INTRODUCTION

Vegetables occupy an important place in crop diversification

and play a key role in food nutrition and economic security of our

country. India ranks second in the vegetable production. In India

vegetables are grown largely on commercial scale in an area of 7.2

Mha with production of 113.5Mt.

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Monech] commonly known

as Bhindi is one of the most important vegetable crop grown for its

tender and delicious green fruits during both summer and rainy

season. Okra is said to be native of tropical Africa (Joshi et al. 1974).

Okra belongs to the family Malvaceae. The genus Abelmoschus

comprises nine species.

It is a hardy crop. It can be grown with considerable success on

a wide range of soil under variable environmental conditions. It has

high nutritive value and good export potential. Apart from its use as

vegetable it also has medicinal properties. Leaves are used for

preparing a medicament to reduce inflammation. It is an excellent

source of iodine for control of goiter. It is good for people who are

suffering from weakness of heart. The stem and roots of okra are used

for clearing the cane juice in Gur preparation.

Okra cultivars are erect annuals becoming woody at maturity.

The plant often reaches 60 to 180 cm in height. The flower open

shortly after sunrise and remain open until about noon. Petals wilt in

the afternoon and usually fall the following day.

Okra is predominantly a self pollinated crop but natural out

crossing to the extent of 8.75% has been reported by Purewal and

Randhawa 1947. It is an interesting crop to the breeder and genetictist

for its monadelphous conditions. Okra being an often cross pollinated

crop posses greater variability. Crop improvement depends upon the

magnitude of genetic variability existing in the population and the

1

extent to which the desired characters are heritable. Presence of

genetic variability in a population is of primary importance for any

successful breeding programme.

Heritability is a suitable measure for assessing the magnitude of

genetic portion of total variability and aid to make improvement in crop

by selection for various characters. Heritability is an index of

transmissibility of a character from parents to their off springs. But

heritability alone does not give true picture of genetic improvement

through selection, therefore, study of Genetic advance coupled with

heritability are more useful in predicting the resultant effect of

selection. Genetic advance gives an idea about additive nature of

gene action.

The most important among attributes of a plant is its yielding

ability, for rational approach to the improvement of yield it is essential

to have detail information on the association among different yield

component. Correlation arises due to linkage, plietropism and

developmental genetic interaction. Correlation of quantitative

attributes would help in choosing component characters that are

positively correlated.

In view of the above facts, the present studies entitled “Genetic

variability and Correlation studies in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus

(L.) Moench”) has been carried out with following objectives.

1. To estimate various parameters of genetic variability.

2. To find out interrelationship in yield and its component at

phenotypic and genotypic level.

3. To estimate heritable effects for different quantitative traits.

4. To identify most suitable and performing genotypes in Jabalpur

conditions.

2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

An attempt has been made to study the “Genetic

variability and correlation study in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)

Moench]”.The relevant and available literature on different aspects

studied during the course of this investigation are reviewed here

briefly as :-

2.1 Genotypic coefficient of variation (G.C.V.) and Phenotypic

coefficient of variation (P.C.V.)

2.2 Heritability and Genetic advance

2.3 Correlation studies

2.1 Genotypic coefficient of variation (G.C.V.) and Phenotypic

coefficient of variation (P.C.V.)

Genotypic coefficient of variation gives information on the extent

of genetic variability present for a particular character. Fisher (1918)

proposed the idea of partitioning of genetic variance.

Singh et al. (1974) observed high genotypic coefficient of

variation for plant height, number of effective nodes, number of

branches per plant, fruit yield per plant in okra. High phenotypic

coefficient of variation observed for girth of fruit, number of effective

nodes and low phenotypic coefficient of variation observed for days to

50% flowering and first fruiting in okra.

Thaker et al. (1981) reported high Genotypic coefficient of

variation for plant height, days to 50% flowering, fruit length, fruit

weight, number of effective nodes and fruit yield per plant in okra.

Vijay and Manohar (1990) estimated high Genotypic coefficient

of variation for days to 50% flowering, number of effective nodes,

number of branches per plant, fruit yield per plant and low Genotypic

coefficient of variation observed for first fruiting nodes in okra. High

phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for internodal length.

3

Patel and Dalal (1992) observed high genotypic coefficient of

variation for plant height and number of branches per plant in okra.

Deo et al. (1996) recorded high genotypic coefficient of variation

for plant height, number of effective nodes, number of branches per

plant, fruit yield per plant and high phenotypic coefficient of variation

recorded for plant height and number of branches per plant in okra.

Bindu et al. (1997) observed high genotypic coefficient of

variation for plant height, fruit weight, number of effective nodes,

number of branches per plant, fruit yield per plant and high phenotypic

coefficient of variation observed for plant height ,number of effective

nodes and number of branches per plant in okra.

Panda and Singh (1997) and Dhankar and Dhankar (2002)

found high genotypic coefficient of variation and high phenotypic

coefficient of variation for number of branches per plant, fruit yield per

plant,number of fruits per plant and plant height.

Dhall et al. (2003) observed high genotypic coefficient of

variation and high phenotypic coefficient of variation for plant height,

total yield per plant, marketable yield per plant, number of fruits per

plant and virus incidence.

Bendale et al. (2003) examined thirty okra genotypes for first

flowering node, pod length, pod weight, plant height, nodes per plant,

internodal length, number of branches per plant, seeds per pod,100

seed weight, number of pods per plant and yield per plant. The

phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters was higher

than genotypic coefficient of variation. Number of branches per plant,

yield per plant and number of pods per plant showed high genotypic

coefficient of variation and high phenotypic coefficient of variation.

Bali et al. (2004) evaluated 31 diverse genotypes of okra for

yield and combining characters and noticed high phenotypic

coefficient of variation as well as high genotypic coefficient of variation

for seed yield per plant, number of branches per plant, internodal

length and fruit yield per plant.

4

Singh and Singh (2006) observed high genotypic coefficient of

variation and high phenotypic coefficient of variation for number of

branches per plant, fruit yield per plant, tapering length, plant height

and fruit length.

Singh et al. (2006) estimated high genotypic coefficient of

variation and high phenotypic coefficient of variation for internodal

length, number of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant,

number of seeds per pod and fruit yield per plant.

Jaiprakashnarayan et al. (2006) observed high genotypic

coefficient of variation and high phenotypic coefficient of variation for

plant height at 100 days after sowing, number of branches per plant

and internodal length. Moderate genotypic coefficient of variation and

phenotypic coefficient of variation for number of nodes on main stem,

number of nodes at first flowering and number of leaves at 100 days

after sowing. Low, genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic

coefficient of variation exhibited by days to first flowering and days to

50% flowering.

Singh et al. (2007) observed high magnitude of genotypic

coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation for

number of branches per plant, plant height, number of fruits per plant

and fruit yield. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than

corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation.

2.2 Heritability and genetic advance

The relative amount of heritable portion of total variation was

found out with the help of heritability estimates with the help of

heritability estimates and genetic advance. Lush (1940) defined the

broad sense heritability as the ratio of genetic variance to the total

variance. Robinson et al. (1949) defined the narrow sense heritability

as the ratio of additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance.

Larner (1954) and Johnson et al. (1955) emphasized that

heritability estimates when studied in conjunction with genetic

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advance would provide more appropriate information than the study of

heritability alone.

Pratap et al. (1979) studied the yield and its components in okra

and found high narrow sense heritability for all characters except yield

per plant, number of fruits per plant and plant height in okra.

Thaker et al. (1981) reported moderate heritability and high

genetic advance for plant height and number of effective nodes. High

genetic advance was observed for days taken to first flowering, fruit

weight and yield per plant and low genetic advance recorded for fruit

length in okra.

Vijay and Manohar (1990) observed high heritability for plant

height, fruit weight, number of branches per plant and low genetic

advance was observed for fruit length and fruit girth.

Jeypandi and Balakrishnan (1992) noticed that heritability

coupled with genetic advance were highest for yield per plant and

plant height.

Patel and Dalal (1992) reported high heritability estimates for

yield and its components in seven genotypes and their F1 hybrids. Pod

attributes were found to have moderate heritability estimates.

Sood et al. (1995) observed high heritability and genetic

advance on twelve characters. The node at which the first fruit set,

plant height and nodes per plant had high heritability values coupled

with high to moderate genetic advance.

Bindu et al. (1997) reported high heritability for plant height, fruit

length, fruit weight, number of effective nodes, while moderate

heritability number of branches per plant.

Panda and Singh (1997) reported high heritability estimates

coupled with high genetic advance for plant height, number of pods

and total pod yield per plant and suggested to improve these traits

through selection.

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Paiva et al. (1998) conducted an experiment in 11 okra cultivars

and estimated high heritability for fruit length, diameter, fruit weight,

plant height and number of branches per plant.

Dhall et al. (2001) recorded that characters like fruit length, plant

height, number of fruits per plant and virus incidence exhibited high

heritability along with high genetic advance indicating the dominant

gene action.

Dhankar and Dhankar (2002) reported that fruit yield, number of

fruits per plant and plant height showed moderate to high heritability in

both the years. The genetic advance was found medium to low for all

the traits which indicates that there is limited scope for improvement

through selection procedures.

Bali et al. (2004) reported high heritability along with high

genetic advance for seed yield per plant, number of seeds per pod,

number of fruits per plant, internodal length and total fruit yield per

plant indicating the influence of additive gene effect.

Patro and Ravisankar (2004) observed high heritability for

number of branches per plant, yield per plant and high genetic

advance for fruit yield per plant and plant height.

Indurani and Veerargavathatham (2005) noticed high heritability

coupled with high genetic advance for characters such as plant height

at first flower bud appearance, number of fruits per plant and yield per

plant.

Singh et al. (2006) observed high heritability coupled with high

genetic advance for number of seeds per pod, internodal length,

number of branches per plant, fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per

plant, plant height and 100 seed weight.

Jaiprakashnarayan et al. (2006) observed high heritability

coupled with high genetic advance for plant height 100 days after

sowing, internodal length, number of nodes on main stem, number of

nodes at first flowering and number of leaves at 45 days after sowing.

7

High heritability with low genetic advance observed for days to first

flower and days to 50% flowering in okra.

Singh and Singh (2006) noted high heritability days to first

flowering, first fruiting node length and high heritability with high

genetic advance was observed for first fruiting node length, number of

branches per plant, tapering length and fruit yield per plant.

Sunil et al. (2007) observed high heritability coupled with

moderate genetic advance for days to flowering, number of node per

plant, internodal length, fruit number per plant and yield per plant.

High heritability coupled with low genetic advance was observed for

plant height. Low heritability coupled with high genetic advance for

fruit width, tapering length of fruit and low heritability with low genetic

advance for fruit length in okra.

Singh et al. (2007) estimated high values of heritability for plant

height, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield, fruit length, fruit girth and

number of branches per plant. High heritability coupled with moderate

genetic advance for all the characters except for nodes at which first

flower appear, indicating that additive gene affects were more

important for these characters.

2.3 Correlation studies

Yield is the complex character hence it is necessary to know the

importance and association of various yield contributing components

with yield and within themselves. This is possible by determining the

correlation coefficients (r) between the combining traits and yield.

Singh et al. (1975) reported moderate to high positive

correlation between days to flowering and maturity, plant height with

internodal length and pod length with pod width.

Ajimal et al. (1979) observed positive correlation of yield with

number of fruits per plant, number of nodes and internodal length.

Number of days to first flowering showed direct contribution to yield

followed by number of nodes and number of fruits per plant.

8

Mishra and Singh (1985) observed that plant height, pod weight,

number of nodes on main stem had significant and positive correlation

with yield per plant where as days to 50 % flowering showed negative

association with yield per plant.

Shukla (1990) reported in his studies with 19 okra cultivars that

fruit yield had a significant positive correlation with number of fruits per

plant, number of nodes per plant and fruit length.

Sood et al. (1995) reported correlation among all combinations

of 12 characters and observed nodes per plant, duration of edible

pods, plant height and pod length had strong positive correlation with

yield.

Yadav (1996) found significant and positive correlation between

yield per plant and number of fruits per plant. He also observed that

days to fruiting showed significant and positive correlation with length

of fruit and width of fruit. Likewise height of plant showed significant

and positive correlation with length of fruit.

Rajani and Manju (1997) reported that nodes per plant, duration

of availability of edible pods, plant height and pod length had strong

positive correlation with yield.

Paiva et al. (1998) reported in an experiment with 11 okra

cultivars revealed that number of fruiting nodes on main stem, plant

height, number of fruits, earliness and yield were highly correlated.

The investigation indicated that possibilities of developing early, short

and high yielding cultivars by exploiting aforesaid associationship.

Hazare and Basu (2000) observed that fruits yield per plant was

significantly and positively associated with plant height, where as days

to days to first flowering showed negative association with number of

fruits per plant.

Dhall et al. (2000) reported that marketable yield per plant, fruit

weight, fruit length, number of fruits per plant and plant height were

significantly and positively associated with total yield per plant in okra.

9

Gandhi et al. (2002) reported that the dry fruit yield was highly

and significantly dependent on number of nodes per plant, internodal

length, number of fruits per plant and seed yield per plant. The

interdependency of other characters on each others was also

recorded.

Dhankar and Dhankar (2002) observed that fruit yield was

significantly and positively correlated with the number of fruits and

branches per plant and plant height but was negatively correlated with

days to 50% flowering. The number of fruits per plant was positively

associated with number of branches per plant and plant height was

negatively correlated with days to 50% flowering. Fruit yield can be

improved through selection for higher number of fruits and branches

and medium height.

Singh and Singh (2002) observed that plant height, fruit length

and number of fruits were positively associated with fruit weight per

plant in F2 generation.

Kamal et al. (2003) estimated that yield per plant was positively

and highly significantly correlated with number of nodes per plant,

width of fruit and number of fruits per plant.

Bendale et al. (2003) examined 30 okra genotypes and found

that pod length, pod weight, plant height, nodes per plant and number

of pods per plant were positively correlated with the yield.

Niranjan and Mishra (2003) observed that fruit yield was

positively and significantly correlated with edibility period of fruits,

number of fruits per plant, fruit length, number of seeds per fruit, fruit

weight, plant height and number of branches per plant at both

genotypic and phenotypic levels. Associations were significant at the

genotypic levels only between edibility period of fruit and number of

branches per plant. All characters had positive and significant

association among each other at both levels.

Jaiprakashnarayan and Mulge (2004) noticed that total yield per

plant was positively and significantly correlated with number of fruits

10

per plant, average fruit weight, number of nodes on main stem, fruit

length, plant height at 60 and 100 days after sowing and number of

leaves at 45 and 100 days, but negatively and significantly correlated

with number of locules per fruit, number of nodes at first flowering and

first fruiting.

Singh et al. (2006) reported that fruit yield per plant was

positively and significantly correlated with fruit length, fruit diameter,

fruit weight and number of fruits per plant.

Patro and Sankar (2006) observed that yield per plant showed a

highly significant and positive correlation with germination percentage,

number of branches per plant, number of ridges per fruit, fruit weight,

number of seeds per fruit and 100 seed weight.

Mohapatra et al. (2007) evaluated 23 genotype of okra for

different yield traits as well as yellow vein mosaic virus and estimated

that total fresh yield per plant had a positive and significant phenotypic

and genotypic correlation with number of fruits per plant, fruit girth,

fruit diameter, internodal distance and fruit weight.

Singh et al. (2007) observed that fruit yield had significant

positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with number of fruit, fruit

length and plant height. Number of fruit showed significant positive

genotypic and phenotypic associations with plant height and fruit

length.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment entitled “Genetic variability and Correlation

studies in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] was conducted

at Horticulture Complex, Maharajpur, Department of Horticulture,

JNKVV, Jabalpur during kharif 2008-09.

The materials used and methods followed in the present

investigation are given in this chapter.

3.1 Experimental sites

The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Complex,

Maharajpur, Department of Horticulture, JNKVV, Jabalpur.

3.1.1 Soil

The soil of the experimental field was clay loam with good

drainage and uniform texture with medium NPK (Table 1).

Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of the soil of experimental site

S.No. Constitute Value Interpretation1. Physical(i) Sand 10.45 --(ii) Silt 36.21 --(iii) Clay 53.41 --2. Chemical(i) Organic carbon (%) 0.55 Low(ii) Available nitrogen

(kg/ha) 220.00 Low

(iii) Available phosphorus (kg/ha)

9.60 Low

(iv) Available potassium (kg/ha)

820.00 High

(v) Soil pH 7.30 Slightly Alkaline(vi) Electrical

conductivity (dsm-1.) 0.50 normal

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3.1.2 Climate and weather conditions

Jabalpur is situated in ‘Kymore plateau’ agroclimatic region of

Madhya Pradesh at 23.91˚ North latitude,79.5˚ East longitude and on

an altitude of 411.78 meters above the mean sea level. The tropic of

cancer passes through the middle of the district. The climate of region

is typically semi arid and sub tropical having extreme winter and

summer. The average annual rainfall is 1350 mm which is mostly

received during June to October from South-West monsoon. The

average maximum temperature is 46˚ C and minimum temperature is

6.8˚ C. The average annual relative humidity is 74% (Table 2).

Table 2. Meteorological information (week wise) during the crop season

MonthMeteo. Week

Temperature (0C)

Relative humidity

(%)Rainfall (mm)

No. of

rainy days

Sunshine (hr.)

Wind speed (cm/hr

)Max. Min. Max. Min.

June   

23 42.5 28.4 32 13 - - 7.5 4.9

24 43.3 30.2 33 15 - - 6.2 5.0

25 40.1 27.5 60 34 51.4 2 3.9 6.2

26 30.6 24.4 88 76 94.1 4 1.5 6.7

July    

27 26.9 23.3 95 83 474.0 6 3.3 12.0

28 30.6 24.5 91 78 151.8 3 4.1 4.5

29 30.5 24.5 86 74 90.8 4 3.5 4.5

30 31.4 24.6 89 74 88.6 5 4.0 4.6

31 29.4 24.6 94 83 120.2 6 3.2 5.1

August   

32 29.3 24.0 91 70 19.4 2 6.0 7.3

33 29.1 24.3 91 80 116.4 4 5.7 5.4

34 27.7 23.5 91 77 10.8 4 6.1 5.8

35 33.0 24.6 84 55 1.0 1 8.9 3.7

Sept.   

36 31.9 24.2 91 81 91.8 6 5.6 1.5

37 29.8 23.8 93 79 251.2 7 6.0 6.0

38 30.0 24.1 89 69 18.2 3 4.3 6.1

39 30.6 23.0 87 60 17.8 2 6.1 4.1

Oct.    

40 32.2 20.6 85 43 0.0 0 8.7 2.1

41 32.1 19.3 89 45 0.0 0 8.8 2.2

42 29.0 21.1 92 66 5.2 1 4.8 2.8

43 28.7 16.7 93 43 0.0 0 8.2 2.4

44 28.1 12.2 92 20 0.0 0 7.2 1.1

13

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3.2 Experimental Material

The experimental material for this study includes genotypes of

okra collected from different research institutes. Genotypes are as

follows:

1. EC-169536

2. EC-169456-A

3. IC- 433615

4. IC-117301

5. IC-140927

6. IC-155360

7. IC-282292

8. IC-282288

9. IC-305623

10. EC-89899

11. IC-90172

12. IC-90173

13. IC-411698

14. IC-421931

15. JAE-1

16. JAE-2 (Sonal)

17. JAE-3

18. JAE-4 (OH-152)

19. JAE-5

20. JAE-6 (Shravan)

21. JAE-7 (Tulsi)

22. JAE-8 (Kanchan)

23. JAE-9 (US-7003)

24. VRO-6

25. Arka Anamika

26. Parbhani Kranti

15

Fig. 2. Plan of the layout experimental plot (Completely Randomized Block Design)

N

13 14

Rep

licat

ion

Bor

der

1 26

Rep

licat

ion

Bor

der

13 14

12 15 2 25 12 15

11 16 3 24 11 16

10 17 4 23 10 17

9 18 5 22 9 18

8 19 6 21 819

7 20 7 20 7 20

6 21 8 19 6 21

5 22 9 18 5 22

4 23 10 17 4 23

3 24 11 16 3 24

2 25 12 15 2 25

1 26 13 14 1 26

RI RII RIII

14.30 m

52.8 m

1.8 m 1.0 m0.5 m

3.6

m

16

3.3 Experimental details

3.3.1 Design of experiment

The experiment was laid out in complete randomized block

design (CRBD) with 26 treatments and three replications. The

experimental details are as follows.

Design : CRBD

Replication : Three (3)

Treatment : Twenty six (26)

Total number of plots : Seventy eight (78)

Plot size : 1.8 x 3.6 m

Row to row distance : 60 cm

Plant to plant distance : 45 cm

Number of rows in each plot : 3

Number of plants per row : 8

Total number of plants per plot : 24

Gross area of experimental field : 14.3 x 52.8 m

Number of plants for observations per plot : 5

Plot to plot distance : 0.5 m

Distance between replication : 1 m

Crop : okra

Season : Kharif

Date of sowing : 29th June 08

Fertilizer dose (NPK) : 120:60:60 kg/hac

17

3.3 Field preparation and sowing

In order to get good tilth of the soil for sowing one cross

cultivation was done by tractor drawn cultivator followed by two

harrowing and one planking before sowing of seed.

In the beginning of experiment, 2-3 seeds were dibbled. After

two weeks of sowing, thinning was carried out to maintain single plant

per hill. All the recommended package of practices was followed to

raise healthy crop.

3.3.3 Observations

Five representative plants in each plot were selected randomly

and tagged for recording data for various plant characters.

3.3.3.1 Plant height (cm)

Height of the plant was recorded from base just above the soil

surface to growing point of the plant. The height was recorded at 30,

60 and 90 days after sowing.

3.3.3.2 Number of nodes to first flower

Number of nodes to first flower was counted at the time of first

flowering.

3.3.3.3 Days taken to first flowering

Number of days required from date of sowing to first flowering

was recorded.

3.3.3.4 Days to 50 percent flowering

Number of days required from the date of sowing to fifty percent

flowering in each genotype was recorded separately.

3.3.3.5 Weight of fruit (g)

The weight of five fruits were recorded separately with the

help of balance and average was worked out for each genotypes.

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3.3.3.6 Length of fruit (cm)

The length of fruit was measured from randomly selected five

fruits from every genotype with the help of scale and then average

was recorded from each genotype.

3.3.3.7 Girth of fruit (cm)

The girth of the randomly selected fruits was recorded at

different positions such as base, middle and at top with the help of

thread and scale and average was worked out.

3.3.3.8 Number of fruits per plant

The numbers of fruits harvested from five randomly selected

plants in each genotype were collected during each picking counted

and totaled together and average number of fruits per plant was

calculated.

3.3.3.9 Number of seeds per fruit

Numbers of seeds in five randomly selected fruits harvested

from observational plants were counted and average number of seeds

per fruit was recorded.

3.3.3.10 Test weight (g)

The weight of 100 seeds was recorded from randomly

selected fruits obtained from each treatment.

3.3.3.11 Internodal length (cm)

The internodal length of five randomly selected plants was

recorded from places such as length at the base, middle and top with

the help of scale and average was worked out for each treatments.

3.3.3.12 Number of branches per plant

Number of branches per plant was recorded at the time of last

picking.

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3.3.3.13 Yield per plant (g)

Picking of fresh marketable okra fruits has been done from

the observational plants separately throughout the harvesting period

at the interval of 3 days. It was totaled and the average yield per plant

in each treatment was worked out.

3.3.3.14 Yield per plot (kg)

The fruit yield was recorded on plot basis and yield data was

pooled for all the picking.

3.3.3.15 Yield per hectare (Q)

The yield per hectare was obtained from the yield per plot by

multiplying with the factor 15.43.

3.3.3.16 Fruiting span

Fruiting span means the duration between the first and the last

picking was recorded to know the fruiting span of each genotype.

3.4 Statistical Methodology

The data obtained in respect of all the characters has been

subjected to the following statistical analyses.

Mean: It was calculated by using following formula.

Mean (X)=∑X

N

Where;

∑X = The sum of all the observation

N = Number of observation.

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Analysis of variance

The data for different characters were statistically analyzed on the

basis of modal described by panes and Sukhatme (1978) for complete

randomized block design. (CRBD)

Table 3. Arrangement of data from CRBD

TreatmentReplication

Total1 Y11 Y12 Y13 -

1 Y11 Y12 Y13 - Y1r T1

2 Y21 Y22 Y23 - Y2r T2

3 Y31 Y32 Y33 - Y3r T3

- - - - - - -

t Yt1 Yt2 Yt3 - Ytr Tt

R1 R2 R3 - Rt G.T.

Model yij = + ti + ri + eij

Yij = Phenotypic performance of ith treatment in jth block

= General mean

ti = ith treatment effect

rj = jth replication effect

eij = Random error

for work out the standard error for comparison of the means on

ANOVA table is prepared for completely randomized block design.

Table 4. ANOVA for completely randomized block design

Source d.f.Sum of square

Mean sum of squares

F. value

Replication r-1 RSS RMS RMS/EMS

Treatment t-1 TSS TMS TMS/EMS

Error (r-1)(t-1) ESS EMS

Total rt-1

Where;

r = Number of replications

t = Number of treatments

d.f. = Degree of freedom

21

R.S.S. = replication sum of square

T.S.S. = Total sum of square

E.S.S. = Error sum of square

R.M.S. = Replication mean sum of square

T.M.S. = Treatment mean sum of square

EMS = Error mean sum of square

A significant value of F test indicates that the test entire differ

significantly among themselves which requires computing C.D.

C.V.= E.M.S.X100

G.M.S.

C.D. = t(0.05) x S.E. (d)

Where;

C.V. = Coefficient of variation

S.E. (d) = Standard error of difference

GM = Grand mean

C.D. = Critical difference

t(0.05) = t-value 5% probability level

Genotypic variance (i2g) =TMS – EMS

r

Where;

TMS = Treatment mean sum of square

EMS = Error mean sum of square

r = Number of replication

Phenotypic variance (i2p) = i2g + i2e

Where;

i2g = genotypic variance

i2e = Environment variance

Environment variance = Error variance

22

Variability studies

The genetic coefficient of variation is relative measure of genetic

variability. It is useful for comparing different character’s under this

study.

Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV)

Genotypic coefficient of variation was computed as per the

method suggested by Burton (1952).

Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV)

Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV)= Genotypic variance

X 100X

Where;

X = Mean of the character

Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)

Phenotypic coefficient of variation was computed by dividing the

square root of phenotypic variance by population mean and

multiplying by 100.

Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)= Phenotypic variance

X 100X

X = Mean of the character

Heritability estimates (h2)

Heritability of character on the other hand is an index of its

transmissibility. In broad sense, it may be defined as the proportion of

genotypic variance to phenotypic variance and is calculated by the

formula suggested by Hansen et al. (1956).

h2 =2g

X 1002P

23

Where;

h2 = Heritability estimates in broad sense

2G = Genotypic variance

2P = Phenotypic variance

Genetic advance (GA)

The genetic advance was calculated by the following formula

suggested by Johnson et al. (1955).

GA = H x 2P x K

Where;

GA = Genetic advance

H = Heritability

2P = Phenotypic standard deviation

K = Selection differential at 5% selection intensity

Value of K = 2.06 at 5 per cent level (Lush, 1949) expected

genetic advance is always expressed in per cent over mean

EGA in % of mean=Expected genetic advance

X 100X

Where; X = Mean of character

Correlation coefficient:

Correlation coefficients were calculated for combination of all

characters under study at genotypic and phenotypic level with the help

of formula suggested by Miller et al. (1958).

rxixj =Cov. (XiXj)

Var (xi) Var. (Xj)

24

Where;

rxixj = Correlation coefficient between characters xi and xj

Cov. (XiXj) = Covariance between characters xi and xj

Var (xi) = Variance of ith characters

Var (xj) = Variance of jth character

25

RESULT

4.1 Analysis of variance

The analysis of variance showed significant differences due to

treatments for all the growth and yield attributing characters under

study. The estimated values are depicted in Table 5.

4.2 Range and mean performance

The mean performances of the genotypes for all the 18

characters are depicted in Table 7.

4.2.1 Plant height (30, 60, 90 DAS)

The plant height of okra at 30 days varied form 13.60 to 21.87

cm with a mean performance of 18.42 cm, JAE 5 had lowest height

(15.03 cm) while IC-90172 recorded maximum plant height of 22.13

cm.

On 60th day it was observed that mean plant height, was 50.93

cm and it ranged from 41.09 to 63.70 cm EC-169836 produced the

lowest (43.96 cm) plant height while VRO-6 showed the maximum

plant height (63.30 cm).

In respect of plant height on 90th day the range was between

94.80 to 114.77 cm. minimum plant height was observed in EC-

169536, where as maximum was in IC-90172 (114.70 cm). The

average was 103.43 cm.

4.2.2 Number of nodes to first flower

The number of nodes to first flower varied from 3.43 to 7.00 with

an average of 5.30. The lowest number of node to first flower was

observed in EC-169456-A (3.43) and the highest was in JAE-8

(kanchan) (7.00).

26

27

Table 5. Analysis of variance for eighteen characters in twenty-six okra genotypes.

Source of

variationD.F.

Plant height (cm) Number of nodes at

1stflowering

Days to

1st

flowering

Days to

50%

flowering

Wt. of fruit(g)

Length of fruit

(cm)

Girth of fruit

(cm)30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS

Replication 2 3.137544 22.27401 9.8126 0.059509 1.551282 4.769231 1.104509 2.412436 0.100497Treatment 25 15.95594 74.7978 76.781 2.619017 24.74051 23.99385 23.85027 11.16122 0.36683Error 50 2.620401 7.336752 17.0348 0.813549 7.071282 7.129231 3.032165 1.892169 0.030311

F-cal 6.0891** 10.19495** 4.5073** 3.21924** 3.498731** 3.365559** 7.8657** 5.8986** 12.102**C.D 2.8152 4.7107 7.1779 1.5686 4.624 4.6436 3.0283 2.392291 0.3027

Cont..Cont..

Source of

variationD.F

No. of

fruits/plant

No. of

seeds/fruit

Test wt.

(g)

Internodal length

(cm)

No. of

branches/

plant

Yield/plant

(g)

Yield/plot

(kg)Yield (Q/ha)

Fruiting span

Replication 2 1.3624 23.02705 1.32994 1.44761 0.231667 0.000213 0.092108 21.17601 24.78205Treatment 25 15.438 82.62815 2.032566 2.41743 1.712985 0.007201 3.910268 930.4955 84.19538Error 50 2.3488 6.999318 0.247362 0.55212 0.2926 0.001293 0.891052 211.2749 12.47538F-cal 6.5728** 11.805** 8.216955** 4.378** 5.854356** 5.568471** 4.388** 4.404** 6.7489*8C.D 2.6653 4.601102 0.86497 1.2922 0.9407 62.5 1.6416 25.27 6.1427** significant at 5% level of significance

Table No: 6. a. Mean performance of eighteen characters in twenty six genotypes of okra

28

GenotypesPlant height (cm) No. of nodes to

first flowerDays to 1st

floweringDays to 50%

floweringWt. of fruit

(g)Length

of fruit (cm)Girth of

fruit (cm)30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DASEC-169536 18.50 43.96 94.80 4.83 38.33 42.66 11.95 12.73 4.93EC-169456-A 21.25 47.63 99.03 3.43 35.33 38.66 14.68 15.20 5.03IC-433615 17.13 49.17 103.07 4.57 37.67 40.33 17.85 13.60 4.58IC-117301 22.10 53.37 106.70 5.07 35.67 41.00 12.38 16.30 5.54IC-140927 19.47 55.30 109.13 4.37 36.33 39.67 15.00 17.30 5.47IC-T55360 19.03 53.37 107.43 4.67 34.33 38.67 15.44 18.80 5.22IC-282292 15.20 46.13 99.77 4.37 36.33 42.33 21.11 18.83 5.28IC-282288 14.03 41.09 98.63 4.77 38.33 42.67 21.77 17.27 5.05IC-305623 18.54 55.00 105.87 4.13 34.33 37.67 17.69 17.83 4.92EC-89899 17.03 46.67 100.63 5.00 40.00 43.50 20.48 18.93 5.00IC-90172 21.38 57.80 114.77 5.43 39.67 41.00 14.77 21.73 4.51IC-90173 22.13 56.37 112.90 6.55 35.33 42.67 23.20 17.70 5.48IC-411698 18.38 52.77 108.93 6.20 36.00 40.00 18.73 19.30 5.35IC-421931 16.82 50.77 101.07 5.70 42.67 46.67 16.95 17.73 4.99JAE-1 13.60 45.80 101.43 6.27 40.33 44.33 18.80 17.67 4.63JAE-2 (Sonal) 18.03 49.90 108.77 4.80 34.67 39.33 14.94 16.37 5.42JAE-3 16.93 49.43 98.57 5.87 35.33 37.67 17.70 15.73 4.55JAE-4(OH-152) 17.67 50.67 104.63 4.67 35.33 39.00 21.81 15.73 4.95JAE-5 15.03 50.17 95.07 6.47 39.00 43.00 17.47 16.80 4.57JAE-6 (Shravan) 21.87 54.67 107.03 5.10 39.33 42.00 19.43 16.77 5.12JAE-7 (Tulsi) 20.47 55.37 104.97 6.53 36.97 41.67 16.25 13.90 5.63JAE-8 (Kanchan) 16.43 44.50 100.13 7.00 38.33 43.67 14.44 16.07 4.73JAE-9 (US-7003) 18.53 52.73 102.27 6.47 45.67 49.67 17.94 16.90 5.42VRO-6 19.73 63.30 105.33 4.43 36.33 40.33 17.26 15.63 5.40Arka Anamika 20.73 51.90 97.77 6.23 38.33 42.33 16.48 18.20 4.71

29

Parbhani kranti 18.77 46.17 101.07 4.67 42.67 46.00 15.04 14.80 4.71

Table No : 6. b. Mean performance of eighteen characters in twenty six genotypes of okra

GenotypesNo. of

fruits/plantNo. of

seeds/fruitTest wt.

(g)Internodal

length (cm)No. of

branches/plantYield/plant

(g)Yield/plot

(kg)Yield(Q/ha)

Fruiting span

EC-169536 17.83 55.60 7.44 4.16 2.66 210 5.13 79.1 62.33EC-169456-A 15.60 59.26 6.57 3.66 3.26 220 5.49 84.80 65.00IC-433615 13.73 51.27 5.89 3.56 2.67 250 5.88 90.75 68.00IC-117301 16.07 57.20 7.15 4.25 3.20 200 4.77 73.65 71.00IC-140927 18.73 48.87 5.48 3.78 4.07 280 6.75 104.11 76.33IC-T55360 13.07 49.40 6.67 3.43 1.87 200 4.88 75.33 70.00IC-282292 13.20 48.67 5.27 4.22 2.33 270 6.37 98.32 62.67IC-282288 17.27 52.33 7.37 4.17 2.33 380 9.02 138.67 64.00IC-305623 17.47 47.53 6.51 3.53 1.07 310 7.41 114.42 64.00EC-89899 10.80 41.73 5.66 4.77 2.20 220 5.31 81.78 68.33IC-90172 12.93 46.40 4.94 4.71 3.60 190 4.56 70.35 62.67IC-90173 12.87 50.40 7.41 4.99 3.43 300 7.15 110.36 60.67IC-411698 16.13 52.87 6.60 5.50 2.73 300 7.25 111.83 62.00IC-421931 13.60 52.87 7.29 6.12 3.13 230 5.53 85.35 67.33JAE-1 15.80 49.27 4.97 5.10 3.07 300 7.19 111.00 63.00JAE-2(Sonal) 17.73 57.60 6.80 4.21 3.13 260 6.36 98.13 74.00JAE-3 13.67 58.87 5.00 4.85 1.87 240 6.01 92.40 77.33JAE-4(OH-152 13.93 45.73 5.79 4.63 2.13 300 7.29 112.56 71.00JAE-5 20.00 39.53 5.94 5.20 2.27 350 8.40 129.69 65.00JAE-6(Shravan) 14.07 52.53 6.25 4.99 3.87 270 6.56 101.20 74.67JAE-7 (Tulsi) 16.60 55.67 5.56 6.46 3.33 270 6.47 112.56 73.33JAE-8(Kanchan) 12.40 53.40 6.90 6.27 2.47 180 3.73 72.99 62.00JAE-9(US-7003) 16.27 40.43 6.41 6.44 4.37 290 5.70 87.67 68.00VRO-6 13.80 50.70 6.07 5.36 2.67 240 5.71 101.20 77.67Arka Anamika© 15.20 52.80 5.92 5.15 2.33 250 6.01 92.73 63.00Parbhani kranti© 13.93 49.87 7.85 5.42 3.47 210 5.03 77.47 65.00

30

4.2.3 Days to first flowering

In respect of days taken to initiation of flower the range

observed was 34.00 to 45.67 with an average of 37.89 days. The

maximum days taken to flower initiation was observed in JAE- 9

(45.67 days) where as minimum days taken to initiation of flower was

observed in IC-155360 and IC-305623 (34.33 days).

4.2.4 Days taken to 50 percent flowering

Days taken to 50 percent flowering varied from 37.67 to 49.67

days and the average was 41.76 days. The maximum days taken to

50 percent flowering was observed in JAE-9 and minimum days taken

to 50 percent flowering were observed in IC-305623 (37.67 days).

4.2.5 Weight of fruit (g)

In respect of weight of fruit. The range was observed from 11.95

to 21.85 g and the average was 17.25 g. The maximum weight of fruit

was recorded in IC-90173 (23.20g) and minimum weight of fruit was

showed by EC-169536 (11.95g).

4.2.6 Length of fruit (cm)

The average length of fruit was16.80 cm and range was12.73 to

21.73 cm. The longest fruit length was depicted in IC-90172 (21.73

cm) while shortest was observed in EC-169536 (12.73 cm).

4.2.7 Girth of fruit (cm)

The girth of fruit varied from 4.51 to 5.63 cm with an average of

5.04 cm. The maximum girth observed in JAE-7 (Tulsi) (5.63 cm)

where as minimum was in IC-90172 (4.51 cm).

4.2.8 Number of fruits per plant

31

In respect of number of fruits per plant the range was 10.80 to

20.00. highest number of fruits per plant was observed in JAE-5

(20.00) where as lowest was depicted in EC-89899 (10.80).

4.2.9 Number of seeds per fruit

The number of seed per fruit varied from 39.53 to 59.20 with an

average of 53.60. JAE-5 had produced lowest number of seed per fruit

(39.53) and EC-169456-A had highest number of seeds per fruit

(59.20).

4.2.10 Test weight (g)

The test weight ranged from 4.94 to 7.85 g with an average of

6.30. Maximum test weight was recorded by Parbhani kranti (7.85g)

and minimum test weight recorded by IC-90172 (4.94 g).

4.2.11 Internodal length (cm)

The internodal length varied from 3.43 to 6.46 cm with a mean

performance of 4.80 cm. IC-155360 had lowest internodal length (3.43

cm) while JAE-7 gave maximum internodal length (6.46 cm).

4.2.12 Number of branches per plant

In case of number of branches per plant the mean was 2.83 and

ranged from 1.07 to 4.37. IC-305623 produced the lowest number of

branches (1.07) while JAF-9 showed highest number of branches per

plant (4.37).

4.2.13 Yield per plant (g)

The yield per plant varied from 180 to 380 g with the average of

260g. Highest yielding genotype was IC-282288 (380g) while JAE-8

(kanchan) gave the lowest yield per plant (180g).

4.2.14 Yield per plot (kg)

32

The yield per plot ranged from 3.73 to 9.02 kg with an average

of 6.15 kg. The lowest yield per plot was observed in JAE-8 (kanchan)

(3.37 kg) and highest (9.02 kg) was in IC-282288.

4.2.14 Yield per hectare(Q/ha)

It was observed in case of yield per hectare the mean was

95.49q/ha and it ranged from 72.99 to 138.67q/ha. The genotype IC-

282288 produced highest yield (138.67q/ha) and genotype JAE-8

(kanchan) produced lowest yield (72.99q/ha).

4.2.15 Fruiting span (days)

The average fruiting span was 67.63. The range for fruiting span

in the genotypes studied was 60.67 to 77.67 days. The maximum

fruiting span was observed in VRO-6 (77.67) while the minimum

fruiting span was observed in IC-90173 (60.67).

4.3 Genetic variability studies

4.3.1 Genotypic coefficient of variation

It is revealed from the Table 7 that genotypic coefficient of

variation was recorded from 4.27 percent (plant height at 90 DAS) to

24.33 percent (Number of branches per plant) for different characters

under study. High genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for

number of branches (24.33) per plant, yield per plant (17.26), yield per

plot (17.65), internodal length (16.40), weight of fruit (15.39), number

of fruits per plant (13.76) and number of nodes to first flower (14.66),

while low genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for plant

height at 30 DAS (11.92%), plant height at 60 DAS (9.30) plant height

at 90 DAS (4.27%), days to first flowering (6.40), days to 50%

flowering (5.67%), girth of fruit (6.63%), number of seeds per fruit

(9.29%), fruiting span (7.23%).

33

4.3.2 Phenotypic coefficient of variation

It is observed from table 7 that the phenotypic coefficient of

variation ranges from 5.80 percent (plant height at 90 DAS) to 30.94

(no of branches per plant) for different character under studied.

High phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for the

characters viz, number of branches per plant (30.94%), yield per plant

34

Table No: 7. Variability and genetic parameters for eighteen characters in okra

Characters Mean

RangeP.C.V.

(%)G.C.V.

(%)Heritability

(%)

Genetic advance

(as a % of mean)

Lowest Highest

Plant height at 30 DAS (cm) 18.42 13.60 21.87 15.34 11.92 60.38 19.08Plant height at 60 DAS (cm) 50.93 41.09 63.70 10.72 9.31 75.40 16.65Plant height at 90 DAS (cm) 103.43 94.80 114.77 5.79 4.27 54.36 6.49No. of nodes at 1st flowering 5.30 3.43 7.00 22.48 14.66 42.52 19.69Days to 1st flowering 37.89 34.00 45.67 9.49 6.40 45.44 8.89Days to 50% flowering 41.76 37.67 49.67 8.54 5.68 44.08 7.76Weight of fruit(g) 17.25 11.95 21.85 18.24 15.29 70.21 26.39Length of fruit(cm) 16.80 12.73 21.73 13.27 10.46 62.01 16.96Girth of fruit(cm) 5.04 4.51 5.63 7.48 6.64 78.72 12.13No. of fruits/plant 15.10 10.80 20.00 16.39 13.76 70.42 23.79No. of seeds/fruit 53.60 39.53 59.20 10.53 9.29 77.67 16.86Test weight (g) 6.30 4.94 7.85 14.72 12.49 72.01 21.85Internodal length(cm) 4.80 3.43 6.46 22.54 16.40 52.96 24.60No. of branches/plant 2.83 1.07 4.37 30.94 24.32 61.80 39.40Yield/plant (g) 260.00 190.00 380.00 21.97 17.26 61.70 27.93Yield/plot(kg) 6.15 3.73 9.02 23.10 17.65 58.24 27.72Yield Q/ha 95.49 72.99 138.67 22.21 16.18 53.05 24.27Fruiting span 67.63 60.67 77.67 8.91 7.23 65.71 12.07

35

(21.97%), yield per plot (23.10%), yield per hectare (22.21%),

number of nodes to first flowering ( 22.48%), internodal length (22.54

%), weight of fruit (28.24 %), number of fruits per plant (16.40 %).

However, low phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for the

characters plant height at 90 DAS (5.80 %),girth of fruit (7.48 %), days

to 50% flowering (8.54%), fruiting span (8.91%), days to first flowering

(9.49 %), number of seeds per fruit (10.53%), plant height at 60 DAS

(10.72%), plant height at 30 DAS (15.34%). In general it was found

that phenotypic variance was higher than genotypic variance.

4.4 Heritability estimates (h2)

Estimation of heritability in broad sense for yield and its

components was done in accordance with following rating, high (more

then 70 percent) moderate (50 to 70 percent) and low (less then 50

percent).

Result presented in the Table 7 revealed that heritability

estimates ranged from 42.52 percent (number of nodes to first

flowering) to 78.72 percent (girth of fruit).

High heritability was recorded for girth of fruit (78.72 %), number

of seed per fruit (77.67 %), plant height at 60 DAS (75.40), Test

weight (72.01 %), weight of fruit (70.21 %), number of fruits per plant

(70.42%) where as, moderate values were noted for fruiting span

(65.71 %), length of fruit (62.01 %), number of branches per plant

(61.80 %), yield per plant (61.70 %), plant height at 30 DAS (60.30 %),

yield per plot (58.24), yield per hectare (53.05 %), internodal length

(52.96%). However, lower value of heritability were observed for days

to first flowering (45.44 %), days to 50 percent flowering and number

of nodes to first flower (42.52%).

4.5 Expected genetic advance

It is evident from Table 7 that the expected genetic advance

range from 6.49 percent (plant height at 90 DAS) to 39.40 percent

36

(number of branches per plant) for different characters. The highest

genetic advance was observed or the character number of branches

per plant (39.40) followed by yield per plant (27.93%), yield per plot

(27.72 %), weight of fruit (26.39%), yield per hectare (24.27%),

internodal length (24.60 %), number of fruit per plant (23.77 %), test

weight (21.85 %). Lowest genetic advance was recorded for number

of nodes to first flower (19.69 %) plant height at 30 DAS (19.08 %),

length of fruit (16.96 %), plant height at 60 DAS (16.65 %), number of

seeds per fruit (16.86 %), Girth of fruit (12.13 %), fruiting span (12.07

%), days to first flowering (8.90%), days to 50 percent flowering

(7.76%), and plant height at 90 DAS (6.49 %).

Moderate to high heritability coupled with high genetic advance

as in percentage of mean were noticed for characters like yield per

plant, weight of fruit, number of fruits per plant, test weight, yield per

plot, number of branches per plant. However, plant height at 60 DAS,

girth of fruit, number of seeds per fruit, fruiting span showed high

heritability with low genetic advance.

4.6 Correlation coefficient analysis

With a view to find out the degree of association between yield

and its contributing traits genotypic and phenotypic correlation

coefficients were worked out using replicated mean of 26 genotypes

with yield per plant. In general genotypic correlation coefficients were

higher in magnitude than corresponding phenotypic correlation

coefficients of different characters have been presented in table 8 and

results obtained from phenotypic correlation coefficients are presented

character wise.

4.6.1. a. Plant height at 30 days after sowing (cm)

It had a significant positive association (0.631) with plant height

at 90 days after sowing followed by number of fruits per plant (0.557)

yield per plant (0.459), length of fruit (0.377) and yield per hectare

(0.327).

37

38

Table 8. Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients (r) between yield and its components for twenty four genotypes and two checks of Okra.

Characters X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 X18

X1 G 0.146 0.777*** 0.211 0.016 0.294* 0.375** 0.491** -0.015 0.693** 0.303* -0.139 -0.374** 0.465** 0.338** 0.605** 0.605** 0.511**P 0.145 0.631*** 0.151 -0.032 0.120 0.248 0.377** 0.003 0.557** 0.238 -0.124 -0.302* 0.161 0.156 0.459** 0.459** 0.327*

X2 G 0.189 0.372** 0.250 0.203 -0.136 -0.018 -0.158 0.038 -0.234 0.192 0.727** 0.033 -0.293* -0.045 -0.045 -0.153P 0.173 0.319* 0.180 0.137 -0.154 -0.018 -0.129 0.021 -0.196 0.173 0.639** -0.034 -0.202 -0.068 -0.068 -0.111

X3 G 0.210 0.072 0.287* 0.429** 0.598** -0.179 0.632** 0.322* -0.279* -0.275* 0.305* 0.354** 0.587** 0.587** 0.542**P 0.176 0.064 0.231 0.403** 0.584** -0.176 0.603** 0.314* -0.261* -0.270* 0.288* 0.278* 0.560** 0.560** 0.458**

X4 G 0.416** 0.482** 0.226 0.269* 0.010 0.261* 0.266* -0.163 -0.097 0.206 0.086 0.257* 0.257* 0.198P 0.211 0.371** 0.201 0.257* 0.023 0.251 0.245 -0.153 -0.089 0.254* 0.032 0.244 0.244 0.134

X5 G 0.964** 0.128 0.007 -0.153 -0.048 0.116 0.086 0.417** -0.170 -0.072 0.018 0.018 0.072P 0.693** 0.127 0.003 -0.039 -0.051 0.087 0.091 0.296* -0.100 0.287* 0.026 0.026 0.041

X6 G 0.387** 0.273* -0.013 0.329* 0.404** -0.229 0.145 0.118 0.203 0.377** 0.377** 0.411**P 0.363** 0.230 -0.002 0.279* 0.337** -0.180 0.127 -0.009 0.200 0.340** 0.340** 0.336**

X7 G 0.903** 0.538** 0.718** 0.917** -0.645** -0.300* 0.464** 0.485** 0.897** 0.897** 0.920**P 0.849** 0.448** 0.687** 0.874** -0.577** -0.285* 0.389** 0.413** 0.890** 0.890** 0.841**

X8 G 0.514** 0.735** 0.817** -0.669** -0.322* 0.403** 0.527** 0.871** 0.871** 0.887**P 0.434** 0.718** 0.805** -0.648** -0.317* 0.402** 0.426** 0.844** 0.844** 0.757**

X9 G 0.413** 0.586** -0.435** -0.028 0.210 0.399** 0.512** 0.512** 0.606**P 0.357** 0.524** -0.393** -0.126 0.158 0.336** 0.440** 0.440** 0.487**

X10 G 0.684** -0.670** -0.293* 0.542** 0.556** 0.950** 0.950** 0.937**P 0.670** -0.646** -0.292* 0.453** 0.447** 0.939** 0.939** 0.829**

X11 G -0.578** -0.428** 0.374** 0.471** 0.854** 0.851** 0.870**P -0.561** -0.425** 0.340** 0.385 0.833** 0.833** 0.811**

X12 G 0.249 -0.353** -0.215 -0.710** -0.710** -0.790**P 0.241 -0.330** -0.156 -0.670** -0.670** -0.669**

X13 G -0.281* -0.258* -0.331** -0.331** -0.338P -0.230 -0.200 -0.325* -0.325* -0.294**

X14 G 0.201 0.540** 0.540** 0.559**P 0.209 0.457** 0.457** 0.346**

X15 G 0.586** 0.585** 0.542**P 0.490** 0.490** 0.420**

X16 G 1.000** 1.000P 1.000** 0.908**

X17 G 1.000**P

** Significant at 1% level of significance* Significant at 5% level of significance

39

However, its non-significant positive correlation was observed

with weight of fruit (0.248), number of seeds per fruit (0.238), number

of branches per plant at maturity (0.161), fruiting span (0.156), number

of nodes to first flower (0.151), plant height at 60 days after sowing

(0.145), days to 50% flowering (0.120) and girth of fruit (0.003). A

significant negative association was exhibited by this trait with

internodal length (-0.302). It showed non-significant negative

association with test weight (0.124) and days to first flowering (-

0.032).

4.6.1. b. Plant height at 30 days after sowing (cm)

It had a significant positive association (0.639) with internodal

length and number of nodes to first flower (0.319). However, its non-

significant positive correlation was observed with days to first

flowering (0.180), plant height of 90 days after sowing (0.173), test

weight (0.173), days to 50% flowering (0.137) and number of fruits per

plant (0.021).

Fruiting span (-0.202) number of seeds per fruit (-0.196), weight

of fruit (-0.154), girth of fruit (-0.129), yield per hectare (-0.111), yield

per plant (-0.068), number of branches per plant at maturity (-0.034)

and length of fruit (-0.018) showed non-significant negative

association with this trait.

4.6.1. c. Plant height at 90 days after sowing (cm)

A significant positive correlation was shown by this trait with

number of fruits per plant (0.603), length of fruit (0.584), yield per plant

(0.560), yield per hectare (0.458), weight of fruit (0.403) number of

seeds per fruit (0.314), number of branches per plant at maturity

(0.288) and fruiting span (0.278). However, it showed significant

negative association with internodal length (-0.270) and test weight

(-0.261).

While, its non-significant positive association was noticed with

days to 50% flowering (0.231), number of nodes to first flower (0.176),

40

and days to first flowering (0.064). A non-significant negative

correlation was exhibited by this trait with girth of fruit (-0.176)

4.6.2 Number of nodes to first flower

It had shown significant positive association with days to 50%

flowering (0.371), length of fruit (0.257) and number of branches per

plant at maturity (0.254).

However, its non-significant positive correlation was observed

with number of fruits per plant (0.251), number of seeds per fruit

(0.245), yield per plant (0.244) days to first flowering (0.211), weight of

fruit (0.201), yield per hectare (0.134), fruiting span (0.032) and girth

of fruit (0.023). It showed non-significant negative association with test

weight (-0.153) and internodal length (-0.089)

4.6.3 Days of first flowering

Days to first flowering had a significant positive association with

days to 50% flowering (0.693), internodal length (0.296) and fruiting

span (0.287). However, its non-significant positive correlation was

observed with weight of fruit (0.127), test weight (0.091), number of

seeds per fruit (0.087), yield per hectare (0.041), yield per plant

(0.026) and length of fruit (0.003). It showed non-significant negative

association with number of branches per plant at maturity (-0.100),

number of fruits per plant (-0.051) and girth of fruit (-0.039).

4.6.4 Days to 50% flowering

This trait had exhibited significant positive association with

weight of fruit (0.363), yield per plant (0.340), number of seeds per

fruit (0.337), yield per hectare (0.336) and number of fruits per plant

(0.279). A non-significant positive association was expressed by this

trait with length of fruit (0.230), fruiting span (0.200) and internodal

length (0.127). It showed non-significant negative association with test

41

weight (-0.180), number of branches per plant at maturity (-0.009) and

girth of fruit (-0.002).

4.6.5 Weight of fruit (g)

Fruit weight found significant positive association with yield per

plant (0.890), number of seeds per fruit (0.874), length of fruit (0.849),

yield per hectare (0.841), number of fruits per plant (0.687), girth of

fruit (0.448), fruiting span (0.413) and number of branches per plant at

maturity (0.389).

Fruit weight showed significant negative association with test

weight (-0.557) and internodal length (-0.285).

4.6.6 Length of fruit (cm)

This trait showed highly significant positive correlation with yield

per plant (0.844), number of seeds per fruit (0.805), yield per hectare

(0.757), number of fruits per plant (0.718), girth of fruit (0.434), fruiting

span (0.426) and number of branches per plant at maturity (0.402),

While its significant negative association was observed with test

weight (-0.648) and internodal length (-0.317).

4.6.7 Girth of fruit (cm)

Fruit girth exhibited significant positive correlation with number

of seeds per fruit (0.524), yield per hectare (0.487), yield per plant

(0.440), number of fruits per plat (0.357), and fruiting span (0.336). Its

association with number of branches per plant at maturity (0.158) was

found non-significant positive. While its significant negative

associative was observed with test weight (-0.393), whereas non-

significant negative association with internodal length (-0.026).

4.6.8 Number of fruits per plant

This character had high significant positive association with

yield per plant (0.939), followed by yield per hectare (0.829), number

42

of seeds per fruit (0.670) number of branches per plant at maturity

(0.453) and fruiting span (0.447). Although its significant negative

correlation was noticed with test weight (-0.647) and internodal length

(-0.292).

4.6.9 Number of seeds per fruit

Number of seeds per fruit had a significant positive association

with yield per plant (0.833), yield per hectare (0.811), fruiting span

(0.385) and number of branches per plant at maturity (0.340), while it

showed a significant negative association with test weight (-0.561) and

internodal length (-0.425).

4.6.10 Test weight(gm)

This trait had significant negative association with yield per plant

(-0.670) yield per hectare (-0.669) and number of branches per plant

at maturity (-0.330). It showed non-significant positive association with

internodal length (0.241) and non-significant negative association with

fruiting span (-0.156).

4.6.11 Internodal length (cm)

This trail had significant negative association with yield per plant

(-0.325) and yield per hectare (-0.294), While its non significant

negative association was observed with number of branches per plant

(-0.230) and fruiting span (-0.200).

4.6.12 Number of branches per plant at maturity

This trait showed significant positive association with yield per

plant (0.457) and yield per hectare (0.346). While non-significant

positive association observed with fruiting span (0.209).

4.6.13 Fruiting span (days)

43

Fruiting span had significant positive association with yield per

plant (0.490) and yield per hectare (0.420).

4.6.14 Yield per plant (g)

High significant positive correlation was observed with number

of fruits per plant (0.939).

Similarly it has a significant positive association with weight of

fruit (0.890), length of fruit (0.844), number of seeds per fruit (0.833),

plant height at 90 days after sowing (0.560), fruiting span (0.490),

plant height at 30 days after sowing (0.459), number of branches per

plant at maturity (0.457), girth of fruit (0.440) and days to 50%

flowering (0.340). Although yield per plant showed a significant

negative association with test weight (-0.670) and internodal length

(-0.325).

44

DISCUSSION

Nation has to manage through agriculture and agriculture has to

manage through high yielding cultivars of different crops with desirable

quality to achieve food and nutritional security to meet the future food

demand. The targeted food production has to come from dearing

resources without adversely affecting the environment.

Among the various options available to enhance production the

exploitation of heterosis hybrid vigor through the development of F1

hybrids is widely acknowledged as the most potential tool providing at

least 10-15 per cent additional yield. There fore development of hybrid

varieties and strong quality seed multiplication and distribution to be

the good option for enhancing yield in okra.

In the present investigation twenty four genotypes and two

checks of okra were included with the view to know some important

genetic parameters of yield and its components. This includes

parameters like genetic variability, heritability genetic advance and

nature and extent of character associated between morphological and

yield parameters. The results has been discussed in the light of the

literature available for different character under study in India and

abroad.

Genetic variability

Analysis of variance for different characters under study

revealed that the treatment effects were highly significant suggesting

existence of high genetic variability in the population. The presence of

such variability in the population under study is the ultimate result of

variability in the genetic constitution of various individuals. Such

variability is desirable and can be utilized for developing new

genotypes in okra. The progress in breeding programme depending

upon availability of genetic variability and understanding this variability

provides many avenues for genetic improvement of crop without which

45

neither the improvement in an existing lines nor is development of new

lines feasible. More the variability higher is the chance of improvement

of crop species.

Significant differences were recorded among the genotypes with

regard to plant height at 90 DAS. Maximum plant height was recorded

in genotype IC-90172 and minimum plant height in genotype EC-

169536.

All the treatments were provided similar experimental condition.

Variation in plant height was due to inherent genetic make up of the

genotypes which are some way influenced this morphological

expression through the activity of endogenous growth regulator.

The variation for plant height was also reported by Korla and

Sharma (1984), Gondane and Lal (1994), Bindu et al. (1997), Dhall et

al. (2001), Dhankar and Dhankar (2002), Bali et al. (2004), Mohapatra

et al. (2007).

There were significant differences for number of nodes to first

flower among genotypes. The lowest number of nodes to first flower

was observed in EC-169456-A and highest was in JAE-8. The

variation in number of nodes to first flower was also reported by Korla

and Sharma (1984), Yassin and Anbu (1997), Dhall et al. (2001), Bali

et al. (2004).

The maximum days taken to flower initiation was observed in

the genotype JAE-9. Where as, minimum days taken to initiation of

flower was observed in the genotype IC-155360. The variation in days

taken to initiation of flower in different genotypes may possibly be due

to variation in level of gibberellins in the plant. The higher level of

gibberellins has been reported to promote early flowering in crop plant

(Tomita, 1995). The variation for days taken to inition of flower has

also been reported by Bindu et al. (1997), Singh et al. (2007).

Significant differences were recorded among the genotypes with

regard to the days taken to 50 percent flowering. Maximum days taken

46

to 50 percent flowering was observed in JAE-9 and minimum in IC-

305623. Similar result were observed by Dhankar & Dhankar (2002).

The variation in fruit weight ranged between 11.95 to 23.20g.

The maximum weight of fruit was recorded in IC-90173. Lower fruit

weight was noted in EC-169536. The variation in fruit weight was also

reported by Dhall et al. (2001), Bendale et al. (2003), Singh et al.

(2006).

The fruit length indicates that a considerable variability was

present for this trait which can be exploited for future breeding

programme. Maximum fruit length was recorded in IC-90172 while

minimum in EC-169536. Varietals differences for fruit length have also

been reported by Bindu et al. (1997), Dhall et al. (2001), Mohapatra et

al. (2007).

The girth of fruit shows significant variation. The genotype JAE-

7 has maximum girth and minimum in IC-90172.

With regard to number of fruits per plant, the range was 10.80

to 20.00. Highest number of fruits per plant was observed in JAE-5,

where as lowest was depicted in EC-89899. Similar observation have

also been reported by Korla and Sharma (1984), Dhall et al. (2001),

Dhankar and Dhankar (2002), Bendale et al. (2003), Bali et al. (2004),

Singh et al. (2006).

The number of seeds per fruit varied from 41.78 to 59.26. The

genotype EC-89899 produced lowest number of seeds and EC-

169456- A had highest number of seeds per fruit. Similar results were

reported by Bindu et al. (1997), Singh et al. (2006), Mohapatra et al.

(2007).

Test weight differed significantly, similar finding have been

reported by Bindu et al. (1997), Bali et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2006).

In the present finding internodal distance showed significant

differences among genotypes. The maximum internodal length was

observed in JAE-7 where as, minimum in IC-155360. The variation for

internodal length have also been reported by Bendale et al. (2003),

47

Bali et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2006). Investigation on number of

branches per plant indicated that all the genotype differed significantly.

The maximum number of branches were recorded in JAE- 9, lower

number of branches were recorded in IC-305623.

Number of branches per plant has been primarily found to

related with endogenous hormonal level and apical dominance. These

finding are in agreement with Deo et al. (1996), Yassion and Anbu

(1997), Dhankar and Dhankar (2002), Bendale et al. (2003), singh and

singh (2006).

Yield is a complex character and is determined by many genes

and is highly influenced by environmental conditions. The higher yield

was obtained in genotypes IC-282288, JAE-5. The lowest yield was

obtained in IC-90172. Higher yield in IC-282288 may be attributed to

cumulative effect of lowest number of node to first flower, minimum

days taken to flower initiation, optimum length and weight of fruit.

variation in yield amongst the genotypes were also reported by Korla

and Sharma (1984), Deo et al. (1996), Dhall et al. (2001), Dhankar

and Dhankar (2002), Singh and Singh (2006) mohapatra et al. (2007)

in okra.

The range for fruiting span in the genotypes studied was 60.67

to 77.66. Maximum fruiting span was observed in VRO-6 and

minimum was in IC-90173.

Genotypic coefficient of variation (G.C.V.)

High genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for the

characters number of branches per plant, followed by yield per plot,

yield per plant, internodal length, weight of fruit, number of fruits per

plant, number of nodes to first flower indicating there by that

character offer greater scope for selection then other character.

Similar high genotypic coefficient of variation was reported by

Majumdar et al. (1974), Thaker et al. (1981), Balakrishnan and

Balakrishnan (1988), Vijay and Manohar (1990), Deo et al. (1996),

Bindu et al. (1997), Dhall et al. (2001), Dhankar and Dhankar (2002),

48

Bali et al. (2004), Singh and Singh (2006) for the character number of

fruits per plant.

Contrary to this Korla and Sharma (1984) noted low genotypic

coefficient of variation for number of fruits per plant.

High genotypic coefficient of variation for yield per plant was

also reported by Singh and Singh (1982), Vijay and Manohar (1990),

Deo et al. (1996), Bindu et al. (1997), Dhall et al. (2001), Dhankar and

Dhankar (2002), Bendale et al. (2003), Singh et al. (2006), Mohapatra

et al. (2007).

During the present study low values for genotypic coefficient of

variation was observed for the characters plant height, days to

flowering, girth of fruit, number of seeds per fruit, fruiting span, length

of fruit, test weight. These results are in agreement with Mishra and

Chhonkar (1979) Thaker et al. (1981), Vijay and Manohar (1990) for

days to 50 percent flowering. Low values of genotypic coefficient of

variation for fruit length, fruit weight and test weight was also reported

by Bali et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2006).

In respect of plant height low genotypic coefficient of variation

was reported by Bendale et al. (2007).

Phenotypic coefficient of variation

Comparatively high value of phenotypic coefficient of variation

was observed for yield per hectare, yield per plant, yield per plot,

number of branches per plant, number of nodes to first flower,

internodal length, weight of fruit, number of fruits per plant. These

results indicate that genotypes under study may offer scope for

improvement through selection for the characters those showed high

genotypic as well as phenotypic coefficient of variation. Similarly high

phenotypic coefficient of variation was reported for yield per plant,

number of fruits per plant by Singh et al. (1974), Dhall et al. (2001),

Dhankar and Dhankar (2002), Bendale et al. (2006), Singh et al.

(2007), However, similar high phenotypic coefficient of variation

49

observed by Vijay and Manohar (1990), Bali et al. (2004), Singh et al.

(2006). Similarly for number of branches per plant high phenotypic

coefficient of variation was reported by Dhankar and Dhankar (2002),

Bali et al. (2004) Singh et al. (2006), Bendale et al. (2007).

Contrary to the result of study low values of phenotypic

coefficient of variation was reported by Bali et al. (2004), singh et al.

(2006) for fruit weight. Low value of phenotypic coefficient of variation

was noted for plant height, girth of fruit, days to 50 percent flowering,

days to first flowering, fruiting span, number of seeds per fruit, length

of fruit. Similar result were reported by Vijay and Manohar (1990),

Rajni and Manju (1997), Singh et al. (2006) for days taken to 50

percent flowering. Similarly low phenotypic coefficient of variation was

recorded by Dhall et al. (2003), Bali et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2006)

for fruit length and fruit girth where as, Singh et al. (1974) reported

high value of phenotypic coefficient of variation for fruit girth.

Contrary to result of the study high phenotypic coefficient of

variation was recorded for plant height by Dhall et al. (2001), Dhankar

and Dhankar (2002), Bali et al. (2006), Singh et al. (2007). Where as,

Singh et al. (2006) reported moderate value of phenotypic coefficient

of variation for plant height.

Heritability

Heritability which denotes the proportion of genetic controlled

variability expressed by a programme for a particular character or a

set of character is very important biometrical tool for guiding plant

breeder’s procedures. Thus wide range of variability and high

heritability values are essential for improvement through selection.

Low heritability of the character indicates that the character is largely

influenced by environment. In such cases large population is required

for selection of desirable genotypes.

The heritability estimates have been calculated for yield and its

components. It is classified as high (>70%), medium (50-70%) and

low (<50%).

50

In the present investigation high heritability estimates were

recorded for girth of fruit, number of seeds per fruit, plant height at 90

DAS, test weight, weight of fruit, number of fruits per plant. Similar

result were reported for the characters number of fruits per plant and

weight of fruit by Patil et al. (1996), Panda and Singh (1997), Bali et

al. (2004). High heritability was recorded for number of seeds per fruit

and test weight by Bali et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2006), Gandhi et al.

(2001), Singh et al. (2007) reported high heritability for fruit girth.

Moderate heritability were noted for length of fruit number of

branches per plant, yield per plant, yield per plot, yield per hectare,

plant height at 60 DAS, internodal length, fruiting span. As regard to

the number of branches per plant moderate heritability was also

observed by Thaker et al. (1981), Gondane and Lal (1994), Bindu et

al. (1997) where as high heritability for the number of branches per

plant was reported by Mishra and Chonkar (1979), Paiva et al. (1998),

Dhankar and Dhankar (2002), Bali et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2007)

which is contrary to the results of this study. Length of fruit showed

moderate heritability. Similar results were observed by Thaker et al.

(1981), and Patel and Dalal (1992), while Paiva et al. (1998), Dhall et

al. (2001), Bali et al.(2004), Singh et al. (2007) observed high

heritability for fruit length, where as Sunil et al. (2007) observed low

heritability for fruit length. Vijay and Manoher (1990), Bail et al. (2004),

observed high heritability for internodal length which was contrary to

the results of present study.

The character yield per plant expressed moderate heritability

while high heritability was reported by Padda et al. (1970), Reddy et

al. (1985), Deo et al. (1996), Dhankar and Dhankar (2002), Bendale et

al. (2003), Singh et al. (2006) Sunil et al. (2007).

Thaker et al. (1981), Sood et al. (1995), reported moderate

heritability for the plant height at 90 DAS which was similar to the

result of present findings. In contrast to above high heritability

estimates were produced by various worker like Reddy et al. (1985),

51

Ariyo (1990), Deo et al. (1996), Bindu et al. (1997), Paiva et al. (1998),

Dhall et al. (2001), Bali et al. (2004).

The low heritability was observed for Days to first flowering,

days to 50 percent flowering and number of nodes to first flower which

indicates that these characters are more influenced by the

environment and may not respond to selection.

High value of heritability for days to 1st flowering and days to 50

percent flowering was observed by Singh et al. (2006), Sunil et al.

(2007). Heritability determines the relative amount of heritable

proportion of variability. It is observed that except days to first

flowering, days to 50 Percent flowering and number of nodes to first

flower all other character studied had high to moderate heritability

estimates indicating that these character are less influenced by the

environment and may respond more towards visual selection

procedures.

Expected Genetic Advance (E.G.A.)

Heritability estimates alone are not useful in predicting the

results about the selection, unless it is accompanied by genetic

advance (Johnson et al. 1955).

In the present study high value of expected genetic advance

was observed for the characters like number of branches per plant,

yield per plant, yield per plot, yield per hectare, weight of fruit

internodal length, number of fruits per plant, test weight. These high

estimates are indicative of the fact that improvement could be quickly

realized in these characters through selection.

These findings are in agreement with Reddy et al. (1995),

Panda and Singh (1997), Yadav et al. (2002), Bali et al. (2004), Singh

et al. (2007), for yield per plant and number of fruits per plant.

Low genetic advance was recorded in number of nodes to first

flower, plant height at 30, 60, 90 DAS, length of fruit, number of seeds

per fruit, Girth of fruit, fruiting span, days to first flowering, days to 50

52

percent flowering. Similar results were reported for the characters

days to first flowering by kale et al. (1989), Bindu et al. (1997), and

Yadav et al. (2002) where as low genetic advance observed for length

of fruit by Thaker et al. (1981), Vijay and Manohar (1990), and Yadav

et al. (2002). Bindu et al. (1997) and Gandhi et al. (2002) observed

low heritability for girth of fruit.

Moderate to high heritability with high genetic advance as in

percentage of mean was observed for characters like yield per plant,

weight of fruit , number of fruits per plant, test weight, yield per plot,

number of branches per plant. This indicates that these characters

were controlled by additive gene effects and consequently with less

environmental effect which could be improved through direct selection.

Similar findings were observed by Reddy et al. (1985), Balakrishnan

and Balakrishnan (1988), Deo et al. (1996), Panda and Singh (1997)

Bali et al. (2004), Sunil et al. (2007).

Plant height at 60 DAS, girth of fruit, number of seed per fruit,

fruiting span, showed high heritability with low genetic advance

indicated that there is a non additive gene effect present for these

traits. similar results were also reported by thakur et al. (1996).

Correlation coefficient studies

Correlation coefficient measures the relationship between two or

more variables. They are helpful in determining component characters

of complex characters. Yield is a complex character resulting from the

interaction of a number of factors and the environmental conditions. In

order to develop a high yielding genotype, selection based on the

performance of the yield is usefully not very efficient but when it is

based on the component characters it may give more efficient results.

Correlation, coefficient revealed the existence of varying

closeness of inter relationship among the characters under study. In

general the genotypic correlation coefficients were higher then their

corresponding phenotypic values for most of the character under

53

study showing less influence of environments on inheritance of

characters.

In the present investigation, the characters exhibiting significant

positive phenotypic correlation with yield number of fruits per plant,

weight of fruit, length of fruit, number of seeds per fruit, plant height at

30 and 90 days after sowing, fruiting span ,number of branches per

plant at maturity, fruit girth and days to 50% flowering. Thus, it

indicates the importance of these characters in selection.

Critical examination of association among yield contributing

characters indicated that the highest positive significant association of

number of fruits per plant. These results are in conformity with the

findings of Singh and Singh (1979), Mahajan and Sharma (1979),

Ajimal et. al. (1979), Shukla (1990), Yadav (1996), Subrata et al.

(2004) and Bhalekar et al. (2005).

The positive significant association of plant height with number

of fruits per plant, length of fruits, yield per plant, yield per hectare,

weight of fruits, number of seeds per fruit, number of branches per

plant at maturity and fruiting span. It indicates that yield could be

increases due to increase in plant height. These findings are

supported by Singh and Singh (1979), Mahajan and Sharma (1979),

Sood et al. (1995) Rajani and Manju (1997), Yadav (1996) had

reported the significant and positive association between plant height

and length of fruits.

Number of nodes to first flower had positive significant

association with days to 50% flowering, length of fruit and number of

branches per plant at maturity.

The association of days to first flowering with days to 50%

flowering, internodal length and fruiting span was observed to be

positive and significant, while negative association with number of

branches per plant at maturity, number of fruits per plant and girth of

fruit. This indicated the importance of this trait in increasing the

number of fruits per plant by decreasing number of days to first

54

flowering and also possible increase in fruit yield indirectly through the

improvement of these characters. The importance and utility of this

association was also reported by Hazare and Basu (2000).

The association of days to 50% flowering with weight of fruit,

yield per plant, number of seeds per fruit and number of fruits per

plant. Gondane et al. (1995) also reported similar findings for the

character days to 50% flowering with yield per plant.

Weight of fruit was found positively and significantly correlated

with yield per plant, number of seeds per fruit, length of fruit, number

of fruits per plant, girth of fruit, fruiting span and number of branches

per plant at maturity. These results were also strongly supported by

Patro and Ravishankar (2004) and Subrata et al. (2004) for the

character yield per plant.

Length of fruit showed significant positive correlation with yield

per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of fruits per plant, girth

of fruit, fruiting span and number of branches per plant at maturity.

Similar results have been also reported by Singh et al (1975), Singh

and Singh (1979), Mahajan and Sharma(1979), Sood et al (1995),

Patro and Ravishankar (2004).

Girth of fruit was found positively and significantly correlated

with number of seeds per fruit, yield per plant, number of fruits per

plant and fruiting span. It had significant negative association with test

weight.

Number of fruits per plant was found to be positively and

significantly correlated with number of seeds per fruit, while it was

negatively and significantly associated with test weight and internodal

length.

Number of seeds per fruit had a significant positive association

with number of branches per plant at maturity while it was negatively

and significantly associated with test weight and internodal length.

55

Number of branches per plat had a significant positive

association with yield per plant, which were reported by Rajani and

Manju (1997).

The rest of the association did not show much promise and

hence may be of minor importance in influencing yield per plant.

56

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR

FURTHER WORK

Summary

The present investigation entitled “Genetic variability and

correlation studies in okra [Abelmuschus esculentus (L) Moench]”

was carried out in kharif season during the year 2008-09 at

Horticulture Complex, Maharajpur JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). The

experimental material consisted of 26 genotypes of okra. The

statistical design adopted was randomized Block Design with three

replications.

The investigation was undertaken with the objective to estimate

the range of variation for yield and its components and was estimated

with the help of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation it was

also aimed to estimate heritability and genetic advance with the help

of heritability present in the genotypes along with possible genetic

advance and also aimed to determined association among character

under study.

Analysis of variance indicated existence of high genotypic

coefficient of variation for number of braches per plant, yield per plot,

yield per plant, internodal length, weight of fruit, and number of fruit

per plant.

The results obtained in the present investigation showed

considerable amount of genetic variability and mean value for all the

characters had shown wide range of variability.

High phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for

number of branches per plant, yield per plot, yield per plant, number of

nodes to first flower, internodal length, weight of fruit, and number of

fruits per plant. These characters showed higher genotypic as well as

phenotypic coefficient of variation thus indicate presence of additive

57

gene action and likelihood of favourable response to selection by

these characters.

During studies IC-282288, JAE-5, JAE-7, JAE-4 was found

better with respect of yield IC-282288 had yield advantage of 78%

over the check Parbhani Kranti.

Heritability estimates for different characters ranged from 42.52

percent to 78.72 percent. High heritability recorded for girth of fruit,

number of seed per fruit, plant height at 90 DAS, test weight, number

of fruits per plant where as moderate values where noted for fruiting

span, length of fruit, number of branches per plant, plant height at 30

DAS, yield per plant, yield per hectare, internodal length.

Almost all the characters except days to first flowering, days to

50 percent flowering and number of nodes to first flower have

exhibited moderate to high heritability estimates, this has extended the

hope for reliability of selection in the present genotypes studied.

Since, it is a broad sense heritability a caution has to be exercised for

its direct application while making the selection.

High value for genetic advance among different characters

under study was observed for the number of branches per plant

followed by yield per plant, yield per plot, weight of fruit, yield per

hectare, internodal length, number of fruits per plant, test weight.

The presence of low estimates for genotypic coefficient of

variation phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and expected

genetic advance in the remaining characters indicated the presence of

non additive gene action and more environmental influence on these

characters.

In correlation studies most of the traits should the higher

genotypic magnitude then the corresponding phenotypic ones.

Number of fruits per plant, weight of fruit, length of fruit, number of

seed per fruit, plant height, fruiting span, number of branches per plant

and fruit girth were positively and significantly associated with yield

58

per plant while significantly negative association with test weight and

internodal length.

Conclusion

All the characters were found to be significant due to treatment

which indicates existence of high genetic variability for all the

character under study.

In the present investigation four genotypes IC-282288, JAE-5,

JAE-7, JAE-4 identified as high yielding.

High genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for number

of branches per plant, yield per plant, yield per plot, internodal length,

number of fruits per plant, weight of fruit and number of nodes to first

flower. Genotypic variability is a basic requisite for any successful

selection of scheme. Occurrence of high heritability with high genetic

advance was recorded in number of branches per plant, test weight,

weight of fruit, and number of fruits per plant which ultimately increase

the scope of breeder for selection.

In general genotypic coefficient of correlation were greater then

the corresponding phenotypic ones indicating that there was an

inherent association among various character and phenotypic

expression of correlation was less under the influence of environment.

The yield per plant recorded significant positive correlation with

number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, length of fruit, number of seeds

per fruit, plant height, fruiting span, fruit girth and number of branches

per plant.

Suggestion for further work

1. The genotypes as high yielding should be tested in multilocational

trials for judging their adaptability and superiority across the

season and locations.

2. The existing genetic variability may be critical for improvement of

yield in okra.

59

3. Character’s having desirable association with fruit yield should be

given due consideration for improvement of yield in okra.

4. Estimation of heritability and genetic advance indicated that

solution for internodal length, number of fruits per plant, weight of

fruit, number of branches per plant.

5. Yellow vein mosaic is a dangerous viral disease with respect to

high yield, so high yielding genotypes should be tested for insect

and disease resistant/tolerance.

60

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