Interactive Notebook Table of Contents

Page Date Std Learning Goal Homework Mastery/Effort

9/30/13

10/1/13

10/2/13

10/3/13

10/4/13

10/7/13

10/8/13

10/9/13

10/10/13

10/11/13

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10/14/13

10/15/13

10/16/13

10/17/13

10/18/13

10/21/13

10/22/13

10/23/13

10/24/13

10/25/13

10/28/13

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10/29/13

10/30/13

10/31/13

Genetics - DNA Unit 2– Overview (5 weeks)Schedule – September 30 through October 31, 2011; Unit Exam Thursday October 31, 2013Key StandardsThe genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA into the cells.Students will describe the processes of genetic engineering and biotechnology and analyze the ethical implications. (5c, 5d) Key Elements:

1. Define the following concepts: genetic engineering, biotechnology, ethical implication2. Describe the processes of genetic engineering and biotechnology.3. Analyze the ethical implications of genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Genes are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA sequence of each organism that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organismStudents will demonstrate the role of DNA and RNA in the processes of replication, transcription, and translation. (1a, 4a, 4b, 4c, 5a, 5b) Key Elements:1. Define DNA, RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA),

replication, transcription, translation, genetic code, codon, anticodon, amino acid, mutation, base pairing, protein, complement, template.

2. Transcribe DNA into mRNA.3. Translate mRNA into an amino acid sequence.4. Explain the role of DNA in each of the following processes: replication, transcription, and

translation.5. Explain the role of RNA in each of the following processes: replication, transcription, and

translation.6. Explain the steps of each of the following processes: replication, transcription, and

translation.

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Textbook – Chapters 12 (pg 324 – 357) 13 (pg 358-387). Class Website – www.marric.us/teaching;

Resources - http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/glossary/index.htmlTentative Schedule9/30 – 10/4 – Chapter 12 – Chemical Structure of DNA, RNA, and Protein10/7 - 10/11 – Chapter 12 – Transcription/Translation Process Diagrams 10/14 - 10/18 – Replication and Mutations and Processing 10/21 – 10/25 - Chapter 13 – Biotechnology – DNA Extraction Lab10/27 - 10/31 – Review

Interactive Notebook Score SheetQuizzes/Formatives Date Score/Max

ScoreRetake Needed (yes or no)

Peer Initial

Parent Initial

Name of Scored Assignment Date Due Score/Max Peer Initials Level of Effort

Histogram – graphic representation of grouped data. Histograms are also called bar graphs. To monitor progress we are going to track how well problems are solved on a daily basis. Each column will represent a day (x axis) and the row progress solving problems with 5 advanced, 4 proficient, 3 basic, 2 below basis, and 1 incomplete (y axis)

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5

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the hereditary material in eukaryotic cells. This hereditary material is DNA whose information is found in DNA’s nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each DNA monomer or subunit is a nucleotide which is made of a phosphate group, a dexoyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base.

DNA is a double stranded helix (ladder) and is complementary in that one strands thymine (T) pairs with the other strands adenine (A). Likewise cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) in accordance with Chargaff’s Rule.

DNA is transcribed (transcription) as messenger RNA that is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by exiting the nuclear pores. DNA needs messenger RNA because DNA is double stranded and cannot exit the nuclear pores whereas RNA is single stranded and can do so.

RNA is made from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (an enzyme that makes a polymer of RNA). Additionally RNA (made of ribose sugar) does not have a thymine base instead RNA has the base uracil (U) which pairs with adenine (A). The hereditary information must get into the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located because ribosomes are the structures where messenger RNA is translated (translation) into a protein (polypeptide with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA). Ribosomes along with tRNA translate the genetic information into a protein by adding one amino acid per three mRNA bases (codons). Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes and tRNA to make proteins –remember viruses do not have ribosomes and cannot make their own proteins.

DNA must also replicate itself when a new cell is needed. The process involves several other enzymes including DNA helicase (opens the helix), DNA polymerase, RNA primase, and DNA ligase. With so many steps and enzymes involved it is a miracle that there are so few errors in the replication process.

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Especially when you consider that a human genome has about 30,000 genes and 3.5 billion base pairs. Nevertheless, mutations do occur: insertions, deletions, substitutions as point mutations or frameshift mutations (insertion or deletion mutations) which can affect the type of protein that is produced. Besides having great repair enzymes the code has a redundancy that helps maintain integrity in that there are multiple codons that code for the same amino acid: 20 amino acids per 64 possible base combinations in a codon (4x4x4). When a mutation does occur the three most common outcomes are cancer, birth defects, or no problem at all. The regulation of gene expression is very complicated and most is known about prokaryote (bacteria) gene regulation. You will learn about two operons or regulatory units called the trp operon and the lac operon. Onward molecular biologists.1. Adenine_________________________________________________________________

2. Amino acid_______________________________________________________________

3. Anticodon________________________________________________________________

4. Base pairing _____________________________________________________________

5. Birth defect_____________________________________________________________

6. Cancer__________________________________________________________________

7. Chromosome______________________________________________________________

8. Codon___________________________________________________________________

9. Complementary strand ______________________________________________________

10.Cytosine_________________________________________________________________

11.Deletion mutation _________________________________________________________

12.Deoxyribose _____________________________________________________________

13.Double helix _____________________________________________________________

14.Enzyme _________________________________________________________________

15.Expressed gene ___________________________________________________________

16.Exon ___________________________________________________________________

17.Frameshift mutation________________________________________________________

18.Gene ___________________________________________________________________

19.Genetic code _____________________________________________________________

20.Genome _________________________________________________________________

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21.Genotype ________________________________________________________________

22.Guanine _________________________________________________________________

23.Hemoglobin______________________________________________________________

24.Heredity ________________________________________________________________

25.Heterozygous_____________________________________________________________

26.Homozygous _____________________________________________________________

27.Intron __________________________________________________________________

28.Insertion mutation _________________________________________________________

29.Inversion mutation _________________________________________________________

30.Ligase __________________________________________________________________

31.Mutation(s) _____________________________________________________________

32.Nitrogen bases____________________________________________________________

33.Nucleotide ______________________________________________________________

34.Okasaki Fragment__________________________________________________________

35.Plasmid__________________________________________________________________

36.Phosphate group___________________________________________________________

37.Polymerase_______________________________________________________________

38.Probability_______________________________________________________________

39.Promoter ________________________________________________________________

40.Protein__________________________________________________________________

41.Purine __________________________________________________________________

42.Pyrimidine _______________________________________________________________

43.Recessive________________________________________________________________

44.Regulatory site ___________________________________________________________

45.Replication ______________________________________________________________

46.Repressor _______________________________________________________________

47.Ribose _________________________________________________________________

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48.Template ________________________________________________________________

49.Thymine ________________________________________________________________

50.Trait __________________________________________________________________

51.Transcription ____________________________________________________________

52.Translation (protein synthesis) _______________________________________________

53.Translocation ____________________________________________________________

54.tryptophan ______________________________________________________________

55.Uracil __________________________________________________________________

56.DNA __________________________________________________________________

57.RNA ___________________________________________________________________

58.tRNA (transfer RNA) ______________________________________________________

59.mRNA (messenger RNA) ____________________________________________________

60.rRNA (ribosomal RNA) ______________________________________________________

61.Biotechnology_____________________________________________________________

62.Clone ___________________________________________________________________

63.Genetic engineering _______________________________________________________

64.Variation ________________________________________________________________

65.3’ (three-prime) ___________________________________________________________

66.5’ (five-prime) ____________________________________________________________

67.Catalyzing_______________________________________________________________

68. Tay-Sacs________________________________________________________________

69.Sickle-Cell Anemia_________________________________________________________

70.Cistic Fibrosis____________________________________________________________

71.Muscular Dystrophy________________________________________________________

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Unit 2 Genetics – DNA Name:______________________________Date:________________ Period:________

1. What are the building blocks of DNA?

2. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest in size?

Nucleus, DNA, Chromosome, nucleotide, cell

3. What are the purine bases and what are the pyrimidine bases for DNA:

a) Purine bases =

b) Pyrimidine bases =

4. A particular sequence of parent DNA has four purine bases and two pyrimidine bases. According to base-pairing rules what are the possible sequences formed during replication:

Represent Purine as Pu and Pyrimidine as Py

5. In which part of the cell does this process shown above take place?6. Structure I in the figure above represents a(n) __________________________________.7. Structure II in the figure above represents a(n) _________________________________.8. Structure III in the figure above represents a(n) ________________________________.9. Structure IV in the figure above represents a(n) _________________________________.10.Structure IV in the figure above represents a(n)__________________________________.11.The process illustrated in the figure above is called _______________________________.12.Which of the structures in the figure above are composed of RNA?13.X-ray evidence was used to discover that the shape of DNA was a _______

. 14.In 1962 a Nobel Prize for Medicine/Physiology was awarded to whom?

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15.The information that directs replication, transcription and translation is found in DNA’s ___________________

16.What is Chargaff’s Rule and how was it important for determining DNA’s structure?

17. This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which six nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them. Which series of bases will complete the strand of DNA?

The messenger RNA codes for six different amino acids are shown in the table below.

18. In one type of mutated gene for hemoglobin, CAC has replaced the normal CTC in the DNA code. What amino acid substitution has taken place in the mutated hemoglobin?

19.Process 1 in the diagram above is known as 20.Process 2 in the diagram above is known as 21.Process 3 in the diagram above is known as

22. What is the product of process 3 as shown in the diagram above,? ______

23. Which process in the diagram above occurs in the nucleus?____________________________

24. Which process in the diagram above occurs in the cytoplasm? _________________________

25.How many bases are needed to specify four amino acids?

26.What is the difference between the lagging strand and the leading strand?

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27.A DNA segment is changed from-AAGTAG- to -AAATAG-. This is a ________________mutation.

28.A DNA segment is changed from -AATTAGAAATAG- to -ATTAGAAATAG-. This is a(n) __________________________ mutation.

29.Here are two related mRNA sequences: 5'UUUAGCGAGCAU3' and 5'UUUAGCCAUAAAAAAAA3'. How was the second sequence formed?

30.Use the amino acid code chart to sequence the following messenger RNA strand into an amino acid strand.

a. AUG

b. UUA

c. CCC

d. CAA

e. UUU

f.

f. What are the 3 stop codons

Help WantedPositions Available in the genetics industry. Hundreds of entry-level openings

for tireless workers. No previous experience necessary. Must be able to transcribe code in a nuclear environment.

Accuracy and Speed vital for this job in the field of translation. Applicants must demonstrate skills in transporting and positioning amino acids. Salary commensurate with experience.

Executive Position available. Must be able to maintain genetic continuity through replication and control cellular activity by regulation of enzyme production. Limited number of openings. All benefits.

Supervisor of production of proteins—all shifts. Must be able to follow exact directions from double-stranded template. Travel from nucleus to the cytoplasm is additional job benefit.

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31.Applicants for the first job of the Help Wanted ad in the table above "Position Available," could qualify if they were ______________________________.

32.Applicants for the second job of the Help Wanted ad in the table above "Accuracy and Speed vital," could qualify if they were ______________________________.

33.Applicants for the third job of the Help Wanted ad in table above "Executive Position," could qualify if they were _________________________.

34.Applicants for the fourth job of the Help Wanted ad in the table above "Supervisor," could qualify if they were ______________________________.

35. What is the mRNA sequence for a strand of DNA reading CACGTAC?

36.The template strand of a piece of DNA being replicated reads: 5'-ATAGGCCGT-3'. A partially synthesized Okazaki fragment is 5'CCTA3'. If the next fragment is four bases long, what is its first base?

37. What type of mutation has occurred in the figure?

38. What will be the result of the mutation in the figure above?

39. This is a template DNA sequence: 3' AATCGCA 5'. This is a partially-completed mRNA strand transcribed from the DNA template: 3'GCGA5'. What is the next

nucleotide that RNA polymerase will attach?

40.Using DNA sequencing, you discover that a bacterium has experienced a deletion mutation that removed three nucleotides. The bacterium appears completely unaffected in all its functions. Where is the mostly likely location for the mutation?

41.Three samples of DNA contain the percentages of nitrogenous bases listed in Table 12-2. According to Chargaff’s law, which two samples probably belong to the same species? Explain why.

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42.You have a building toy set consisting of parts that can be connected together. You are going to use it to model a piece of DNA. You have decided that each part of DNA will be represented by a different type of toy piece. You have chosen the following four pieces so far: adenine = large red cube; guanine = large green cube, thymine = small orange cube; cytosine = small blue cube. How many other types of pieces do you need to represent the remaining parts both the 3-prime and the 5-prime strands of a section of DNA?

43.Describe the parts which are found in each nucleotide found in DNA?a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________

44.Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of ______________________ in DNA is about equal to the percentage of _________________________.

45.DNA is copied during a process called ________________________ 46.How is RNA different from DNA?

47.Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? 48.What is produced during transcription? 49.During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed:

a. Inside the ____________________b. Is _____________-strandedc. Is ___________________ to one of the strands of DNA

50.Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon?

51.Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code?

52.What happens during the process of translation?

53.The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce _____________.

54.During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the ___________________on the mRNA and the _________________ on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached.

55.Explain the following types of gene mutations:

a. Insertion -

b. Deletion -15

c. Substitution -

d. Point mutation –

e. Frame-shift mutation -

56.What is a promoter?

57.RNA polymerase is used to ________________________________________________.

58.An expressed gene is turned ___________.

59.Proteins that bind to ____________________________ on DNA determine whether a gene is expressed.

60.If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is ______________________________________

61.A bacterium that was once able survive in a tryptophan-free environment is now unable to synthesize its own tryptophan. The bacterium is otherwise unaffected. Where is the most likely location for the mutation causing the change?

62.What can result when a mutation to DNA occurs?

63.Under certain conditions RNA can perform additional functions which include?

64.Describe the following enzymes:

a. DNA helicase –

b. DNA ligase –

c. DNA polymerase -

d. RNA primase -

e. RNA polymerase -

65.What are introns and exons?

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66.Compare and contrast the trp operon and the lac operon

67.What are plasmids and how are they used in biotechnology

DNA - The Double HelixRecall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction, and heredity. Chromosomes are microscopic, threadlike strands composed of the chemical DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins (histones). This DNA is called chromosomes when the DNA molecule is condensed (moving during mitosis or meiosis) or chromatin when the DNA is relaxed (working). In simple terms, DNA controls the production of proteins within the cell. These proteins in turn, form the structural units of cells and control all chemical processes within the cell. Think of proteins as the building blocks for an organism, proteins make up your skin, your hair, parts of individual cells. How you look is largely determined by the proteins that are made. The proteins that are made are determined by the sequence of DNA in the nucleus.

Chromosomes are composed of genes, which is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein which in turn codes for a trait. Hence you hear it commonly referred to as the gene for baldness or the gene for blue eyes. Meanwhile, DNA is the chemical that genes and chromosomes are made of. DNA is called a nucleic acid because it was first found in the nucleus. We now know that DNA is also found in organelles, the mitochondria and chloroplasts, though it is the DNA in the nucleus that actually controls the cell's workings.

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick established the structure of DNA. The shape of DNA is a double helix (color the title black), which is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is deoxyribose. Color all the phosphates pink (one is labeled with a "p"). Color all the deoxyriboses blue (one is labeled with a "D").

The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. The bases are known by their coded letters A, G, T, C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to thymine. Guanine will only bond with cytosine. This is known as the "Base-Pair Rule". The bases can occur in any order along a strand of DNA. The order of these bases is the code that contains the instructions. For instance ATGCACATA would code for a different gene than AATTACGGA. A strand of DNA contains millions of bases. (For simplicity, the image only contains a few.)

Color the thymines orange.

Color the adenines green.

Color the guanines purple.

Color the cytosines yellow.

Note that that the bases attach to the sides of the ladder at the sugars and not the phosphate.

The DNA helix is actually made of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three molecules: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate which links the sugars together, and then one of the four bases. Two of the bases are purines - adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. Note that the pyrimidines are single ringed and the purines are double ringed. Color the nucleotides using the same colors as you colored them in the double helix.

The two sides of the DNA ladder are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds. The DNA can actually "unzip" when it needs to replicate - or make a copy of itself as it does during interphase in a cell’s life cycle prior to mitosis. DNA needs to copy itself when a cell divides, so that the new cells each contain an exact copy of the DNA. Without these instructions, the new cells wouldn't have the correct information. When an alteration occurs uncontrolled cell growth can occur as does in cancerous cells. The hydrogen bonds are represented by small circles. Color the hydrogen bonds grey.

Messenger RNA17

So, now, we know the nucleus controls the cell's activities through the chemical DNA, but how? It is the sequence of bases that determine which protein is to be made. The sequence is like a code that we can now interpret. The sequence determines which proteins are made and the proteins determine which activities will be performed. And that is how the nucleus is the control center of the cell. The only problem is that the DNA is too big to go through the nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane. So a chemical is used to read the DNA in the nucleus. That chemical is messenger RNA. The messenger RNA (mRNA) is small enough to go through the nuclear pores. It takes the "message" of the DNA to the ribosomes and "tells them" what proteins are to be made. Recall that proteins are the body's building blocks. Imagine that the code taken to the ribosomes is telling the ribosome what is needed - like a recipe. Messenger RNA is similar to DNA, except that it is a single strand, and it has no thymine. Instead of thymine, mRNA contains the base Uracil. In addition to that difference, mRNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. Color the mRNA as you did the DNA, except:Color the ribose a DARKER BLUE, and the uracil brown.

The Blueprint of LifeEvery cell in your body has the same "blueprint" or the same DNA. Like the blueprints of a house tell the builders how to construct a house, the DNA "blueprint" tells the cell how to build the organism. Yet, how can a heart be so different from a brain if all the cells contain the same instructions? Although much work remains in genetics, it has become apparent that a cell has the ability to turn off most genes and only work with the genes necessary to do a job. We also know that a lot of DNA apparently is nonsense and codes for nothing. These regions of DNA that do not code for proteins are called "introns", sometimes "junk DNA", or “intervening sequence” and these regions remain in the nucleus. The sections of DNA that do actually code from proteins are called "exons" and these become part of the final RNA that exits the nucleus.

1. Write out the full name for DNA. _____________________________________________

2. What is a gene? _______________________________________________________

3. Where in the cell are chromosomes located? _______________________________________________________

4. DNA can be found in what two organelles? _________________________________________________________

5. What two scientists established the structure of DNA? ______________________________________________

6. What is the shape of DNA? ______________________________________

7. What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of? ________________________________________

8. What are the "rungs" of the DNA ladder made of? _______________________________________________________

9. What sugar is found in DNA? _______________________ In RNA? ____________________

10. How do the bases bond together? A bonds with _____ G bonds with _______

11. The two purines in DNA are ______________________________________________________.

12. DNA is made of repeating units called _______________________________________________________

13. Why is RNA necessary to act as a messenger? Why can't the code be taken directly from the DNA?

14. Proteins are made where in the cell?

15. How do some cells become brain cells and others become skin cells, when the DNA in ALL the cells is exactly the same. In other words, if the instructions are exactly the same, how does one cell become a brain cell and another a skin cell?

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16. Why is DNA called the "Blueprint of Life"?

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DNA Double Helix

DNA/RNA Structure Standards5a. Students know the chemical structure of DNA, RNA, and protein.

1. Students know that all cells contain the molecule DNA which stores and transfers genetic information.

Prokaryotes store DNA in the _____________ Eukaryotes store DNA in the ____________

2. Students can describe the structure of DNA as a double stranded molecule consisting of nucleotides. The backbone of the DNA molecule consists of “sugar phosphate” units while the “rungs” consist of nitrogen-containing bases. [A, G, C, & T].

3. Students can describe the structure of RNA as a single-

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We Love DNA (to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”)! We love DNA Made of nucleotides. Sugar, phosphate and a base Bonded down one side. Adenine and thymine Make a lovely pair. Cytosine without guanine Would feel very bare.

stranded molecule consisting of the same A, G, and C nucleotides but with Uracil instead of Thymine.

4. Students can identify the two different types of RNA [mRNA and tRNA] and describe their functions.

Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three subunits: a five-carbon pentose sugar, a phosphoric acid group, and one of four nitrogen bases. (For DNA these nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.) DNA and RNA differ in a number of major ways. A DNA nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, but RNA contains ribose sugar. The nitrogen bases in RNA are the same as those in DNA except that thymine is replaced by uracil. RNA consists of only one strand of nucleotides instead of two as in DNA. The DNA molecule consists of two strands twisted around each other into a double helix resembling a ladder twisted around its long axis. The outside, or uprights, of the ladder are formed by the two sugar-phosphate backbones. The rungs of the ladder are composed of pairs of nitrogen bases, one extending from each upright. In DNA these nitrogen bases always pair so that T pairs with A, and G pairs with C. This pairing is the reason DNA acts as a template for its own replication. The bonds between the nitrogen bases are hydrogen bonds which are relatively weak allowing DNA to be separated for replication and transcription. RNA exists in many structural forms, many of which play different roles in protein synthesis. The mRNA form serves as a template during protein synthesis, and its codons are recognized by aminoacylated tRNAs. Protein and rRNA make up the structure of the ribosome.

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DNA vs RNA

Proteins are polymers composed of amino acid monomers. Different types of proteins function as enzymes, transport molecules, hormones, structural components of cells, and antibodies that fight infection. Most cells in an individual organism carry the same set of DNA instructions but do not use the entire DNA set all the time. Only a small amount of the DNA appropriate to the function of that cell is expressed. Genes are, therefore, turned on or turned off as needed by the cell (regulated), and the products coded by these genes are produced only when required.

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The base________________ pairs with _____________. The base ___________ Pairs with __________.This is called complementary base pairs. Thus one strand of the DNA is complementary to the other strand (opposite/matching). 5’-----3’ 3’-----5’

The structure of DNA resembles a twisted ladder. Which part of the nucleotide is found comprising the “rungs” of the ladder?Which part of the nucleotide is found comprising the “frame” of the ladder?

The molecule transcribed/coded directly from DNA is represented by number __ and is called ____________________

The ____________________ can leave the _______________ through the ________________and enter the ___________________ because the molecule is _______________________ not _____________________.

Structure 2 is called a _____________ or _________________ because it carries an amino acid and can help ___________________ the genetic code. because it consists of three nucleotides. The structure 2 recognizes a __________________ because it has a complementary _________________.

Structure 3 is the building blocks of _________________.

Structure 4 is the __________________ which holds the messenger RNA so that translation using the transfer RNA can occur.

The bond labeled 5, formed between two amino acids, is known as a __________________________

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Which of the following units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA?1. amino acids2. fatty acids

3. nucleotides4. polysaccharides

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The weakest bonds in a double-stranded molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid exist between the______________(1) deoxyribose sugars (2) phosphate groups (3) nitrogenous bases

(4) 5-carbon sugars

Molecules C, D, and E will combine to form part of _______________________________1. DNA2. RNA3. a polysaccharide 4. a polypeptide

Structure B represents a molecule of ____________________________________1. nuclear DNA 2. cytoplasmic DNA 3. ribosomal RNA 4. transfer RNA

How many codons are located on the messenger RNA molecule in the diagram?

The type of molecule represented at A is synthesized according to a template found in1. DNA 2. RNA 3. dipeptides4. amino acids

The process shown here would occur in the _____________________ of a cell

One similarity between DNA and messenger RNA molecules is that they both contain1. the same sugar2. genetic codes based on sequences of bases3. a nitrogenous base known as uracil4. double-stranded polymers

Which of the following features of DNA is most important in determining the phenotype of an organism?

1. the direction of the helical twist2. the number of deoxyribose sugars3. the sequence of nitrogenous bases4. the strength of the hydrogen bonds

A portion of one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence shown : ACCTGAAGG

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Assuming there are no mutations in this portion of the DNA, what is the corresponding sequence on the complementary DNA strand?

1. ACCTGAAGG2. GTTCAGGAA3. TGGACTTCC4. UGGACUUCC

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Transcription RNA, Ribonucleic Acid is very similar to DNA. RNA normally exists as a single strand (and not the double stranded double helix of DNA). It contains the same bases, adenine, guanine and cytosine. However, there is no thymine found in RNA, instead there is a similar compound called uracil. Also the sugar in RNA is different from DNA. Ribose is the RNA sugar while deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA

Transcription is the process by which RNA is made from DNA. It occurs in the nucleus. Label the box with the x in it near the nucleus with the word TRANSCRIPTION and proceed to color the bases according to the key below

Thymine = orange

Adenine = dark green

Guanine = purple Cytosine = yellow Uracil = brown

Color the strand of DNA light blue (D) and the strand of mRNA dark blue (R). Color the nuclear membrane (E) black.

Translation

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically on the ribosomes. The mRNA made in the nucleus travels out of the nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm and the ribosome so that the "message" of the DNA can be carried out. Here at the ribosome, the message will be translated into an amino acid sequence. Color the ribosome light green (Y) and note how the mRNA strand threads through the ribosome like a tape measure and the amino

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acids are assembled. The mRNA strand in the translation area should also be colored light blue, as it was colored in the nucleus.

Label the box with the X that is located in the cytoplasm with the word TRANSLATION.

Important to the process of translation is another type of RNA called Transfer RNA (F) which functions to carry the amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome. Color the tRNA red.

A tRNA has two important areas. 1) The anticodon, which matches the codon on the mRNA strand and 2) the amino acid located on top of the tRNA. Remember that codons are sets of three bases that code for a single amino acid. Make sure you color the bases of the anticodon the same color as the bases on your DNA and mRNA strand - they are the same molecules!

At the top of the tRNA is the amino acid. There are twenty amino acids that can combine together to form proteins of all kinds, these are the proteins that are used in life processes. When you digest your food for instance, you are using enzymes that were originally proteins that were assembled from amino acids. Each tRNA has a different amino acid which link together like box cars on a train. Color all the amino acids (M) pink.

Questions:

1. How many different kinds of bases can be found on DNA _____

2. What base is found on RNA but not on DNA? _____________

3. How many bases are in a codon? ______ In an anticodon? ____________

4. How many amino acids are attached to a single transfer RNA? _______

5. Transcription occurs in the _________; translation occurs in the ____________.

6. The process of making RNA from DNA is called ___________________ and it occurs in the

___________________

7. The process of assembling a protein from RNA is called _________________ and it occurs in the

_______________

8. What will the last amino acid added to the protein in the picture? __________________________________

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DNA Structure Review1. The structure of DNA is made up subunits shown on the diagram by an

X. This subunit is called a ________________.2. The rings labeled A, T, G, and C represent ______________________.3. The pentagon shaped structures in the molecule are sugars which in

DNA are ______________.4. The shape of DNA is described as a ______________________________.5. Before a cell goes through either mitosis (an identical cell formed) or meiosis (a gamete

cell such as an egg or sperm formed) the process of ____________________ must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus.

6. There are two types of nitrogen bases purines (double-ringed) such as ________________ and pyrimidines (single-ringed) such as ______________________. In 1950, Erwin Chargaff and colleagues examined the chemical composition of DNA and demonstrated that the amount of adenine always equals that of thymine, and the amount of guanine always equals that of cytosine. This observation became known as Chargaff's rule. Therefore because of these base-pairing relationships the amount of ________________ is equal to the amount of ____________________ in DNA. Describe the base-pairing rules that are used to form complementary strands of DNA

7. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: 5’ TAC GAT 3’. What is the complementary strand of DNA?

8. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases 3’ CTAGGT 5’ produces a strand with the bases:

9. The three basic steps for DNA replication are listed below. Write the name of enzyme responsible for each step

a. Unwinding -b. Adding nucleotides complementary to a parent strand – c. Attaching fragments together -

10.DNA replication is called semi-conservative because the new strands that are produced consist of one ________ strand and one __________ strand. The strand that is leading strand is replicated ___________________. The complementary strand requires RNA primers to provide a 5’ end and produces fragments called _________________ fragments.

11.DNA replication occurs in the ____________________, another process that occurs in the nucleus is ___________________ which produces _______________________ that leaves the nucleus and enters the ________________. The final step of the central dogma is the production of proteins that involve specific amino acid carrying delivery trucks _______________ that bind to ribosomes – protein factories based on a ________ sequence.

Replication

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2. What is the difference between the lagging strand and the leading strand?

Describe the function of the following enzymes involved in replication3. DNA helicase –

4. DNA ligase –

5. DNA polymerase –

6. RNA primase –

7. The template strand of a piece of DNA being replicated reads: 5'-ATAGGCCGT-3'. A partially synthesized Okazaki fragment is 5'CCTA3'. If the next fragment is four bases long, what is its first base?

DNA Repair8. This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in

which six nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them. Which series of bases will complete the strand of DNA?

9. A particular sequence of parent DNA has five purine bases and two pyrimidine bases. According to base-pairing rules, which of the following sequences could be formed during replication?

a. two cytosine, three adenine, two thymineb. two cytosine, three adenine, two uracilc. three adenine, two thymine, one guanine, one cytosined. three adenine, two guanine, two cytosine

10.Explain how replication occurs, include enzymes involved and describe the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication.

Translation

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1. In which part of the cell does this process shown above take place? 2. Structure I in the figure above represents a(n) _______________________________3. Structure II in the figure above represents a(n) ______________________________4. Structure III in the figure above represents a(n) _____________________________5. Structure IV in the figure above represents a(n) ______________________________6. Structure IV in the figure above represents a(n) ______________________________7. What is translation?

8. Which of the structures in the figure above are composed of RNA?

The messenger RNA codes for six different amino acids are shown in the table below.

9. In one type of mutated gene for hemoglobin, CAC has replaced the normal CTC in the DNA code. What amino acid substitution has taken place in the mutated hemoglobin?

10.Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon?

11.The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce _______________.12.During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide

depends on the _____________on the mRNA and the _____________ on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached.

Translate the following messenger RNA sequences

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MESSENGER RNA CODONS FOR AMINO ACIDSAmino Acid Messenger RNA CodonsArginine CGU, CGC, CGA, CGGCysteine UGU, UGCGlutamic acid

GAA, GAG

Leucine CUU, CUC, CUA, CUGSerine AGU, AGCValine GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG

13. UAC CGU GGA

14.CGC ACA GCA

15.CCA ACC AGA

16.AUG GCC UAC

17.GGU CUA GUU

18.UAG AUG CCC

19.CCG CAU UGG

20.GAC AAU UCG

21.AUG UUU UAA

22.Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells?a. skin cancerb. reduced functioning of the skin cellc. no change in functioning of the skin celld. the person's offspring have mutated skin

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