. Appetite increases, especially for sweets.impaired coordination and balance, rapid heartbeat,
red eyes, dry mouth and throat.Some experience hallucinations with larger doses
and symptoms worsen in persons with psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia.
decreased motivation and interest, as well as difficulties with memory and concentration.
The respiratory system is damaged by smoking
There is some evidence that tolerance develops in regular high-dose users.
Psychological and physical dependence on cannabis can occur in people who use heavily or regularly.
Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, irritability, sleeping problems, sweating and loss of appetite.