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Generation Roadmap for Generation Roadmap for Cellular TelephonyCellular Telephony

Prepared by:Prepared by:

MIHIR KUMBHAKARMIHIR KUMBHAKAR

AGM(CMTS)AGM(CMTS)Dated:10.03.07

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Wireless technology is accelerating very Wireless technology is accelerating very fast.fast.

It is quickly moving into It is quickly moving into 1G,2G,2.5G,3G ,4G and NGN1G,2G,2.5G,3G ,4G and NGN

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11stst Generation Generation

The first generation of mobile cellular The first generation of mobile cellular telecommunications systems appeared in the telecommunications systems appeared in the 1980s.1980s.

The first generation used analog transmission The first generation used analog transmission techniques for traffic, which was almost entirely techniques for traffic, which was almost entirely voice.voice.

There was no dominant standard but several There was no dominant standard but several competing ones. competing ones.

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Such asSuch asØ      Ø      Nordic Mobile Telephone Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)(NMT) – used in – used in Scandinavia,southern EuropeScandinavia,southern Europe etc etc

It comes in two variations:It comes in two variations:o        o        NMT-450NMT-450o        o        NMT-900NMT-900Ø      Ø      Total Access Communications System Total Access Communications System (TACS)(TACS) – – used in UK,and middle Eastern countries.It uses 900MHz used in UK,and middle Eastern countries.It uses 900MHz band.band.Ø      Ø      Advanced Mobile Phone ServiceAdvanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS (AMPS)).- used .- used in US,Australia,New Zealand.It uses 800MHz bandin US,Australia,New Zealand.It uses 800MHz band

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22ndnd Generation Generation It has been introduced from the year 1992.It has been introduced from the year 1992. It uses digital radio transmis-sion for traffic.It uses digital radio transmis-sion for traffic. The 2G networks have much higher capacity than the The 2G networks have much higher capacity than the

first-generation systems. first-generation systems.  GSM is by far the most successful and widely used 2G GSM is by far the most successful and widely used 2G

system.system. Data rate supported : 9.6kbps to 14.4 kbpsData rate supported : 9.6kbps to 14.4 kbps It uses Circuit switchingIt uses Circuit switching  

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There are several standards for 2G systems.such as-There are several standards for 2G systems.such as-

##Global System for Mobile Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications(GSM) communications-Designed and -Designed and developed by a number of different organization working together.developed by a number of different organization working together.

# # code-division multiple access code-division multiple access (CDMA) IS-95(CDMA) IS-95-Designed and -Designed and developed by a single company,Qualcomm. developed by a single company,Qualcomm. 

v CDMA uses different codes to separate transmissions on the same v CDMA uses different codes to separate transmissions on the same frequency. frequency. v  IS-95 is the only 2G CDMA standard so far to be operated v  IS-95 is the only 2G CDMA standard so far to be operated commercially.commercially.v  It is used in the United States, South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, v  It is used in the United States, South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore etc.Singapore etc.

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Generation 2.5Generation 2.5 It has been introduced in the year 2000-2001It has been introduced in the year 2000-2001

““Generation 2.5” is a designation that broadly includes all advanced upgrades for the 2G Generation 2.5” is a designation that broadly includes all advanced upgrades for the 2G networksnetworks

2.5G GSM system includes 2.5G GSM system includes General Packet Radio Services General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), and (GPRS), and Enhanced Data Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) in addition to the 2G systems(EDGE) in addition to the 2G systems..

Data rate supported: depending on the coding scheme(CS) and the no. of time slots used( 1 up Data rate supported: depending on the coding scheme(CS) and the no. of time slots used( 1 up

to 8)to 8)

It uses circuit switching and packet switching bothIt uses circuit switching and packet switching both

It supports the data rate up to 384 kbpsIt supports the data rate up to 384 kbps

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33rdrd Generation Generation It has been introduced in the year 2001 as trial versionIt has been introduced in the year 2001 as trial version

It supports the data rate up to 2 mbpsIt supports the data rate up to 2 mbps

Evolution of GSM and CDMA has taken them as W-Evolution of GSM and CDMA has taken them as W-CDMA(UMTS) and CDMA-2000 in third generation.CDMA(UMTS) and CDMA-2000 in third generation.

It supports both circuit switching and packet switchingIt supports both circuit switching and packet switching

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44thth generation and NGN generation and NGN This technology is expected to arrive not before the year

2010 .

It will support the data rate up to 100 mbps.

Multimedia, mobile TV,mobile broadband wireless access etc will be possible because of its high band width.

It will support both circuit switching and packet switching

      

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GSM OverviewGSM Overview>GSM stands for “ Global System for Mobile communication” >GSM Technology is one of the different types of the wireless communication available in the world.

Frequency range-*Uplink Frequency: 890 Mhz –915Mhz*Downlink Frequency: 935Mhz- 960Mhz.

Modulation Technique- GMSK

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Speech is divided into 20 msec sample.Each 20ms sample is encoded using 260 bits.(That requires 13 kbps.)

Band width:each radio channel in the GSM system

has a frequency bandwidth of 200khz.

Number of Channels:124 radio channel.

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GSM NetworkGSM Network

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Basic GSM Network consist Basic GSM Network consist of of MS,BSS&NSSMS,BSS&NSS

MSMS –carried by the subscriber –carried by the subscriber It consists of It consists of **MEME-mobile equipment ,hand -mobile equipment ,hand

portable or vehicle mounted unit.portable or vehicle mounted unit. **SIMSIM- Subscriber identity module ,it - Subscriber identity module ,it

contains the entire customer contains the entire customer related information related information (identification,secret key for (identification,secret key for authentication etc)authentication etc)

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BSSBSS

BSSBSS- Controls radio link with mobile - Controls radio link with mobile station.station.

It consists of –It consists of –BTSBTS (Base transreceiver Station)-It defines (Base transreceiver Station)-It defines

a cell and is responsible to establish the a cell and is responsible to establish the radio link control protocol with MS.radio link control protocol with MS.

BSCBSC(Base Station Controller)-Controls (Base Station Controller)-Controls multiple BTSs and manages radio multiple BTSs and manages radio channel set up and handovers.BSC is the channel set up and handovers.BSC is the connection between BTS and the MSCs.connection between BTS and the MSCs.

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NSSNSS Network & Switching Subsystem(NSS)Network & Switching Subsystem(NSS)--

Mobility management and Switching of calls Mobility management and Switching of calls between mobile users and between mobile between mobile users and between mobile and fixed network users.and fixed network users.

It consists of :It consists of : MSCMSC- is the central component of the NSS.- is the central component of the NSS. Operates all switching functions for Operates all switching functions for

mobiles within its jurisdiction.Interfaces with mobiles within its jurisdiction.Interfaces with mobile and other (Including fixed) networks.mobile and other (Including fixed) networks.

Manages the location of mobileManages the location of mobile

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Continued…Continued… Switches calls Switches calls Manages security features.Manages security features. Controls hand over between BSCsControls hand over between BSCs Resources managementResources management Interworks with and manages network Interworks with and manages network

database.database. Collect call billing data and sends to Billing Collect call billing data and sends to Billing

center.center. Collects traffic statistics for performance Collects traffic statistics for performance

monitoring.monitoring.

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Continued..Continued..HLRHLR-Contains all subscriber information for the -Contains all subscriber information for the purposes of call control and location purposes of call control and location determination.determination.

VLRVLR- is only a temporary storage while the - is only a temporary storage while the particular subscriber is located in the geographical particular subscriber is located in the geographical area controlled by the MSC/VLR.area controlled by the MSC/VLR.

AUCAUC- Is a protected database that stores the - Is a protected database that stores the security information for each subscriber.(A copy of security information for each subscriber.(A copy of the secret key is stored in the SIM)the secret key is stored in the SIM)

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Continued…Continued…

EIREIR-It contains three list of IMEI -It contains three list of IMEI number.number.

White listWhite list.-Valid mobile equipment .-Valid mobile equipment

in the in the networknetwork Grey listGrey list.- Suspected numbers.- Suspected numbers

Black listBlack list-Totally barred.-Totally barred.

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Logical ChannelsLogical Channels Five types of logical channels:Five types of logical channels: 1.Traffic Channels1.Traffic Channels

** TCHTCH - Used to carry traffic. - Used to carry traffic.

2.Broadcast channels.2.Broadcast channels.*BCCH-*BCCH-used to carry signaling and control infoused to carry signaling and control info* FCCH-* FCCH-used to correct the frequency of Mobileused to correct the frequency of Mobile* SCH- * SCH- used for synchronization of the base stationused for synchronization of the base station

3.common control channels3.common control channels*PCH-*PCH-used to page the mobileused to page the mobile*AGCH-*AGCH-used to access the signaling channelused to access the signaling channel*RACH-*RACH-used by MS to request for signaling channelused by MS to request for signaling channel

4.Dedicated Control Channels4.Dedicated Control Channels*SDCCH-*SDCCH-used as signaling channelused as signaling channel*SACCH-*SACCH-used to carry measurement reportsused to carry measurement reports*FACCH-*FACCH-used during handoverused during handover

5.CellBroad cast channel5.CellBroad cast channel*CBCH-*CBCH-used to broadcast short messages in cellsused to broadcast short messages in cells

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MSISDNMSISDN The only important number for a user of GSM is The only important number for a user of GSM is

the phone number i.e.MSISDN.the phone number i.e.MSISDN.

The MSISDN follows the ITU-T standard E.164 for The MSISDN follows the ITU-T standard E.164 for addresses as it is also used in fixed ISDN networks.addresses as it is also used in fixed ISDN networks.

This number consists of the This number consists of the country code(cc)country code(cc) ( 91 for India),the national destination code( 91 for India),the national destination code(NDC)(NDC) (the address of the network provider ; e.,g., 9434 (the address of the network provider ; e.,g., 9434 for BSNL WB) and the subscriber number for BSNL WB) and the subscriber number (SN)(SN) . .

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IMSIIMSI

GSM uses the IMSI for internal unique GSM uses the IMSI for internal unique identification of a subscriber.identification of a subscriber.

The IMSI follows the ITU-T standard E.212 The IMSI follows the ITU-T standard E.212 Number series.Number series.

IMSI consists of mobile country code IMSI consists of mobile country code (MCC)(MCC) (e.g.,404 for India),the mobile network (e.g.,404 for India),the mobile network codecode(MNC)(MNC) (i.e.,code of the HLR; e.g.,74 of (i.e.,code of the HLR; e.g.,74 of BSNL WB),and finally the mobile subscriber BSNL WB),and finally the mobile subscriber identification numberidentification number(MSIN).(MSIN).

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Location Updating (LU)Location Updating (LU) When the LU request is received by the new When the LU request is received by the new

VLR,authentication is performed.VLR,authentication is performed.

If authentication is successful,the VLR checks its database to If authentication is successful,the VLR checks its database to determine whether it has a record for this MS-subscription.determine whether it has a record for this MS-subscription.

When VLR finds no record for the MS,it sends a request to the When VLR finds no record for the MS,it sends a request to the subscriber’s HLR for a copy of the MS-subscription.subscriber’s HLR for a copy of the MS-subscription.

The HLR passes the information to the VLR and updates its The HLR passes the information to the VLR and updates its location information for the subs.The HLR instructs the old VLR location information for the subs.The HLR instructs the old VLR to delete the information it has about the MS- subscription.to delete the information it has about the MS- subscription.

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Inbound Roamer registration Inbound Roamer registration - Location Update-Diagram- Location Update-Diagram

1. UpLoc

1. UpLoc1. UpLoc

WB BSNL

NLDHLR

UK Subscriber

GMSC

VMSC/VLR

3. ISD_resp

UK

HLRGMSC

SCCP CdPA: 44-181-123456(MGT derived from IMSIS analysis)CgPA:919434099995(VLR)

MAPIMSI: 234-15-123456MSC/VLR:919434099995

SCCP CdPA: 44-181-HLRUKCgPA: 919434099995(VLR1)

3. ISD_resp

2. ISD

4. UPL_resp

SCCPCdPA: 919434099995(VLR) CgPA: 44-181-HLRofUK1

MAPIMSI: 234-15-123456MSISDN: 44-181-654321

2.ISD

2.ISD

4. UPL_resp

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Call from an MS(MO Calls)Call from an MS(MO Calls)

The MS uses RACH to ask for a signaling The MS uses RACH to ask for a signaling channel.channel.

The BSC/TRC allocates a signaling channel,using The BSC/TRC allocates a signaling channel,using AGCH.AGCH.

The MS sends a call set-up request via SDCCH to The MS sends a call set-up request via SDCCH to the MSC/VLR.Over SDCCH all signaling preceding the MSC/VLR.Over SDCCH all signaling preceding a call takes place (e.g.,authentication, a call takes place (e.g.,authentication, ciphering,sending B-subscriber’s ciphering,sending B-subscriber’s number,checking of o/g barring parameter etc.).number,checking of o/g barring parameter etc.).

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MO CALL Continued..MO CALL Continued..

The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate an idle TCH.The RBS and MS are told to tune to an idle TCH.The RBS and MS are told to tune to the TCH.the TCH.

The MSC/VLR forwards the B-number to an The MSC/VLR forwards the B-number to an exchange in the PSTN,which establishes a exchange in the PSTN,which establishes a connection to the subscriber.connection to the subscriber.

If the B-subscriber answers,the connection is If the B-subscriber answers,the connection is established.established.

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Call to an MS (MT Calls)Call to an MS (MT Calls) The PSTN subscriber dials in the MS’s telephone The PSTN subscriber dials in the MS’s telephone

number (MSISDN).The MSISDN is analyzed in the number (MSISDN).The MSISDN is analyzed in the PSTN,which identifies that this is a call to a mobile PSTN,which identifies that this is a call to a mobile network subscriber.A connection is established to network subscriber.A connection is established to the MS’s home GMSC.the MS’s home GMSC.

The GMSC analyzes the MSISDN to find out which The GMSC analyzes the MSISDN to find out which HLR the MS is registered in,and queries the HLR for HLR the MS is registered in,and queries the HLR for information about how to route the call to the information about how to route the call to the serving MSC/VLR.serving MSC/VLR.

The HLR translates MSISDN into IMSI,and determines The HLR translates MSISDN into IMSI,and determines which MSC/VLR is currently which MSC/VLR is currently serving the MS.serving the MS.

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MT Calls continued..MT Calls continued.. The HLR requests an MSRN from the serving The HLR requests an MSRN from the serving

MSC/VLR.The MSC/VLR returns an MSRN via HLR to MSC/VLR.The MSC/VLR returns an MSRN via HLR to the GMSC.the GMSC.

The GMSC analyses the MSRN and routes the call to The GMSC analyses the MSRN and routes the call to the MSC/VLR. the MSC/VLR.

The MSC/VLR knows which LA the MS is located in.A The MSC/VLR knows which LA the MS is located in.A paging message is sent to the BSC’s controlling the paging message is sent to the BSC’s controlling the LA.LA.

The BSC’s distribute the paging message to the The BSC’s distribute the paging message to the RBS’s in the desired LA.RBS’s in the desired LA.

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MT Calls continued..MT Calls continued.. The RBS’s transmit the message over the air interface using PCH The RBS’s transmit the message over the air interface using PCH

with IMSI/TMSI.with IMSI/TMSI.

When the MS detects the paging message,it sends a requests on When the MS detects the paging message,it sends a requests on RACH for a SDCCH.RACH for a SDCCH.

The BSC provides a SDCCH,using AGCH.The BSC provides a SDCCH,using AGCH.

SDCCH is used for the call set-up procedures.Over the SDCCH all SDCCH is used for the call set-up procedures.Over the SDCCH all signaling preceding takes place.signaling preceding takes place.

The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate an idle TCH.The The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate an idle TCH.The RBS and MS are told to tune to the TCH.The mobile phone rings.If RBS and MS are told to tune to the TCH.The mobile phone rings.If subscriber answers,the connection is established.subscriber answers,the connection is established.

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Call to an MS(MT Calls) in Call to an MS(MT Calls) in Roaming-DiagramRoaming-Diagram

WB BSNL

NLDHLR

UK Subscriber

GMSC

VMSC/VLR

UK

HLR

GMSC

44-181-123456

PSTN

DIALS

IAM

1.SRI2.PRN

2.PRN2.PRN

MSISDN

IMSI

2.PRN3.PRN ACK

3.PRN ACK

3.PRN ACK

3.PRN ACK

MSRN

MSRN

4.SRI ACK

MSRN

5.ISUP IAM

5.ISUP IAM

5.ISUP IAM

6.PAGING

6.ACM

6.ACM

6.ACM

7.ANM

7.ANM

7.ANM

8.Disconnect

8.REL

8.REL

9.REL ACK

9.REL ACK

9.REL ACK

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MO SMS -DiagramMO SMS -DiagramWB BSNL

NLDHLR

UK Subscriber

GMSC

VMSC/VLR

UK

HLRGMSC

SCCP CdPA: 44-181-123456(MGT derived from IMSIS analysis)CgPA:919434099995(VLR)

MAPIMSI: 234-15-123456

SCCPCdPA: 919434099995(VLR) CgPA: 44-181-HLRofUK1

MO -FSM MO -FSM

SMSC

MO-FSM-RSP MO -FSM

MO-FSM-RSPMO-FSM-RSP

An MS establishes a connection to the network,An MS establishes a connection to the network,

as in the normal call set-up.as in the normal call set-up.The MS sends the short message using SDCCH to the The MS sends the short message using SDCCH to the

SMSC via MSC/VLR.The SMSC in turn forwards the shortSMSC via MSC/VLR.The SMSC in turn forwards the short

message to its destination.message to its destination.

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MT SMSMT SMS A user sends a message to a SMSC.A user sends a message to a SMSC.

The SMSC sends the message to the SMS-GMSC.The SMSC sends the message to the SMS-GMSC.

The SMS-GMSC queries the HLR for routing information.The SMS-GMSC queries the HLR for routing information.

The HLR returns routing information to the SMS-GMSC.The HLR returns routing information to the SMS-GMSC.

The SMS-GMSC reroutes the message to the MSC/VLR.The SMS-GMSC reroutes the message to the MSC/VLR.

The MS is paged and a connection is set up between the The MS is paged and a connection is set up between the MS and the network,as in the normal call set-up case.MS and the network,as in the normal call set-up case.

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MT SMS Continued…MT SMS Continued…

The MSC/VLR delivers the message to the The MSC/VLR delivers the message to the MS.Short messages are transmitted on SDCCH.MS.Short messages are transmitted on SDCCH.

If the delivery was successful,a report is sent If the delivery was successful,a report is sent from the MSC/VLR to the SMSC,if not,the HLR from the MSC/VLR to the SMSC,if not,the HLR is informed by the MSC/VLR, and a failure is informed by the MSC/VLR, and a failure report is sent to SMSC.report is sent to SMSC.

The HLR then informs the SMSC when the MS The HLR then informs the SMSC when the MS becomes available.becomes available.

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MT SMS -DiagramMT SMS -DiagramWB BSNL-Circle1

NLDHLR

UK Subscriber

GMSC

VMSC/VLR

UK

HLR

GMSC

SMSC

SMS

CdPA:44-181-123456

SCCP CdPA: 44-181-SMSCofUK1CgPA:919434099995(MSC/VLR)

SCCP CdPA: 91-9434099995 MSC/VLRCgPA: 44-181-SMSCofUK1

1. MT-FSM

1. MT-FSM1.MT- FSM

1. MT-FSM

5. MT-FSM_resp5. MT-FSM_resp

5. MT-FSM_resp

SRI-SM

SRI-SM ACK

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PREPAID SYSTEMPREPAID SYSTEM Prepaid system adds few other nodes than the existing Prepaid system adds few other nodes than the existing

GSM network.GSM network.

It is the IN system which handles the prepaid subscriber.It is the IN system which handles the prepaid subscriber.

IN system consist of MainlyIN system consist of Mainly1.SCF1.SCF2.SDP2.SDP3.PPAS3.PPAS4.IVR4.IVR

In MSC SSF module handles the prepaid call Scenario in In MSC SSF module handles the prepaid call Scenario in MSC side.MSC side.

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GPRSGPRS

GPRS Core network consists of GPRS Core network consists of

SGSNSGSN:Serving GPRS Support Node; the :Serving GPRS Support Node; the gateway between the RNC and the core gateway between the RNC and the core network in a GPRS/UMTS networknetwork in a GPRS/UMTS network

GGSNGGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node; the :Gateway GPRS Support Node; the gateway between a cellular network and a IP gateway between a cellular network and a IP network.network.

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GPRS RELATED LINKSGPRS RELATED LINKS Gc-The interface between the GGSN and the HLR in a GSM/GPRS networkGc-The interface between the GGSN and the HLR in a GSM/GPRS network

Gd-The interface between the SGSN and the SMSC in a GSM/GPRS Gd-The interface between the SGSN and the SMSC in a GSM/GPRS networknetwork

Gf-The interface between the SGSN and the EIR in a GSM/GPRS networkGf-The interface between the SGSN and the EIR in a GSM/GPRS network

Gi-The interface between the GGSN and the Internet in a GPRS networkGi-The interface between the GGSN and the Internet in a GPRS network

Gn-The interface between the GGSN and the SGSN in a GPRS networkGn-The interface between the GGSN and the SGSN in a GPRS network

Gp-The interfaces between the GGSN/SGSN and the Border Gateway in a Gp-The interfaces between the GGSN/SGSN and the Border Gateway in a GPRS networkGPRS network

Gr-The interface between the SGSN and the HLR in a GPRS networkGr-The interface between the SGSN and the HLR in a GPRS network

Gs-The interface between the SGSN and the MSC in a GSM/GPRS networkGs-The interface between the SGSN and the MSC in a GSM/GPRS network

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GPRS ATTACHGPRS ATTACH

SGSN

EIR

HLR

1.GPRS ATTACH REQUEST

2.Authentication request

3.Athentication res

4.Equipment identity check

5.Equipment idemtity check response

6.update location

7.ISD

8.ISD ACK

9.GPRS attach accepted

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PDP Context activationPDP Context activation

SGSN

DNS SERVER

GGSN

Radius Server

DHCPSERVER

1.Activate PDP contest

2.DNS query (APN)

3.DNS Resp(GGSN

IP ADR

4.Create PDP

Contest req.

5.Radius authentication

request

6.Res7.DHCP

ADDR.REQ

8.DHCP

ADDR.RES

9. Create PDP Context Response

10. Activate PDP Context

Accept

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CDMA (IS-95) TECHNOLOGYCDMA (IS-95) TECHNOLOGY   Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology

that uses spread-spectrum techniquesthat uses spread-spectrum techniques

  IS-95 CDMA system operates in 800 MhzIS-95 CDMA system operates in 800 Mhz

CdmaOne is the brand name of IS-95 technology from 1997.CdmaOne is the brand name of IS-95 technology from 1997. CdmaOne is basically an air-interface standard.CdmaOne is basically an air-interface standard.

IS-95 uses Frequency division duplex.Forward link and reverse IS-95 uses Frequency division duplex.Forward link and reverse link transmission occur in different frequency band.link transmission occur in different frequency band.

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Duplex separation used in IS-95 is 45MhzDuplex separation used in IS-95 is 45Mhz

Carrier spacing is 1.25 MhzCarrier spacing is 1.25 Mhz

Forward link frequency: 824-849MhzForward link frequency: 824-849Mhz

Reverse Link frequency: 869Mhz-894MhzReverse Link frequency: 869Mhz-894Mhz

The forward link consists of Base station(BS) The forward link consists of Base station(BS) transmitter,radio channel and the MS receiver.transmitter,radio channel and the MS receiver.

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CDMA Continues…CDMA Continues… CdmaOne system supports four different types of forward channelsCdmaOne system supports four different types of forward channels ##Pilot channelPilot channel-is continuously transmitted by each CDMA carrier and is used by MS -is continuously transmitted by each CDMA carrier and is used by MS

to identify the BS and to asses the suitability of the cell hand over.In this respect it to identify the BS and to asses the suitability of the cell hand over.In this respect it may be likened to the BCCH carrier in GSM system.may be likened to the BCCH carrier in GSM system.

##Synchronous channelSynchronous channel--ItIt allows MS to achieve time synchronization with BS and allows MS to achieve time synchronization with BS and the networkthe network ..

##Paging channelPaging channel--is used to page MSs to alert them to an incoming call.is used to page MSs to alert them to an incoming call.

##Traffic channelTraffic channel--are assigned to the users as required and they may carry speech or are assigned to the users as required and they may carry speech or user data at bit rates of up to 9.6 kbps.user data at bit rates of up to 9.6 kbps.

            

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Each forward channel on a CDMA carrier is assigned a different 64-bit Walsh Each forward channel on a CDMA carrier is assigned a different 64-bit Walsh code.code.

The reverse link radio path consists of the Mobile station(MS) transmitter,the The reverse link radio path consists of the Mobile station(MS) transmitter,the radio channel and the base station(BS).radio channel and the base station(BS).

CdmaOne system supports two different types of radio channel on reverse linkCdmaOne system supports two different types of radio channel on reverse link

##Access channelAccess channel--as its name would suggest,is used by MS initially to as its name would suggest,is used by MS initially to access the network,e.g. at call initiation or in response to a paging message.Each access the network,e.g. at call initiation or in response to a paging message.Each Base Station may support 32 access channels per forward link paging channel Base Station may support 32 access channels per forward link paging channel and the MSs within a CeLL are pseudo-randomly distributed between the access and the MSs within a CeLL are pseudo-randomly distributed between the access channels.channels.

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CDMA Continues…CDMA Continues…

Access channel data are presented in the form of one 96-Access channel data are presented in the form of one 96-bit frame every 20 ms.Of this 96 bits,88 are used to bit frame every 20 ms.Of this 96 bits,88 are used to carry information and remaing eight are encoder tail carry information and remaing eight are encoder tail bits.bits.

## Traffic channelTraffic channel-are assigned to the individual user as -are assigned to the individual user as required.A reverse link traffic channel may carry required.A reverse link traffic channel may carry speech and data at bit rates up to 9.6 kbps.speech and data at bit rates up to 9.6 kbps.

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The cdmaOne MS does not transmit a pilot signal as this The cdmaOne MS does not transmit a pilot signal as this would significantly decrease reverse link capacity.would significantly decrease reverse link capacity.

BS receiver uses RAKE receiver to demodulate the reverse BS receiver uses RAKE receiver to demodulate the reverse link signal from a particular MS.link signal from a particular MS.

MS handover process occur by measuring the strength of MS handover process occur by measuring the strength of the pilot channels signal from a BS other than its current the pilot channels signal from a BS other than its current BS.BS.

CdmaOne system supports three main types of handoverCdmaOne system supports three main types of handover

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CDMA Continues…CDMA Continues… ## Idle mode handoverIdle mode handover-It occurs when an MS moves from the -It occurs when an MS moves from the

coverage area of one BS into the coverage area of a second BS coverage area of one BS into the coverage area of a second BS while an MS is an idle mode.while an MS is an idle mode.

      # # Soft handoverSoft handover- is used between BSs having CDMA carriers - is used between BSs having CDMA carriers with identical frequency assignments.with identical frequency assignments.

# # Hard handoverHard handover- occur when a mobile is switched between - occur when a mobile is switched between two BSs using different carriers.two BSs using different carriers.

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Simplified data flow for the access procedure of Simplified data flow for the access procedure of a mobile terminated call.a mobile terminated call.

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Basic cdmaOne diagramBasic cdmaOne diagram

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CDMA 2000CDMA 2000 This is the evaluated 3G version of IS-95/cdmaOne technology.This is the evaluated 3G version of IS-95/cdmaOne technology.

CDMA2000 is an ITU-approved standard that was the first 3G technologies CDMA2000 is an ITU-approved standard that was the first 3G technologies (October,2000).(October,2000).

provides advanced voice communications and high-speed data connectivity, provides advanced voice communications and high-speed data connectivity, including access to the Internet, mobile data applications and multimedia content.including access to the Internet, mobile data applications and multimedia content.

Supports data services at minimum transmission rates of 144 kbps in mobile Supports data services at minimum transmission rates of 144 kbps in mobile (outdoor) and 2 Mbps in fixed (indoor) environments.(outdoor) and 2 Mbps in fixed (indoor) environments.

The world's first 3G commercial system was launched by SK Telecom (South The world's first 3G commercial system was launched by SK Telecom (South Korea) in October 2000 using CDMA2000Korea) in October 2000 using CDMA2000

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    CDMA2000 represents a family of standards CDMA2000 represents a family of standards and includesand includes

>CDMA2000 1X>CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Technologies >CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev A>CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev B>Ultra Mobile Broadband - UMB (CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev C)

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CDMA 2000 continues…CDMA 2000 continues…

CDMA2000 builds on the inherent advantages of CDMA CDMA2000 builds on the inherent advantages of CDMA technologies,such astechnologies,such as

>introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM >introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM and OFDMA)and OFDMA)

>advanced control and signaling mechanisms>advanced control and signaling mechanisms

>improved interference management techniques end-to-end Quality of >improved interference management techniques end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS)Service (QoS)

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>new antenna techniques such as Multiple >new antenna techniques such as Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) and Space Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) to Division Multiple Access (SDMA) to increase data throughput rates and quality increase data throughput rates and quality of serviceof service

>improving network capacity and reducing >improving network capacity and reducing delivery cost.delivery cost.

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CDMA2000 Advantages:CDMA2000 Advantages: >>Superior Voice qualitySuperior Voice quality

>>High-Speed Broadband Data connectivityHigh-Speed Broadband Data connectivity

>>Increased Voice and Data Throughput capacityIncreased Voice and Data Throughput capacity

>>Long-Term, Robust and Evolutionary Migration Path withLong-Term, Robust and Evolutionary Migration Path with Forward and Backward CompatibilityForward and Backward Compatibility

>>Differentiated Value-Added Services such as VoIP, PTT, Differentiated Value-Added Services such as VoIP, PTT, Multicasting, Position Location, etc.Multicasting, Position Location, etc.

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>>Flexible Network Architecture with connectivity to ANSI-41, GSM-Flexible Network Architecture with connectivity to ANSI-41, GSM-MAP and IP-based Networks and flexible Backhaul Connectivity MAP and IP-based Networks and flexible Backhaul Connectivity

>>Flexible Spectrum Allocations with Excellent Propagation Flexible Spectrum Allocations with Excellent Propagation CharacteristicsCharacteristics

>>Robust Link Budget for Extended Coverage and Increased Data Robust Link Budget for Extended Coverage and Increased Data Throughputs at the Cell EdgeThroughputs at the Cell Edge

>>Improved Security and PrivacyImproved Security and Privacy

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CDMA 2000 NETWORK DIAGRAMCDMA 2000 NETWORK DIAGRAM

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UMTS/WCDMAUMTS/WCDMA UMTS (WCDMA)is a 3G evolution of GSM and GPRSUMTS (WCDMA)is a 3G evolution of GSM and GPRS

UMTS is one of the Third Generation (3G) mobile systems being UMTS is one of the Third Generation (3G) mobile systems being developed within the ITU's IMT-2000 frameworkdeveloped within the ITU's IMT-2000 framework

The coverage will be provided by a combination of cell sizes ranging from The coverage will be provided by a combination of cell sizes ranging from 'in building' Pico Cells to Global Cells provided by satellite, giving service 'in building' Pico Cells to Global Cells provided by satellite, giving service to the remote regions of the worldto the remote regions of the world

created a platform to converge the worlds of speech, data services and the created a platform to converge the worlds of speech, data services and the Internet to create a global market for mobile multimedia.Internet to create a global market for mobile multimedia.

UMTS is designed to increase a subscriber’s data rates and system UMTS is designed to increase a subscriber’s data rates and system capacity.capacity.

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Technical Features:Technical Features: Modulation Techniques used QPSKModulation Techniques used QPSK

Multiple access technology used as CDMAMultiple access technology used as CDMA

Frequency reuse pattern : 1*1 (cell*sector)Frequency reuse pattern : 1*1 (cell*sector)

Maximum data rates supported: 384kbps to 2 mbpsMaximum data rates supported: 384kbps to 2 mbps

Both packect switch and circuit switch are supportedBoth packect switch and circuit switch are supported

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Radio channels are 5MHz wideRadio channels are 5MHz wide

ChipChip(fundamental unit of transmission in a (fundamental unit of transmission in a CDMACDMA system) rate of 3.84 Mcpssystem) rate of 3.84 Mcps

Supports two basic modes of duplex, frequency division Supports two basic modes of duplex, frequency division and time division. Current systems use frequency division, and time division. Current systems use frequency division, one frequency for uplink and one for downlink. For time one frequency for uplink and one for downlink. For time division, UMTS uses 15 slots per radio frame.division, UMTS uses 15 slots per radio frame.

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Technical Features Technical Features continues .continues .

              >>Employs coherent detection on uplink and downlink based on the use of Employs coherent detection on uplink and downlink based on the use of pilot symbolspilot symbols

  > > Supports inter-cell asynchronous operationSupports inter-cell asynchronous operation

              >>Variable mission on a 10 ms frame basisVariable mission on a 10 ms frame basis

              >>Adaptive power control Adaptive power control

            > > Multiuser detection and smart antennas can be used to increase capacity Multiuser detection and smart antennas can be used to increase capacity and coverage. and coverage.

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>>initially poor coverage due to the time it takes to initially poor coverage due to the time it takes to build a networkbuild a network

>>for fully fledged UMTS incorporating for fully fledged UMTS incorporating Video on Video on DemandDemand features, one features, one base stationbase station needs to be set up needs to be set up every 1–1.5 every 1–1.5 kmkm (0.62–0.93 (0.62–0.93 mimi). While this is ). While this is economically feasible in urban economically feasible in urban areas, it is infeasible areas, it is infeasible in less populated suburban and rural areas.in less populated suburban and rural areas.

>Requires huge frequency spectrum>Requires huge frequency spectrum

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UMTS Network ArchitechtureUMTS Network Architechture

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UMTS Network ArchitechtureUMTS Network ArchitechtureØ   Ø   UMTS core network architechturally a GSM phase 2+UMTS core network architechturally a GSM phase 2+

Core network that is power up so that it can also handle the higher volume,higher bit Core network that is power up so that it can also handle the higher volume,higher bit rate,UMTS traffic.rate,UMTS traffic.

Ø  Ø  RNS(Radio network subsystem) is the additional part for UMTS network than GSM RNS(Radio network subsystem) is the additional part for UMTS network than GSM Phase 2 + network.Phase 2 + network.

Ø  Ø  RNS consists of RNC (Radio network Controller) and Node B(part of User Equipment RNS consists of RNC (Radio network Controller) and Node B(part of User Equipment and Base station)and Base station)

Ø  Ø  The UMTS terrestrial Radio interface(UTRA) frequency duplex(FDD) mode is the W-The UMTS terrestrial Radio interface(UTRA) frequency duplex(FDD) mode is the W-CDMA radio interface of the UMTS.CDMA radio interface of the UMTS.

Ø  Ø  Carrier frequency is defined by the UTRA absolute radio frequency channel Carrier frequency is defined by the UTRA absolute radio frequency channel number(UARFCN).number(UARFCN).

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Physical ChannelsPhysical Channels       there are two basic types of physical channels.there are two basic types of physical channels. # # Dedicated ChannelsDedicated Channels-These are used by UEs for the duration of the -These are used by UEs for the duration of the

call.There are two Dedicated channels-call.There are two Dedicated channels->>PCCHPCCH-Dedicated physical control channel carries -Dedicated physical control channel carries physical layer control informationphysical layer control information

>>DPDCHDPDCH-Dedicated physical data channel -Dedicated physical data channel transports transports the user traffic.the user traffic.

##Common channelsCommon channels--these are used to carry information to the UEs these are used to carry information to the UEs within a cell and are used by the UEs to access the network. within a cell and are used by the UEs to access the network. Common Common channels are of two types:channels are of two types: Common channels are of two types:Common channels are of two types:

1. 1. Down link common channelsDown link common channels 2. 2. Uplink common channelsUplink common channels

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Down link common channelsDown link common channels

CPICHCPICH-Common Pilot Channel provides a common demodulation -Common Pilot Channel provides a common demodulation reference over all or part of a cell.reference over all or part of a cell.

P-CCPCHP-CCPCH-Primary common control physical channel caries general -Primary common control physical channel caries general network information.network information.

S-CCPCHS-CCPCH-Secondary common control physical channel is used for -Secondary common control physical channel is used for paging and packet datapaging and packet data

SCHSCH-Synchronisation channel is used by UE for its initial cell search-Synchronisation channel is used by UE for its initial cell search

AICHAICH-Acquisition indication channel controls the use of common -Acquisition indication channel controls the use of common uplink channels.uplink channels.

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UP Link common physical UP Link common physical channelschannels

PRACHPRACH-Physical Random Access Channels used by -Physical Random Access Channels used by UEs initially to access the networkUEs initially to access the network

PC-PCHPC-PCH-Physical Common Packet Channel allows -Physical Common Packet Channel allows bursts of data to be transferred from UEs to the bursts of data to be transferred from UEs to the network.CPCH is typically used for short,infrequent network.CPCH is typically used for short,infrequent burst of data where as dedicated channels are more burst of data where as dedicated channels are more suited to long burst.suited to long burst.

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UMTS Frame structureUMTS Frame structure The duration of a frame is 10msThe duration of a frame is 10ms

One frame contains 15 slotsOne frame contains 15 slots

Each slot duration =0.667 msEach slot duration =0.667 ms

Each slot contains 2560 chips Each slot contains 2560 chips

Chip rate=3.838Mchips/sChip rate=3.838Mchips/s

One super frame =72 frame= 720ms durationOne super frame =72 frame= 720ms duration

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Difference between CDMA2000 Difference between CDMA2000 and UMTS technologyand UMTS technology

>>Cdma2000 and UMTS were developed separately and are 2 Cdma2000 and UMTS were developed separately and are 2 separate ITU approved 3G standardsseparate ITU approved 3G standards

>cdma2000 were developed to be backward compatible with >cdma2000 were developed to be backward compatible with cdmaOne but UMTS phones are not meant to be backward cdmaOne but UMTS phones are not meant to be backward compatible with GSM systems.compatible with GSM systems.

>Cdma2000 is easy to implement because operators do not >Cdma2000 is easy to implement because operators do not need new frequencies but implementation of UMTS is very need new frequencies but implementation of UMTS is very difficult because of its new requirement of wide range of difficult because of its new requirement of wide range of frequency and new implementation of the radio access frequency and new implementation of the radio access network.network.

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