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GeneticsChapter 7GeneticsChapter 7
Mr. FemiaBiology
Mr. FemiaBiology
Heredity
• Heredity – characteristics inherited from parents to offspring through genes
Genetics
• The study of genes and heredity
Traits
• Characteristics that are inherited through genes
Gregor Mendel
• A monk in the 1800s
• First to identify heredity
Garden Peas
• Studied the traits in garden peas– Tall/short– Round/wrinkled– Green/yellow pods– Purple/white
flowers
Background information
• Each trait or characteristic has 2 copies of DNA that code for that trait
• Each copy of the trait is called an allele
• Each organism has two copies of each allele
Conclusions
• Mendel had certain rules for heredity– Characteristic, unit
factor/gene/height– Two contrasting
traits/alleles/tall or short• Another example pod
color – green/yellow
The Rule of Dominance
• Alleles can be either dominant or recessive (strong or weak)– Dominant alleles are observable– Recessive alleles are not usually
observable, when the dominant allele is present
The Law of Segregation
• Alleles for a gene separate when forming a sperm and egg
Law of Independent assortment
• Alleles for different genes are distributed to sperm and egg independently
• Could be – tall and fat– Short and thin– Tall and thin– Short and fat
• Why all siblings do not look exactly alike
Dominant
• The allele that is expressed – you can see it
• Use the first letter of the word and capitalize it
• C curly hair• B brown hair
**Recessive**
• The allele that is not expressed• It is covered up by the dominant
allele• It is there you just cannot see it• Use the lower case for of the
dominant allele• c for straight hair• b blonde hair
Phenotype
• The way an organism physically looks– Brown hair, tall
Genotype
• The copies of alleles or genes that an organism has
• BB, Bb, bb/ TT, Tt, tt
Homozygous – (homo same)
• Pure• When an organism has 2 copies of
the same allele• BB – homozygous dominant• bb – homozygous recessive
Heterozygous (hetero means different)
• Hybrid• When an organism has 2 different
alleles for a gene• Bb, Gg etc.
Parent Generation P1
• The 2 organisms that are used to reproduce
F1 generation
• The offspring - babies
F2 generation
• The babies of the F1 or the grandchildren of the P1
Incomplete dominance
• There is no dominant alleleor recessive allele• The 2 alleles are blended and make up a new physical
appearance• Ex. A red allele and a white allele
can make a pink flower
Co dominance
• There is no dominant or recessive allele but both are expressed
• Ex: a chicken with white feathers mates with a chicken with black feathers and they have offspring with black
and white feathers
**Punnett Square**
• A way of organizing genetics so that scientist can determine the genotype of the offspring of 2 individuals
• If 2 plants have a baby – predict what it would look like!
Monohybrid
• One cross because you are looking at only one trait
Dihybrid
• Two crosses - you are looking at 2 traits
Pedigree
• A diagram representing a family tree
• The alleles that each person in the family has
Monohybrid Punnett Square Problems
• Height – tall is dominant to short• Symbol for tall _______• Symbol for short _____• Phenotype –
– Homozygous tall male X short female
• Genotype– Male _____ X Female ______
P1 Punnett Square
– F1 genotype ratio
– F1 phenotype ratio
Monohybrid Punnett Square Problems
• Height – tall is dominant to short• Symbol for tall _______• Symbol for short _____• Phenotype – • _______ male X _______ female• Genotype
– Male _____ X Female ______
F1 Punnett Square
– F2 genotype ratio
– F2 phenotype ratio