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Reprodukční mechanismy rostlin Radim J. Vašut 2012 © S. & K. Mandl

Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

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Page 1: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Reprodukční mechanismy

rostlin

Radim J. Vašut

2012

© S. & K. Mandl

Page 2: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

I. Paradox sexuálního rozmnožování („Paradox of sex“)

II. Apomixie

III.Taraxacum jako model pro studium apomixie

Outline

Page 3: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

I.Sexuální rozmnožování

- alogamie

- autogamie

II. Klonální rozmnožování

(= apomixie)

- vegetativní

- apomixie s.str.

- (přechodné)

Rozmnožování u rostlin

Page 4: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Albrecht Dürer, Adam a Eva

(Museo del Prado, Madrid)

„Paradox of sex“:

"cost of males“

Page 5: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

- DVOJNÁSOBNÁ CENA SEXU

- vytvoření druhého pohlaví (které se navíc vůbec nerozmnožuje)

- kompetice o zdroje (potravy)

- investice do „rande“

- investice do páření

- cost of meiosis (neefiktivní přenos genů, „genome dilution“)

-

"cost of males“ John Maynard Smith 1971

van Dijk, van Damme 2000

Page 6: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Indus river Delta

„Tangled Bank Hypothesis“ Michael Ghiselin, 1974

Page 7: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

„Muller's ratchet “ Hermann Joseph Muller, 1964

Page 8: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

„Kondrashov‘s Hatchet“ Leigh van Valen, 1973

Page 9: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Lewis Caroll, Alice in Wonderland

„Red Queen Hypothesis“ Leigh van Valen, 1973

"It takes all the running you can do,

to keep in the same place."

constant 'arms race'

Page 10: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

„Red Queen Hypothesis“

Page 11: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Klonální rozmnožování pomocí semen

Neúplný sex: nedokončená megasporogeneze

Raunkiaer, 1903

Apomixie

Page 12: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Ve 140 rodech

• široce rozšířená

• přesto vzácná

Rosaceae

Poaceae

Asteraceae

Vázana na polyploidii

Apomixie u Krytosemenných

Page 13: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Geografická partenogeneze

40N

50N

60N

10W 0 10E 20E 30ERozšíření sex-apo

pampelišek v EU

Page 14: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

a) diplosporie

b) aposporie

c) (embryonie)

Hlavní typy apomixie

Bicknell & Koltunow 2004

Page 15: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Meiotická diplosporie

2 geny regulující apospori

– Diplosporie (DIP)

– Partenogeneze (PAR)

Aposporie Především Rosaceae a

Asteraceae

„Gametofyt tvořen z vegetativních buněk sporangia“

- analogicky některé severoamerické kapradiny

Page 16: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

a) Mitotická diplosporie

Antennaria, Hieracium, Trisetum, Arabis b) Meiotická diplosporie

Taraxacum, Chondrilla, Youngia

3 geny regulující apospori

– Diplosporie (DIP)

– Partenogeneze (PAR)

– ? (AUT??)

Typ nejbližší meióze

Diplosporie

Page 17: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three putative elements • Diplospory DIP (microsatellites) • Parthenogenesis PAR (Nomarski DIC mic) • Autonomous Endosperm Development END (FCSC)

Apomixis as a whole segregates in mode that indicates

three dominant genes are involved in its regulation

Embryo Apomicts (3x)

„Recombinants“ 3C

3C

6C

Degenerated Egg Cell

Page 18: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

• Genetický uniformní potomstvo

• Evolučně vývojová slepá větev

Genetické důsledky apomixie

Page 19: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

+

Rodokmen Lucemburků

+

+

+

Eliška Přemyslovna Apomiktická

Page 20: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

• Genetický uniformní potomstvo

• Evolučně vývojová slepá větev

Genetické důsledky apomixie

• SEX – APO cyklus (2x – 3x cyklus)

van Dijk 2003, Vašut, van Dijk et al. in prep.

Page 21: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Hybridization

Hybridization recombinationcrossing-over

Repeated hybridization

recombinationcrossing-over;under natural

selection

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Mutation accumulation Mutation accumulation

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Purely apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Mixed sexual-apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Hybridization

Hybridization recombinationcrossing-over

Repeated hybridization

recombinationcrossing-over;under natural

selection

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Mutation accumulation Mutation accumulation

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Purely apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Mixed sexual-apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Page 22: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Hybridization

Hybridization recombinationcrossing-over

Repeated hybridization

recombinationcrossing-over;under natural

selection

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Mutation accumulation Mutation accumulation

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Purely apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Mixed sexual-apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Page 23: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Hybridization

Hybridization recombinationcrossing-over

Repeated hybridization

recombinationcrossing-over;under natural

selection

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Mutation accumulation Mutation accumulation

Random diploid sexualfrom the population

Purely apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Mixed sexual-apomictic population - Triploid apomicts

Page 24: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

- Determinace Sexu

- Rekombinační suprese

- Akumulace mutací

- Absence funkčních genů

- Delší fylogenetické stáří

Paralela APO regionu s Y-chromozómem

Page 25: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Meiotická diplosporie

3 geny regulující apomixii

– Diplosporie (DIP)

– Partenogeneze (PAR)

– ?

ca. 55 sekcí – většinou apomikté

Apomixie v rodu Taraxacum

Page 26: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

A) Segregation of Apomixis DIP (3x) PAR (3x) END (3x)

PAR (2x) DIP (2x) END (2x)

? 2x

3x

Page 27: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

B) Segregation of microsatellites

Microsatellites analysed in order to see how the chromosomes segregates in male meiosis

gametes

gametes

Diploid Sexual Triploid Apomict

x

– Two SSR markers are linked to DIP; one to PAR

– DIP and PAR belong to different linkage groups

– Significant absence of alleles linked to DIP and PAR has been observed in haploid pollen grains

Page 28: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

B) Segregation of microsatellites

msta53 msta67 msta 74 msta 78 msta 64 msta 105 msta 131 expected ratio

msta 44b

msta53 msta67 msta 74 msta 78 msta 64 msta 105 msta 131 expected ratio

msta 44b

distribution of single alleles in haploid pollen grains of triploid apomict

distribution of single alleles in diploid pollen grains of triploid apomict

Page 29: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Structural heterozygosity

Díky absenci rekombinace dochází k izolaci chromozómových sádek – chromozómy se chovají jako cizí.

Page 30: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Apomictic dandelions Sexual dandelions

2n=2x=16 2n=3x=24

n=8 n=8

n=8 n=8

n=8

n=16

n=5 n=11

Page 31: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Apomictic dandelions Sexual dandelions

Page 32: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Apomictic dandelions Sexual dandelions

2n=2x=16 2n=3x=24

n=8 n=8

+

2n=2x=16

Page 33: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Sexual dandelions

Page 34: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

2n=2x=16

?

?

? ?

Page 35: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

2n=2x=16

?

?

? ?

Structural heterozygosity n=1–16

Page 36: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

?

?

? ?

Unequal meiosis in apomictic parent

2n=2x=16

n=10, 9, (8), 7, 6

Page 37: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Some results – Pachytene

16–13–11 (IR) 16–6–8 (regular pollen)

Page 38: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Dominantní gen (převažující názor)

Recesivní gen (Mogie, Richards)

Hybridizace (Carman)

Epigenetika (nejnovější přístup)

Evoluce apomixie

Hörandl 2006

Page 39: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

Parvula

Erythrosperma

Tibetana

Ruderalia

Scariosa Leucantha Mongolica

Alpina

Antarctica

Apomixie v rodu Taraxacum

Page 40: Genetics and Evolution of Apomixis in Taraxacum Is ...botany.upol.cz/pagedata_cz/vyukove-materialy/64... · A) Segregation of apomixis Diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum – three

T. sect. Stenoloba (Ladakh, India)

T. sect. Scariosa (Malta) T. sect. Leucantha

(Ladakh, India)

DIP locus – příbuzné taxony

Stenoloba

Scariosa

Leucantha

Erythrosperma

T. sect. Erythrosperma (stř. Evropa)

2n = 3x 2n = 4x

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Literatura

Olivia P. Judson – Sexuální poradna Dr. Tatjany

(evoluce) Asker SE, Jerling L

Savidan Y.

(apomixie)