GENERAL PAPER 8807/01 · Living amongst strangers rather than close-knit communities, ... cyber you-name-it. These are all par for the course as study after study has detected similarities

© Hwa Chong Institution 2019 8807/ 01 / C2 Preliminary Examination 2019

HWA CHONG INSTITUTIONC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONHigher 1

CANDIDATE NAME CT GROUP

CENTRE NUMBER

INDEX NUMBER

GENERAL PAPER Paper 1Additional Materials: Answer Booklet

8807/0129 August 20191 hour 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESWrite your name, CT group, Centre number and index number in the boxes above.

Answer one question. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.Note that 20 marks out of 50 will be awarded for your use of language.

Write your answer in the Answer Booklet.Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction tape or fluid.

You are reminded of the importance of careful planning,legible handwriting, and good presentation.

This document consists of 2 printed pages.[Turn over

www.KiasuExamPaper.com 180

© Hwa Chong Institution 2019 8807/ 01 / C2 Preliminary Examination 2019

Answer one question.Answers should be between 500 and 800 words in length.

1. ‘Misunderstood and underestimated.’ Is this an accurate description of youth in your society?

2. Does geography still determine a country’s prospects in today’s world?

3. Should promises always be kept?

4. Is it fair to expect countries to be well-prepared for disease outbreaks?

5. ‘Environmental pollution is a catastrophe waiting to happen.’ Comment.

6. How far should personal morality be a concern of the state?

7. Why worry about what technological advancement may do to us when we can just enjoywhat it can do for us?

8. Do you agree that freedom of speech should never be denied even though it can beabused?

9. ‘If people in developed countries are poor, they have themselves to blame.’ Discuss.

10. ‘People will believe anything they read, hear, or see in the media.’ Is this statement reflective of the situation in your country?

11. ‘Rather than find fault, focus on the positive side of things!’ To what extent is this good advice?

12. ‘Art is not meant to instruct or influence; it is only meant to be enjoyed.’ Do you agree with this viewpoint?


HWA CHONG INSTITUTIONC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Higher 1

Candidate Name

CT Group

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESThis 2-page Insert contains the passage for comprehension. Detach it from the Question Paper.

Bring the Insert for the Post-Prelim Review Lecture.

Sue Palmer writes about the state of childhood today.

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Before the miracles of modern medicine and public-health initiatives, many infants did not live to see their first birthday – and if they did, they were expected to grow up on the double, especially in agrarian-based societies. For most of Western history, childhood was short and brutish, even non-existent. Influenced by Puritan beliefs, children were commonly perceived as imperfect miniature grown-ups, burdened with original sin from which they had to be redeemed through rigorous instruction, hard work and perhaps a good hiding or two.

A dramatic departure from this public perception of children occurred in the 18th century however. Parental attitudes of detachment toward their offspring (rationalised previously by the distressingly high infant mortality rates in the Middle Ages) underwent a metamorphosis with better medicine and the increasing availability of cheap contraception. Parents could now meaningfully decide on the size of their families; this meant more time and energy could be channelled towards a reduced brood, with childhood regarded as a unique stage of life. This notion of a childhood was backed particularly by the educational theories of philosopher John Locke and an increasing abundance of publications about and for children.

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3 Over time, as mechanisation replaced gruelling labour and led to increasingly industrialised societies, the state took on the mantle to safeguard the interests of children. Institutions clamped down on the use of child labour in the West and the introduction of mandatory education meant children's period of dependency had to be lengthened. Coupled with the rise of dual-income households and a better quality of life, parents were finally able to give their precious progeny even more attention. Such children transmogrified into what Princeton sociologist Viviana Zelizer has memorably described as “the economically useless but emotionally priceless child”. Nonetheless, children became repositories of hope for a better future. Worldwide, a new mindset morphed: no longer are we to suffer the children, we are to suffer for our children.

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4 Sadly, the physical spaces where children were growing up in did not improve their lot. Having brought their children up in overwhelmingly urban landscapes, more parents began to perceive childhood as a period of peril. Living amongst strangers rather than close-knit communities, parents justified their need to protect their children even more. Old-school games like Conkers*,once a staple autumn game of British children, have fallen out of favour, thanks to schools which have banned such treacherous pastimes for fear that they might cause injuries. A recent survey of children aged eight to twelve found that indoor play is now the norm: a third has never splashed in a puddle and the distance children are allowed to play unsupervised has shrunk by ninety per cent since 1970. Little surprise then that the PlayStation is the playground of today.

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*Players drill holes in shiny brown chestnuts (conkers), thread them onto strings before swinging them at their opponents until one of the nuts breaks.


5 Unsurprisingly, evidence is mounting that children today are in fact experiencing a toxic childhood – a lethal concoction of technological and cultural changes that is having a deleterious impact on their development. Sated on diets of junk foods and TV dinners, barred from the rough and tumble of outdoor play, children are also victims of an obesity explosion. Continually exposed to the 24/7 culture of televisual and online entertainment, they are prime targets for exploitation by the anonymous army of marketers lurking behind those omnipresent screens. Regrettably, ageneration of mini-consumers who equate happiness with materialism is being created as they learn from their new parents: vacuous screen idols.

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6 This commercialisation of childhood has been accompanied by its ‘schoolification’; tots as tiny as three are bused and herded into full-day nurseries, endlessly scheduled and timetabled into routines in order for their parents to work and feed the economy. Back home, these tots spend time with electronic babysitters and are fed yet more visual stimulation. Is it any wonder these mini-mechanicals sleepwalk into formal education bereft of any real interest in anything andwithout an independent streak whatsoever? School teachers who bewail the precipitous decline in their students’ communication skills and shortened attention spans often point to those early years spent in supervised care and the premature digitalisation of their lifestyles as the culprits.

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7 Strangely, in a world where there are more ways to communicate than ever before, parents now connect less and less with their own children, spawning another new list of problems: cyber addiction, cyber bullying, cyber depression, cyber you-name-it. These are all par for the course as study after study has detected similarities between the brain activity of cocaine addicts and our young digital natives. Meanwhile, education authorities and schools have not been spared the seeping of the cut-throat competitive culture of the adult world into their walls. The obsession with tests and league tables has infected the classroom, leaving these young charges reeling from the – let’s face it – high-stakes Darwinian rat race that helicopter parents are desperate to win by means fair or foul. These parents ensure their privileged offspring’s access to the best higher educational opportunities that money can buy, securing the latter’s station in the upper echelons of society.

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8 Such hyper-parenting behaviour has exacerbated already massive social inequalities. Parents in underprivileged households, handicapped by a lack of funds, knowledge and connections, can only watch helplessly as crushing new inequalities push the dream of intergenerational social mobility further and further out of reach of their children. But a problem of crisis proportions for children everywhere has ensued with this uneven realisation of socio-economic aspirations across all income groups. National Health Service (NHS) figures published in July 2018 revealed that almost 400,000 children and young people aged 18 and below have been in contact with the health service for mental health related problems. Is it not time to question why, in one of the wealthiest, most technologically advanced eras on Earth, we are unable to raise a generation thatis wholesome and healthy, passionate and purposeful, emotionally sentient and sensible...?

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Still, hope is not lost. Educators and child-development experts are leading the charge to influence institutions to introduce national guidelines regulating screen use. Progressive leaders are eager to level the playing field for those from less privileged backgrounds. We must find ways for all members of the community to re-forge an 'adult alliance' to support families in raising their young.The statistics emerging now about children's mental health must act as a wake-up call to everyone concerned about the well-being of the future.

But the main responsibility for rearing children, lies – as it always has – with parents. They haveto wise up, stop overreacting to a combination of rapid change, uncertainty and guilt, and find new ways to provide a secure, healthy family life for their offspring. None of this is rocket science, but in terms of our civilisation’s future, it is far more important than rocket science. Given that they are growing up in a time of peace and plenty, apathy and discontentment should not be a natural state for our children. We owe them at least this much.

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HWA CHONG INSTITUTIONC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONHigher 1

CandidateName

CTGroup

Centre Number S Index

Number

GENERAL PAPERPaper 2

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

8807/0229 August 20191 hour 30 minutes

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTWrite your name, CT Group, Centre number and index number clearly on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use paper clips, highlighters, correction fluid or tape.

Answer all questions.The Insert contains the passage for comprehension.Note that up to 15 marks out of 50 will be awarded for your use of language.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

You are reminded of the importance of legible handwriting and good presentation.

For Examiner’s Use

Content /35

Language /15

Total /50

This document consists of a 7-page Question Paper, 1 blank page and a 2-page Insert.[Turn over


HCI C2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION GENERAL PAPER 29 AUGUST 2019

2

Read the passages and then answer all the questions which follow below. Note that up to fifteen marks will be given for the quality and accuracy of your use of English throughout this paper.

NOTE: When a question asks for an answer IN YOUR OWN WORDS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE and you select the appropriate material from the passages for your answer, you must still use your own words to express it. Little credit can be given to answers which only copy words or phrases from the passages.

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What is the author implying by using the word “miracles” (line 1) to describe modern medicine and public-health initiatives?

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Explain why the author claims “childhood was short and brutish, even non-existent” (lines 3-4). Use your own words as far as possible.

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3 Using material from paragraphs 2 to 4, summarise the reasons for the changes in attitude towards children and how they affected the treatment of children. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible.

Parental attitudes toward children underwent a metamorphosis with……………………………

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“Regrettably, a generation of mini-consumers who equate happiness with materialism is being created as they learn from their new parents: vacuous screen idols.” (lines 38-40)

Why does the author describe the above situation as regrettable?

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Explain how the examples given in paragraph 6 support the author’s assertion that children today are “mini-mechanicals” (line 45). Use your own words as far as possible.

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Suggest why the author completes the “new list of problems” (line 50) experienced by children with the phrase “cyber you-name-it” (line 51).

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“The obsession with tests and league tables has infected the classroom, leaving its charges reeling from the – let’s face it – high-stakes Darwinian rat race that helicopter parents are desperate to win by means fair or foul.” (lines 54-57)

What is the author's intention in inserting “let's face it” in line 56?

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What distinction is the author making between the behaviour of privileged parents (inparagraph 7) and underprivileged parents (in paragraph 8)? Use your own words as far as possible.

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“We must find ways for all members of the community to re-forge an 'adult alliance' to support families in raising their young.” (lines 72-73).

Why does the author switch to ‘we’ in this sentence?

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10 What is the author implying about the “new ways to provide a secure, healthy family life” (lines77-78) by claiming that “none of this is rocket science” (line 78)?

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11 Sue Palmer shares her concerns about the state of childhood today and believes that more can be done to make it better. How applicable do you find her observations to you and your society?

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END OF PAPERwww.KiasuExamPaper.com

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BLANK PAGE


2019 C2 Preliminary Examination Paper 2 “State of Childhood Today” Answer Key (as of 23 September 2019)

Paragraph 1Q1. What is the author implying by using the word “miracles” (line 1) to describe modern medicine and public-health initiatives? [1]

Before the miracles of modern medicine and public-health initiatives, many infants did not live to see their first birthday

By using the word ‘miracles’, the author is implying that these modern medicine and public-health initiatives had such amazing / astounding / phenomenal / wondrous effects that they seemed heaven-sent / were the result of divine intervention. [1]

Q2. Explain why the author claims “childhood was short and brutish, even non-existent” (lines 3-4). Use your own words as far as possible. [3]

Many infants did not live to see their first birthday – andif they did, they were expected to grow up on the double, especially inagrarian-based societies.Children had to be (redeemed via) rigorous instruction, hard work and perhaps agood hiding or two.

a) Most children tended to have only brief life-spans / many children diedearly (BOD) / before they were one (BOD)

b) They had neither the time nor the luxury for an extended period oftime to be carefree like a child / to enjoy themselves OR They had tomature / develop expeditiously /at lightning speed/ very fast ( BOD)

c) They were pre-destined / intended to be the necessary labour for thefarming communities they lived in

d) They were made to toil / labour intensely, supposedly for their own good

e) They were beaten callously / physically abused / manhandled / treatedlike animals (BOD)

Note: Any 3 out of 5 points for [3]

Paragraphs 2 to 4 (Summary)Q3. Using material from paragraphs 2 to 4, summarise the reasons for the changes in attitude towards children and how they affected the treatment of children. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible. [8]Parental attitudes towards children underwent a metamorphosis with …

1 with better medicine and with more effective / powerful / improved … drugs/ vaccines/ medical remedies/healthcare

2 the increasing availability of cheap contraception

and the growing / greater access / channels to obtain low cost / affordable /inexpensive/ reasonably priced birth control methods

3 Parents could now meaningfully decide on the size of their families

Parents could make/formulate [informed /careful / thoughtful]judgments /conclusions/ choices on how many children to have/ enjoy autonomy over the number of offspring to have

Gloss: Parents could choose to have fewer children

Note: Word in brackets not necessary for the mark4 and this meant more time and

energy could be channelledtowards a reduced brood

and focus /concentrate on/ give attention to fewer children / kids / a smaller family (BOD) [and their growth/progress /maturity]

Note: Words in brackets not necessary for the mark5 with childhood became regarded

as a unique stage of lifeChildhood was acknowledged / accepted/ credited … as anindependent / a separate / distinct / discrete / special … phase/ period / juncture/ time of / for development

6 This notion of a childhood was backed particularly by the educational theories of

which was supported / substantiated / justified legitimized / recognized / affirmed by thought leaders / prominent thinkers

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philosopher John Locke…7 …and an increasing abundance

of publications about and forchildren

and books / academic research / published writings.

8 Over time, as mechanisation replaced gruelling labour andled to increasingly industrialised societies,

As our economy becomes more reliant on machinery/ less relianton human/ physical labour,

9 the state took on the mantle to safeguard the interests of children

governments became responsible for / was obligated to / assumed control over / secure / protect children’s welfare / well-being / the state of childhood

Gloss : States took charge of / looked after children10 Institutions clamped down on the

use of child labour in the WestChildren were not allowed /were forbidden / prohibited from working.

Gloss : It became illegal for children to work11 and the introduction of

mandatory education [The establishment of] compulsory schooling / education (allow lift ) OR education dictated / prescribed by the law

12 meant children's period of dependency had to be lengthened

prolonged / extended children’s reliance on others (for financial / monetary support / provision)

Note: Words in brackets not necessary for the mark13 Coupled with the rise of dual-

income households… With the increases in earnings / with more take home pay more material provisions

14 …and a better quality of life greater access to consumer goods OR improved standards of living…

15 parents were finally able to give their precious progeny evenmore attention

children received greater care/ concern / control / consideration / custody / guardianship /guidance/ direction

Note: The emphasis is on the increased level of attention paid to children. 16 Such children transmogrified into

what Princeton sociologist Viviana Zelizer has memorably described as “the economically useless but emotionally priceless child”

The child is far from being a productive person / cannot contribute to society in a monetary sense / has no utilitarian valueyet he is precious / valued

Gloss: The child is loved despite being a financial / materialliability.

Note: The answer must point out the inverse relationship OR the incongruity of the level of economic usefulness and the value placed on children to be credited.

17 Nonetheless, children becamerepositories of hope for a better future.

The dreams / aspirations of societies are placed on children

Gloss: Adults look to children for brighter days ahead.18 Worldwide, a new mindset

morphed: no longer are we to suffer the children, we are to suffer for our children.

[A paradigm shift occurred: we should not just put up withchildren], we now take on children’s burdens / undertake challenges / put up with hardship for children’s sake.

Note: Word in brackets not necessary for the mark19 more parents now perceive

childhood as a period of peril[leading] parents to believe / see / regard … childhood is dangerous / risky / hazardous

20 Living amongst strangers rather than close-knit communities

[Increasingly], children are not growing up around people related to them / relatives / kin

21 parents have justified their need to protect their children more

which parents use to explain / support / offer as reasons / a defence / corroboration /substantiation for shielding / guarding / safekeeping / safeguarding their children from danger / threats / harm.

22 thanks to schools which have banned such treacherous

Schools prohibit / object / proscribe to such dangerous / perfidious activities

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pastimes for fear they might cause injuries

OR as these activities might harm / hurt them

23 A recent survey of children aged eight to twelve found that indoor play is now the norm: a third has never splashed in a puddle and the distance children are allowed to play unsupervised has shrunk by ninety per cent since 1970.

Children are rarely / hardly to get spend time outdoorsOR Children are seldom given the chance to play in an uninhibited manner / roam freelyOR Children are only allowed to play in safe / guarded / sanitised areas.

24 Little surprise then that the PlayStation is the playground of today

[ As expected ] Children are left to be entertained by / preoccupied with electronic devices / gadgets

Note: Words in brackets not necessary for the mark

Paragraph 5 Q4. "Regrettably, a generation of mini-consumers who equate happiness with materialism is being created as they learn from their new parents: vacuous screen idols." (lines 38–40) Why does the author describe the above situation as regrettable? [2]

Regrettably, ageneration of mini-consumers who equate happiness with materialism is being created as they learn from their new parents: vacuous screen idols.

a) Parents are supposed to be the wise role models who will impart the right set of values to their children. However, the ones who are actually instructing children today are vapid / dim / unintelligent public media personalities / celebrities / influencers. ORb) It is expected that children are taught sound values / good principles to help them navigate through life. However, children today are taught to correlate / associate covetousness / owning things (BOD) with joy / fulfilment in life, which are not the concepts / beliefs they should learn.

Note: Candidate’s answer must make evident the disparity between an ideal versus the less than ideal outcome to be awarded the full 2m.

Paragraph 6 Q5. Explain how the examples given in paragraph 6 support the author’s assertion that children today are “mini-mechanicals” (line 45). Use your own words as far as possible. [3]This commercialisation of childhood has been accompanied by its ‘schoolification’; tots as tiny as three are bused and herded into full-day nurseries, endlessly scheduled and timetabled into routines in order fortheir parents to work and feed the economy. Back home, these tots spend time with electronic babysitters and are fed yet more visual stimulation. Is it any wonder these mini-mechanicals sleepwalk into formal education, bereft of any real interests in anything andwithout an independent streak whatsoever?

Children seem to be “mini-mechanicals” because…a) their education / learning itinerary has been pre-arranged/ pre-set / established in advance

b) their activities / movements are regimented / controlled

c) they accept information transmitted by their gadgets passively/ catatonically

d) they lack vim and vigour / are without liveliness / enthusiasm / zest

e) they obey instructions without assessment / have no views/mind of their own

f) they are just apathetic / indifferent / bored Note: Any 3 points for [3]

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Paragraph 7 Q6. Suggest why the author completes "the new list of problems" (line 50) experienced by children with the phrase "cyber you-name-it"? (line 51) [2]

...parents now communicate less and less with their own children, spawning another new list of problems: cyber addiction, cyber bullying, cyber depression, cyberyou-name-it. These are all on par for the course as study after study has detected similarities between the brain activity of cocaine addicts and our young digital natives.

Clue for (c) : repetition of ‘cyber’

a) She is implying there is such a plethora of / ever-increasing / constantly evolving / yet to be discovered disorders caused by over-exposure to digital devices / the Internet/social media [1]

BOD: the list of problems is unending / infinite [1]

b) that any disorder /malady we can think of / identify can be attributed to the internet as a cause and we will not be wrong. [1]

c) The author blames the over-digitalisation of our lives as the cause of problems faced by children today OR the unending litany of problems was generated by the overuse of gadgets

Any 2 out of 3 points

Q7. “The obsession with tests and league tables has infected the classroom, leaving its charges reeling from the – let’s face it – high-stakes Darwinian rat race that helicopter parents are desperate to win by means fair or foul.” (lines 54 – 57) What is the author’s intention in inserting “let’s face it” in line 56? [2]

The obsession with tests, and league tables has now infected the classroom, leaving its charges reeling from the – let’s face it – high-stakes Darwinian rat race that helicopter parents are desperate to win by means fair or foul.

a) He wants to ([1] for either one of the following)i) force the reader to admit / acknowledge / be unable to deny ii) ‘tell it like it is’/ be blunt and forthright / be 'right up front' / not to be euphemistic / not to sugar-coat the situationiii) be outspoken and unequivocal

ANDb) in order to ([1] for either one of the following)i) highlight the hypocrisy of those who deny the belief that the educational rat race is about the survival of the fittest is legitimate. ii) emphasize that there are parents who would do anything for their children to succeed. [1]

Accept: She is disdainful / scornful of hypocritical people [1] who refuse to admit that we live in a dog-in-dog world. [1]

Paragraphs 7 and 8Q8.What distinction is the author making between the behaviour of privileged parents (in paragraph 7) and underprivileged parents (in paragraph 8)? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]

The obsession with tests and league tables has infected the classroom, leaving its charges reeling from the high-stakes – let’s face it – Darwinian rat race that helicopter parents are desperate to win by means fair or foul

These parents ensure their privileged offspring’s access to the best higher educational opportunities that money can buy, securing their station in the upper echelonsof society. (para 7)

Such hyper-parenting behaviour has exacerbated already massive social inequalities. Parents in underprivileged households, handicapped by a lack of funds,

Financial meansPrivileged parents have the financial means, enablingthem to engineer their children’s success in education unlike the underprivileged ones.

InfluencePrivileged parents have the right connections / know the right people who can give their children some advantages unlike underprivileged ones who do not have such influence.

Attitude / parenting stylePrivileged parents are forceful/aggressive/highly driven in playing an active role to ensure their children’s success in life / are excessively involved in the lives of their children

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knowledge and connections, can onlywatch helplessly as crushing new inequalities push the dream of intergenerational social mobility further and further out of reach of their children (para 8)

while underprivileged ones are at a loss / cannot do anything to help.

3 contrasting pairs; any two pairs for [2] Note: Answers should show contrasts between the 2 parties to be

awarded the mark.

Paragraph 9Q9. “We must find ways for all members of the community to re-forge an 'adult alliance' to support families in raising their young.” (lines 72 – 73) Why does the author switch to ‘we’ in this sentence? [1] Still, hope is not lost. Educationalists and child-development experts are leading the charge to introduce national guidelines regulating screen use. Progressive leaders are eager to level the playing field for those from less privileged backgrounds. We must find ways for all members of the community to re-forge an 'adult alliance' to support families in raising their young. The statistics emerging now about children's mental health must act as a wake-upcall to everyone concerned about the well-being of the future.

The author wants to be inclusive to exhort readers to take action [1]OR The author wants to highlight that every person has an active role to play in resolving this problem OR The author wishes to emphasise that fixing the problems faced by children today is a collective task OR The author wants to gain the readers’ support in order to solve this problem collectively

Note: Accept any sensible / reasonable answer as long as it is contextualised.

Paragraph 10Q10. What is the author implying about the "new ways to provide a secure, healthy family life" (lines 77-78) by claiming that "none of this is rocket science" (line 78)? [1]

But the main responsibility for rearing children, however, lies – as it always has – with parents. They have to wise up, stop overreacting to acombination of rapid change, uncertainty and guilt, and find new ways to provide a secure, healthy family life for their offspring. None of this is rocket science, but in terms of our civilisation’s future, it is far more important than rocket science. Given that they are growing up in a time of peace and plenty, apathy and discontentment should not be a natural state for our children. We owe them at least this much.

She is implying that her suggestions on how to fix the problem of rearing children well are so tellingly obvious that no one would quibble with /contest themOR they are very easy to understand / not complex nor complicated [1] OR they are not solutions that can only be carried out by experts / it is not something that requires specialised knowledge OR everyone can solve these problems without too much trouble. [1]

Note: Accept any reasonable/ sensible answer.

Application QuestionQ11. Sue Palmer shares her concerns about the state of childhood today and believes that more can be done to make it better. How applicable do you find her observations to you and your society? [10]

Students should consider, from a range of points in the passage, whether or not the degree to which situations in Singapore or the students’ home countries reflect the perspective of the writer and substantiate what has been done to address the concerns she raises. Balance must be attempted. There will be readings/responses that range from nuanced to merely valid or even trite. Markers should give credit where possible.While it might be possible for students to be influenced by their personal experiences, the discerning will recognise that these may not necessarily reflect the situation of others in their society. They will prudently qualify/demarcate the extent or deftly hedge to avoid hasty conclusions or overgeneralisations.Given time constraints, students will not be able to manage every expectation or angle (well) and must not be unfairly penalised. If they have presented an adequate answer, credit must be given.Students must be strategic about the points they select for application as not every aspect of or observation in the passage has value in being commented on. The following table highlights examples of non-strategic evaluation/application as well as examples that have evaluative/applicatory value:

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Text

Ref

eren

ceN

on-s

trat

egic

eva

luat

ion/

appl

icat

ion

Stra

tegi

c ev

alua

tion/

appl

icat

ion

Para

grap

h 1:

For m

ost o

f Wes

tern

hi

stor

y, c

hild

hood

was

sh

ort a

nd b

rutis

h, e

ven

non-

exis

tent

.

Palm

er’s

his

toric

al e

xpos

ition

of c

hild

ren’

s tre

atm

ent i

s in

appl

icab

le in

Sin

gapo

re a

s lo

cal

child

ren

did

not h

isto

rical

ly e

xper

ienc

e su

ch

brut

ality

.

Non

e. P

leas

e do

not

eva

luat

e (g

ener

ally

) his

toric

ally

acc

urat

e fa

ctua

l det

ail.

Eve

n if

Sin

gapo

re’s

his

toric

al e

xper

ienc

e is

diff

eren

t, th

ere

may

be

no

sign

ifica

nt v

alue

in p

oint

ing

out t

his

diffe

renc

e.

Para

grap

h 3:

[T]h

e in

trodu

ctio

n of

m

anda

tory

edu

catio

n m

eant

chi

ldre

n's

perio

d of

de

pend

ency

had

to b

e le

ngth

ened

.

Sing

apor

e in

trodu

ced

com

puls

ory

prim

ary

educ

atio

n in

200

0, a

nd h

as re

cent

ly a

men

ded

the

Com

puls

ory

Educ

atio

n Ac

t to

incl

ude

child

ren

with

spe

cial

nee

ds.

Sing

apor

e’s

rece

nt a

men

dmen

t of t

he C

ompu

lsor

y Ed

ucat

ion

Act t

o in

clud

e ch

ildre

n w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

atte

sts

to o

ur s

ocie

ty’s

con

tinui

ng e

fforts

to

wal

k th

e ta

lk o

n be

ing

a m

ore

incl

usiv

e na

tion,

and

so

do th

e be

st fo

r al

l our

chi

ldre

n.

Para

grap

h 4:

Old

-sch

ool g

ames

like

C

onke

rs…

have

falle

n ou

t of

favo

ur…

[T]h

e Pl

aySt

atio

n is

the

play

grou

nd o

f tod

ay.

In S

inga

pore

, chi

ldre

n no

long

er p

lay

tradi

tiona

l gam

es s

uch

as ‘c

hapt

eh’,

‘five

st

ones

’, or

‘zer

o po

int’.

Bes

ides

the

Play

Stat

ion,

the

Xbox

and

the

Gam

eBoy

are

al

so p

opul

ar g

adge

ts w

ith lo

cal c

hild

ren.

Non

e. T

he A

Q is

not

the

plat

form

to li

st d

escr

iptiv

e de

tail

unle

ss it

ser

ves

the

larg

er p

urpo

se o

f poi

ntin

g ou

t som

ethi

ng s

igni

fican

tabo

ut th

e na

ture

of t

he

stud

ent’s

soc

iety

. (e.

g. “O

ur im

prov

ed a

fflue

nce

coup

led

with

the

desi

re to

pr

otec

t chi

ldre

n fro

m a

ny p

hysi

cal i

njur

ies

have

con

tribu

ted

to th

ede

mis

e of

ol

d-sc

hool

gam

es s

uch

as ‘c

hapt

eh’ a

nd ‘z

ero

poin

t’ as

the

mos

t con

veni

ent

recr

eatio

n to

ols

are

now

mob

ile d

evic

es w

ith In

tern

et a

cces

s. W

e ha

ve

beco

me

so te

chno

logi

cally

-rel

iant

eve

n in

term

s of

recr

eatio

n th

at m

any

child

ren

(eve

n ad

ults

) do

not k

now

wha

t to

do /

how

to e

nter

tain

them

selv

es

with

out t

hese

ele

ctro

nic

gadg

ets

/ with

out I

nter

net a

cces

s.”)

Pa

ragr

aph

7:[E

]duc

atio

n au

thor

ities

and

sc

hool

s ha

ve n

ot b

een

spar

ed th

e se

epin

g of

the

cut-t

hroa

t com

petit

ive

cultu

re o

f the

adu

lt w

orld

in

to th

eir w

alls

.

The

obse

ssio

n w

ith te

sts

and

leag

ue ta

bles

has

in

fect

ed th

e cl

assr

oom

…

Sing

apor

e sc

hool

s ar

e re

now

ned

for b

eing

ac

adem

ic p

ress

ure

cook

ers,

pus

hing

stu

dent

s ev

er m

ore

and

mor

e to

the

brin

kto

exc

el in

ev

ery

subj

ect,

ever

yC

CA

and

ever

ySe

rvic

e Le

arni

ng p

roje

ct. I

t is

unsu

rpris

ing

that

our

yo

uth

suic

ide

rate

s ar

e so

arin

gw

hile

our

yo

ung,

sof

t bod

ies

hurtl

e an

d pl

umm

ethe

adfir

st in

to th

e ha

rd e

arth

.(E

xagg

erat

ed a

nd e

xtre

mel

y on

e-si

ded

eval

uatio

n; im

itatio

n is

her

e N

OT

the

best

form

of

flat

ter y

!)

Whi

le S

inga

pore

sch

ools

are

not

spa

red

from

the

inte

nse

acad

emic

co

mpe

titiv

enes

s th

at P

alm

er o

utlin

es, t

he g

over

nmen

t has

reco

gnis

ed th

e ex

trem

ely

unhe

alth

y ef

fect

s of

this

cul

ture

of c

ompe

titiv

enes

s an

d ha

s ta

ken

step

s to

am

elio

rate

it, s

uch

as b

y re

form

ing

the

PSLE

gra

ding

sys

tem

and

re

finin

g th

e D

irect

Adm

issi

ons

Sche

me

to d

e-em

phas

ise

the

impo

rtanc

e of

gr

ades

.(E

valu

atio

n is

bal

ance

d an

d ob

ject

ive)

Sam

ple

deta

iled

answ

ers:

Ref

eren

ceA

pplic

able

to S

inga

pore

Not

ver

y ap

plic

able

to S

inga

pore

Para

grap

h 5:

Uns

urpr

isin

gly,

evi

denc

e is

m

ount

ing

that

chi

ldre

n to

day

are

in fa

ct e

xper

ienc

ing

a to

xic

child

hood

– a

leth

al c

onco

ctio

n of

te

chno

logi

cal a

nd c

ultu

ral

chan

ges

that

is h

avin

g a

dele

terio

us im

pact

on

thei

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Cur

rent

ly, a

bout

10

per c

ent o

f fiv

e-ye

ar-o

lds

are

over

wei

ght,

a co

ncer

n fla

gged

out

by

the

Nat

iona

l Hea

lth

Gro

up’s

May

201

9 re

port

‘Riv

er o

f Life

: NH

G’s

Pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n Po

pula

tion

Hea

lth’.

The

repo

rt pr

edic

ted

that

sev

en in

10

child

ren

who

wer

e ov

erw

eigh

t at t

he a

ge

of s

even

wou

ld g

o on

to b

ecom

e ob

ese

as a

dults

.

The

tech

nolo

gica

lly-d

riven

ent

erta

inm

ent a

nd re

crea

tion

cultu

re is

als

o po

sing

a ra

ther

toxi

c en

viro

nmen

t for

Whi

le th

ere

are

seve

ral a

spec

ts o

f chi

ldho

od in

Si

ngap

ore

that

can

be

impr

oved

, it i

s ha

sty

to c

laim

ch

ildre

n in

Sin

gapo

re a

re e

xper

ienc

ing

a ‘to

xic

child

hood

’. T

he S

inga

pore

Gov

ernm

ent's

effo

rts to

im

prov

e th

e rig

hts

of c

hild

ren

have

bee

n co

mm

ende

d by

a U

nite

d N

atio

ns (U

N) c

omm

ittee

, who

ac

know

ledg

es th

at S

inga

pore

has

mad

e si

gnifi

cant

pr

ogre

ss in

adv

anci

ng c

hild

ren'

s rig

hts

sinc

e th

e la

st

revi

ew in

201

1. S

uch

effo

rts in

clud

e he

r for

thco

min

g

m…

eb

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A


Ref

eren

ceA

pplic

able

to S

inga

pore

Not

ver

y ap

plic

able

to S

inga

pore

Sate

d on

die

ts o

f jun

k fo

ods

and

TV d

inne

rs, b

arre

d fro

m th

e ro

ugh

and

tum

ble

of o

utdo

or

play

, chi

ldre

n ar

e al

so v

ictim

s of

an

obe

sity

exp

losi

on.

child

ren

here

. Cas

es o

f exc

essi

ve u

se o

f mob

ile d

evic

es

have

mor

e th

an d

oubl

ed in

3 y

ears

and

a re

cent

stu

dy b

y gl

obal

dig

ital g

roup

DQ

and

Sin

gtel

reve

aled

that

Si

ngap

ore

child

ren

spen

d m

ore

time

onlin

e fo

r en

terta

inm

ent –

35

hour

s / w

eek

– co

mpa

red

to th

e gl

obal

av

erag

e of

32

hour

s. T

hose

with

mob

ile p

hone

s sp

end

15

mor

e ho

urs

onlin

e th

an th

ose

with

out a

nd 7

0% o

f the

m a

re

mor

e ex

pose

d to

cyb

er ri

sk. O

ther

than

con

tribu

ting

to th

e ob

esity

rate

s in

chi

ldre

n, th

ey a

re a

lso

posi

ng a

real

ad

dict

ion

risk

as th

ere

are

youn

g ch

ildre

n at

5 y

ears

old

se

ekin

g co

unse

lling

to o

verc

ome

this

pro

blem

.

amen

dmen

ts to

rais

e th

e ag

e lim

it of

the

Chi

ldre

n an

d Yo

ung

Pers

ons

Act f

rom

16

year

s to

18

year

s to

bet

ter

prot

ect h

er c

hild

ren,

the

use

of ro

bust

scr

eeni

ng a

nd

repo

rting

tool

s fo

r chi

ld p

rote

ctio

n, th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f th

e Fa

mily

Jus

tice

Cou

rts, a

nd s

igni

fican

t inv

estm

ents

in

the

Early

Chi

ldho

od E

duca

tion

sect

or. T

he a

reas

for

impr

ovem

ent n

oted

by

the

UN

com

mitt

ee -

in a

buse

pr

even

tion

and

sexu

ality

edu

catio

n –

are

not i

ssue

s ra

ised

by

Palm

er.

Con

tinua

lly e

xpos

ed to

the

24/7

cu

lture

of t

elev

isua

l and

onl

ine

ente

rtain

men

t, th

ey a

re p

rime

targ

ets

for e

xplo

itatio

n by

the

anon

ymou

s ar

my

of m

arke

ters

lu

rkin

g be

hind

thos

e om

nipr

esen

t sc

reen

s.

Reg

retta

bly,

a g

ener

atio

n of

min

i-co

nsum

ers

who

equ

ate

happ

ines

s w

ith m

ater

ialis

m is

be

ing

crea

ted

as th

ey le

arn

from

th

eir n

ew p

aren

ts: v

acuo

us

scre

en id

ols.

Chi

ldre

n in

Sin

gapo

re s

eem

to b

e gi

ven

a he

adst

art o

n a

toxi

c ch

ildho

od –

rese

arch

con

duct

ed b

y G

oogl

e in

Mar

ch

2019

foun

d th

at th

e av

erag

e ag

e th

at S

inga

pore

chi

ldre

n ge

t the

ir fir

st in

tern

et-a

cces

sed

devi

ce is

eig

ht. T

his

is th

e yo

unge

st a

ge a

mon

g al

l the

cou

ntrie

s in

volv

ed in

the

surv

ey a

nd lo

wer

than

the

glob

al a

vera

ge a

ge o

f ten

yea

rs.

Acco

rdin

g to

Dr P

ark,

foun

der o

f DQ

Inst

itute

whi

ch is

de

dica

ted

to im

prov

ing

digi

tal e

duca

tion

and

inno

vatio

n,

“wha

t [ch

ildre

n] s

ee a

nd p

lay

onlin

e…[a

s w

ell a

s] w

ho th

ey

mee

t…ca

n in

fluen

ce th

eir d

evel

opm

ent g

reat

ly, e

ven

mor

e so

than

par

ents

or t

each

ers”

. The

exc

essi

ve u

se o

f mob

ile

devi

ces

has

been

ass

ocia

ted

with

poo

rer s

leep

qua

lity

whi

ch a

ffect

s on

e’s

moo

d an

d m

enta

l cap

acity

and

brin

gs

abou

t wea

ker s

choo

l per

form

ance

and

gad

get a

ddic

tion

issu

es.

Pare

nts

are

not o

bliv

ious

to th

e on

line

dang

ers

face

d by

ch

ildre

n. F

or e

xam

ple,

96

perc

ent o

f par

ents

and

te

ache

rs s

urve

yed

in th

e M

arch

Goo

gle

surv

ey

expr

esse

d th

eir c

once

rns

abou

t the

onl

ine

safe

ty o

f ch

ildre

n, a

nd re

cogn

ised

the

need

for c

hild

ren

to

acqu

ire d

igita

l lite

racy

edu

catio

n. N

LB a

nd M

OE

have

in

itiat

ed m

edia

lite

racy

cam

paig

nsto

edu

cate

chi

ldre

n.

Para

grap

h 6:

This

com

mer

cial

isat

ion

of

child

hood

has

bee

n ac

com

pani

ed b

y its

‘s

choo

lific

atio

n’; t

ots

as ti

ny a

s th

ree

are

buse

d an

d he

rded

into

fu

ll-da

y nu

rser

ies,

end

less

ly

sche

dule

d an

d tim

etab

led

into

ro

utin

es in

ord

er fo

r the

irpa

rent

s to

wor

k an

d fe

ed th

e ec

onom

y.

Back

hom

e, th

ese

tots

spe

nd

time

with

ele

ctro

nic

baby

sitte

rs

and

are

fed

yet m

ore

visu

al

stim

ulat

ion.

Ther

e m

ight

be

som

e ba

sis

for P

alm

er’s

cla

ims.

The

Fa

milie

s fo

r Life

Cou

ncil,

whi

ch s

eeks

to b

uild

stro

ng

fam

ilies,

reve

aled

in a

201

6 su

rvey

that

one

in 1

0 of

the

700

resp

onde

nts

spen

d si

x ho

urs

or fe

wer

with

thei

r im

med

iate

fam

ilies

a w

eek,

and

abo

ut h

alf o

f the

re

spon

dent

s sp

end

over

36

hour

s a

wee

k (o

r abo

ut fi

ve

hour

s da

ily) w

ith im

med

iate

fam

ily m

embe

rs.

Whi

le th

e co

mm

erci

alis

atio

n of

chi

ldho

od w

hich

is

acco

mpa

nied

by

its ‘s

choo

lific

atio

n’ is

app

licab

le to

Si

ngap

ore

to a

larg

e ex

tent

, as

mos

t fam

ilies

here

are

dua

l-in

com

e on

es, t

he n

egat

ive

impa

ct is

not

as

dire

as

wha

t Pa

lmer

cla

ims.

In fa

ct, s

uch

a ‘s

choo

lific

atio

n’ p

roce

ss th

at

the

child

und

ergo

es p

lays

an

inte

gral

role

in b

uild

ing

the

child

’s d

evel

opm

ent a

nd o

ptim

isin

g hi

s/he

r gro

wth

as

thes

e

Whi

le it

is c

omm

on fo

r Sin

gapo

re p

aren

ts to

dro

p th

eir

child

ren

at d

ayca

re c

entre

s, th

e si

tuat

ion

is n

ot a

s di

re

as P

alm

er m

akes

it o

ut to

be.

Man

y to

ddle

rs c

ontin

ue to

be

car

ed fo

r by

thei

r gra

ndpa

rent

s. C

hild

care

cen

tres

inst

itute

fine

s an

d ot

her p

enal

ties

if pa

rent

s pi

ck th

eir

child

ren

up la

te. F

rom

org

anis

ing

birth

day

cele

brat

ions

to

acc

ompa

nyin

g ch

ildre

n on

exc

ursi

ons,

par

ents

are

in

volv

ed in

thei

r tod

dler

s’ li

ves

even

whe

n th

ey a

re a

t da

ycar

e. T

here

are

man

y ce

ntre

s es

tabl

ishe

d in

the

wor

kspa

ces

of la

rger

com

pani

es s

o th

at p

aren

ts c

an

drop

off

thei

r chi

ldre

n be

fore

wor

k an

d dr

op in

dur

ing

lunc

htim

e to

see

how

thei

r tot

s ar

e do

ing.

Sin

gapo

re

pare

nts

are

incr

easi

ngly

pay

ing

mor

e at

tent

ion

to th

e im

porta

nce

of w

ork-

life

bala

nce

and

of s

pend

ing

enou

gh ti

me

with

thei

r chi

ldre

n, e

spec

ially

in th

eir e

arly

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Ref

eren

ceA

pplic

able

to S

inga

pore

Not

ver

y ap

plic

able

to S

inga

pore

nurs

erie

s ha

ve s

caffo

lded

and

stru

ctur

ed p

rogr

amm

es th

at

cate

r to

the

need

s an

d ab

ilitie

s of

chi

ldre

n at

diff

eren

t age

gr

oups

, to

ensu

re th

at th

ey a

re w

ell-s

uppo

rted

and

deve

lope

d in

thei

r ear

ly y

ears

, as

this

is s

how

n to

mak

e a

sign

ifica

nt d

iffer

ence

to th

eir o

vera

ll gr

owth

and

de

velo

pmen

t lat

er.

year

s.

Is it

any

won

der t

hese

min

i-m

echa

nica

ls s

leep

wal

k in

to

form

al e

duca

tion

bere

ft of

any

re

al in

tere

st in

any

thin

g an

d w

ithou

t an

inde

pend

ent s

treak

w

hats

oeve

r?

Scho

ol te

ache

rs w

ho b

ewai

l the

pr

ecip

itous

dec

line

in th

eir

stud

ents

’ com

mun

icat

ion

skills

an

d sh

orte

ned

atte

ntio

n sp

ans

ofte

n po

int t

o th

ose

early

yea

rs

spen

t in

supe

rvis

ed c

are

and

the

prem

atur

e di

gita

lisat

ion

of th

eir

lifes

tyle

s as

the

culp

rits.

Con

cern

s ar

e pe

renn

ially

rais

ed th

at th

e ed

ucat

ion

syst

em

at a

ll le

vels

is s

till t

oo g

rade

s-fo

cuse

d, s

tress

ing

child

ren

at

incr

easi

ngly

you

nger

age

s. T

he p

re-s

choo

l enr

ichm

ent

indu

stry

is b

oom

ing,

and

som

e of

fer r

emed

iatio

n fo

r pre

-sc

hool

chi

ldre

n, e

spec

ially

in th

e la

ngua

ges.

Ane

cdot

ally

, te

ache

rs a

nd p

aren

ts h

ave

com

plai

ned

abou

t the

ir ch

arge

s’ p

oor q

ualit

y of

writ

ten

wor

k an

d th

eir s

horte

ned

atte

ntio

n sp

ans.

Whi

le it

may

be

true

that

som

e st

uden

ts d

o no

t hav

e an

y cl

ue o

r any

real

inte

rest

or p

assi

on n

or a

re th

ey

inde

pend

ent e

ven

as th

ey g

row

up

as te

enag

ers,

it is

not

fa

ir to

lay

the

blam

e on

sup

ervi

sed

care

and

pre

mat

ure

digi

talis

atio

n of

thei

r life

styl

es a

s th

e cu

lprit

s. O

ften,

thes

e ar

e lik

ely

to b

e ch

ildre

n w

ho a

re n

ot g

iven

the

auto

nom

y to

mak

e im

porta

nt d

ecis

ions

as

pare

nts/

guar

dian

s/te

ache

rs

ofte

n de

em th

em to

be

too

imm

atur

e to

kno

w w

hat i

s be

st

for t

hem

selv

es. T

he g

ener

al re

lianc

e on

‘trie

d-an

d-te

sted

’ ro

utes

and

dec

isio

ns is

the

wel

l-tro

dden

pat

h th

at m

ost

pare

nts

/ gua

rdia

ns w

ould

influ

ence

thei

r chi

ldre

n /c

harg

es

to ta

ke. V

ery

few

enl

ight

ened

adu

lts w

ould

allo

w th

eir

child

ren

/cha

rges

to ta

ke th

e ris

k of

mak

ing

the

wro

ng

deci

sion

and

suf

fer t

he c

onse

quen

ces

for i

t. (E

.g. w

hich

C

CA

the

child

sho

uld

enro

l in,

the

subj

ect c

ombi

natio

n to

of

fer i

n se

cond

ary

scho

ols,

juni

or c

olle

ges

and/

or

poly

tech

nics

/uni

vers

ities

, the

kin

d of

frie

nds

one

shou

ld

keep

etc

.).

The

incr

easi

ng e

mph

asis

on

stud

ent-c

entri

c le

arni

ng

and

lear

ning

thro

ugh

expe

rient

ial p

lay

in p

re-s

choo

l ed

ucat

ion

sugg

est t

hat p

re-s

choo

l edu

cato

rs a

re fu

lly

on b

oard

in th

e at

tem

pt to

eng

age

early

lear

ners

in

diffe

rent

way

s so

as

to n

urtu

re a

nd d

evel

op th

eir y

oung

in

tere

sts.

Ther

e is

no

esta

blis

hed

evid

ence

to s

ugge

st th

at

Sing

apor

e st

uden

ts’ o

ral a

nd w

ritte

n co

mm

unic

atio

n sk

ills a

re a

s at

roci

ous

as P

alm

er m

akes

it o

ut to

be.

In

fact

, a g

reat

er e

mph

asis

on

oral

com

mun

icat

ion

and

pres

enta

tion

skills

at m

any

leve

ls o

f the

edu

catio

n sy

stem

sug

gest

s th

at o

ral c

ompe

tenc

y co

ntin

ues

to b

e a

key

lear

ning

out

com

e of

the

educ

atio

n sy

stem

in

Sing

apor

e.

Para

grap

h 7:

Stra

ngel

y, in

a w

orld

whe

re th

ere

are

mor

e w

ays

to c

omm

unic

ate

than

eve

r bef

ore,

par

ents

now

co

nnec

t les

s an

d le

ss w

ith th

eir

own

child

ren,

spa

wni

ng a

noth

er

new

list

of p

robl

ems:

cyb

er

addi

ctio

n, c

yber

bul

lyin

g, c

yber

de

pres

sion

, cyb

er y

ou-n

ame-

it.

Yout

h co

unse

lling

cent

res

and

clin

ics

are

seei

ng m

ore

case

s of

you

ths

stru

gglin

g w

ith s

elf-e

stee

m is

sues

due

to

thei

r exp

osur

e to

soc

ial m

edia

.

Com

mis

sion

ed b

y in

tern

atio

nal t

hink

-tank

DQ

Inst

itute

, the

20

18 D

Q Im

pact

Rep

ort p

olle

d ab

out 3

8,00

0 ch

ildre

n in

the

age

grou

p in

29

coun

tries

and

foun

d th

at in

Sin

gapo

re, 5

4 pe

r cen

t of c

hild

ren

with

soc

ial m

edia

acc

ount

s w

ho w

ere

polle

d w

ere

expo

sed

to a

t lea

st o

ne c

yber

risk

, with

43

per

The

Cyb

er S

ecur

ity A

war

enes

s Al

lianc

e, fo

rmed

in

2008

, run

s pr

ogra

mm

es a

nd in

itiat

ives

und

er th

e ‘g

osaf

eonl

ine’

tagl

ine

that

targ

et c

hild

ren

and

teen

s.

Man

y So

cial

Ser

vice

Age

ncie

s (S

SOs)

suc

h as

Tou

ch

Com

mun

ity S

ervi

ces

have

giv

en m

ore

focu

s to

cyb

er

issu

es a

nd in

terv

entio

ns fo

r min

ors

on s

uch

issu

es.

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Ref

eren

ceA

pplic

able

to S

inga

pore

Not

ver

y ap

plic

able

to S

inga

pore

Thes

e ar

e al

l par

for t

he c

ours

e as

stu

dy a

fter s

tudy

has

det

ecte

d si

mila

ritie

s be

twee

n th

e br

ain

activ

ity o

f coc

aine

add

icts

and

ou

r you

ng d

igita

l nat

ives

.

cent

vic

tims

of c

yber

bul

lyin

g, 1

6 pe

r cen

t inv

olve

d in

onl

ine

sexu

al b

ehav

iour

s, a

nd 1

2 pe

r cen

t hav

ing

chat

ted

onlin

e w

ith s

trang

ers

and

mee

ting

them

.

Mea

nwhi

le, e

duca

tion

auth

oriti

es

and

scho

ols

have

not

bee

n sp

ared

the

seep

ing

of th

e cu

t-th

roat

com

petit

ive

cultu

re o

f the

ad

ult w

orld

into

thei

r wal

ls.

The

obse

ssio

n w

ith te

sts

and

leag

ue ta

bles

has

infe

cted

the

clas

sroo

m, l

eavi

ng th

ese

youn

g ch

arge

s re

elin

g fro

m th

e –

let’s

fa

ce it

– h

igh-

stak

es D

arw

inia

n ra

t rac

e th

at h

elic

opte

r par

ents

ar

e de

sper

ate

to w

in b

y m

eans

fa

ir or

foul

.

Thes

e pa

rent

s en

sure

thei

r pr

ivile

ged

offs

prin

g’s

acce

ss to

th

e be

st h

ighe

r edu

catio

nal

oppo

rtuni

ties

that

mon

ey c

an

buy,

sec

urin

g th

e la

tter’s

sta

tion

in th

e up

per e

chel

ons

of s

ocie

ty.

In m

erito

crat

ic S

inga

pore

, a c

ount

ry w

ith h

igh

econ

omic

in

equa

lity,

man

y pa

rent

s ho

pe th

eir c

hild

ren

can

outp

ace

thei

r pee

rs to

lead

com

forta

ble

lives

in th

e fu

ture

. Som

e m

ight

bec

ome

fero

ciou

s “T

iger

Mom

s” in

tens

ive

pare

ntin

g by

kee

ping

thei

r chi

ldre

n’s

nose

s to

the

grin

dsto

ne in

bot

h ac

adem

ic a

nd n

on-a

cade

mic

dom

ains

to a

ttain

ste

llar

achi

evem

ents

.

A st

udy

cond

ucte

d by

the

Org

anis

atio

n fo

r Eco

nom

ic

Coo

pera

tion

and

Dev

elop

men

t (O

ECD

) fou

nd th

at

Sing

apor

ean

stud

ents

wer

e si

gnifi

cant

ly m

ore

anxi

ous

abou

t tes

ts a

nd g

rade

s co

mpa

red

to th

eir i

nter

natio

nal

peer

s.

Base

d on

the

late

st H

ouse

hold

Exp

endi

ture

Sur

vey,

fa

milie

s sp

ent a

col

lect

ive

sum

of $

1.4

billio

n on

tuiti

on fo

r th

eir c

hild

ren

in 2

017/

2018

and

the

num

ber o

f tui

tion

and

enric

hmen

t cen

tres

has

incr

ease

d fro

m 7

00 in

201

2 to

950

in

201

9. T

he s

tark

real

ities

of i

ncom

e in

equa

lity

can

be

atte

sted

by

anot

her k

ey fi

ndin

g: th

e to

p 20

% o

f hou

seho

lds

spen

ds a

s m

uch

as fo

ur ti

mes

the

amou

nt o

n tu

ition

as

the

botto

m 2

0% a

nd th

e qu

ality

of t

utor

s is

ver

y lik

ely

to v

ary

wid

ely,

dep

endi

ng o

n th

e am

ount

thes

e pa

rent

s ar

e w

illing

to

fork

out

.

As o

f 201

9, th

ere

are

abou

t 47

type

s of

enr

ichm

ent c

lass

es

– ba

by g

ymna

stic

s, d

ram

a, c

hoir

and

culin

ary

clas

ses

– th

at c

hild

ren

can

be s

igne

d up

for a

nd p

aren

ts w

ho h

ave

the

mea

ns to

do

so a

re li

kely

to g

ive

thei

r chi

ld th

e de

sire

d he

adst

art o

ver o

ther

less

priv

ilege

d ch

ildre

n. C

heck

them

out

on

http

s://w

ww

.you

ngpa

rent

s.co

m.s

g/ed

ucat

ion/

40-e

nric

hmen

t-cl

asse

s-in

-sin

gapo

re-fo

r-bab

ies-

pres

choo

lers

-and

-sch

oolk

ids/

.

Even

the

wel

l-int

ende

d D

SA a

dmis

sion

pol

icy

(whi

ch a

ims

to a

ckno

wle

dge

and

give

mor

e ch

ildre

n a

chan

ce to

be

adm

itted

to a

sch

ool o

f the

ir ch

oice

bas

ed o

n th

eir t

alen

ts

and

othe

r non

-aca

dem

ic a

chie

vem

ents

) has

bee

n us

ed a

s an

eng

inee

red

mov

e by

hig

hly

com

petit

ive

pare

nts

to

The

gove

rnm

ent h

as m

ade

addr

essi

ng in

equa

lity

a co

re

prio

rity

in re

cent

yea

rs, a

nd h

as s

peci

fical

ly re

gard

ed

educ

atio

n as

a k

ey w

eapo

n in

doi

ng s

o. R

ecen

t ed

ucat

ion

refo

rms

have

atte

mpt

ed to

cha

nge

pare

nts,

st

uden

ts a

nd e

mpl

oyer

s’ m

inds

ets

that

gra

des

shou

ld

not b

e th

e m

ajor

indi

cato

r of s

ucce

ss. H

owev

er, u

nles

s ou

r ass

essm

ent e

volv

es to

incl

ude

othe

r yar

dstic

ks th

at

mea

sure

the

qual

ity o

f lea

rnin

g w

ithou

t the

obs

essi

on

with

gra

des/

scor

es, s

uch

idea

listic

not

ions

are

like

ly to

re

mai

n as

they

are

– m

ere

idea

ls, g

iven

our

pra

gmat

ic

and

achi

evem

ent-o

rient

ed c

ultu

re.

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Ref

eren

ceA

pplic

able

to S

inga

pore

Not

ver

y ap

plic

able

to S

inga

pore

secu

re th

eir c

hild

ren’

s co

vete

d sp

ot. T

hese

par

ents

hav

e pl

anne

d th

eir ‘

inve

stm

ents

’ stra

tegi

cally

by

send

ing

thei

r ch

ildre

n fo

r the

nec

essa

ry le

sson

s in

the

nich

e ar

ea o

f the

sc

hool

(e.g

. gol

f, pe

rform

ance

arts

) fro

m a

you

ng a

ge to

bu

ild th

eir p

ortfo

lio w

hich

will

‘nat

ural

ly’ a

llow

thei

r chi

ldre

n to

sta

nd o

ut fr

om th

e po

ol o

f DSA

tale

nt. A

s th

ese

pare

nts

tend

to h

ave

time

on th

eir h

ands

and

the

finan

cial

mea

ns to

do

so,

som

e m

ay e

ven

empl

oy a

por

tfolio

-bui

ldin

g co

ach

/ pr

ofes

sion

al to

get

this

don

e fo

r the

ir ch

ild s

ince

you

ng.

Para

grap

h 8:

Such

hyp

er-p

aren

ting

beha

viou

r ha

s ex

acer

bate

d al

read

y m

assi

ve s

ocia

l ine

qual

ities

.

Pare

nts

in u

nder

priv

ilege

d ho

useh

olds

, han

dica

pped

by

ala

ck o

f fun

ds, k

now

ledg

e an

d co

nnec

tions

, can

onl

y w

atch

he

lple

ssly

as

crus

hing

new

in

equa

litie

s pu

sh th

e dr

eam

of

inte

rgen

erat

iona

l soc

ial m

obilit

y fu

rther

and

furth

er o

ut o

f rea

ch o

f th

eir c

hild

ren.

But a

pro

blem

of c

risis

pr

opor

tions

for c

hild

ren

ever

ywhe

re h

as e

nsue

d w

ith th

is

unev

en re

alis

atio

n of

soc

io-

econ

omic

asp

iratio

ns a

cros

s al

l in

com

e gr

oups

. Nat

iona

l Hea

lth

Serv

ice

(NH

S) fi

gure

s pu

blis

hed

in J

uly

2018

reve

aled

that

alm

ost

400,

000

child

ren

and

youn

g pe

ople

age

d 18

and

bel

ow h

ave

been

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e he

alth

se

rvic

e fo

r men

tal h

ealth

rela

ted

prob

lem

s.

Is it

not

tim

e to

que

stio

n w

hy, i

n on

e of

the

wea

lthie

st, m

ost

tech

nolo

gica

lly a

dvan

ced

eras

on

Earth

, we

are

unab

le to

rais

e a

gene

ratio

n th

at is

who

leso

me

In it

s re

port

to th

e U

N o

n Si

ngap

ore’

s pr

ogre

ss in

im

plem

entin

g th

e pr

ovis

ions

of t

he U

N C

onve

ntio

n on

the

Rig

hts

of th

e C

hild

(CR

C),

loca

l gen

der a

dvoc

acy

grou

p Aw

are

calle

d fo

r pol

icie

s to

leve

l the

pla

ying

fiel

d an

d pr

omot

e eq

ualit

y am

ong

child

ren,

suc

h as

free

chi

ldca

re fo

r lo

w-in

com

e ho

useh

olds

and

an

end

to d

iscr

imin

atio

n ag

ains

t sin

gle-

pare

nt o

r tra

nsna

tiona

l fam

ilies.

It p

oint

ed

out t

hat g

over

nmen

t dat

a ha

d re

veal

ed th

at th

ere

are

a fe

w

thou

sand

chi

ldre

n in

Sin

gapo

re w

hose

par

ents

can

not

affo

rd c

hild

care

eve

n af

ter b

asic

and

add

ition

al s

ubsi

dies

. Th

e cu

rrent

sys

tem

of s

ubsi

dy a

pplic

atio

n ha

s be

en

flagg

ed a

s be

ing

over

ly c

ompl

icat

ed. S

ingl

e m

othe

rs

cann

ot s

ecur

e a

flat u

nder

cur

rent

HD

B fa

mily

sch

emes

.

In S

inga

pore

, man

y st

uden

ts fr

om to

p sc

hool

s ar

e se

ekin

g he

lp a

tthe

Inst

itute

of M

enta

l Hea

lth (I

MH

) for

sch

ool-

rela

ted

stre

ss. I

MH

has

not

ed th

at s

tress

-rela

ted,

anx

iety

an

d de

pres

sive

dis

orde

rs a

re c

omm

on c

ondi

tions

see

n at

its

Chi

ld G

uida

nce

Clin

ics,

whi

ch tr

eat c

hild

ren

aged

six

to

18. S

choo

l-rel

ated

stre

ss c

ould

be

acad

emic

-bas

ed

(hom

ewor

k, e

xam

inat

ions

, pro

ject

s) o

r rel

atio

nshi

p-lin

ked

(issu

es w

ith s

choo

l aut

horit

ies,

frie

ndsh

ip a

nd b

ully

ing)

.

To h

elp

child

ren

from

dis

adva

ntag

ed h

omes

leve

l up,

a

new

8-m

embe

r, in

ter-a

genc

y ta

sk fo

rce

calle

d U

plift

, sh

ort f

or U

plift

ing

Pupi

ls in

Life

and

Insp

iring

Fam

ilies

Task

forc

e, w

as s

et u

p in

Oct

ober

201

8, h

eade

d by

Se

cond

Min

iste

r for

Edu

catio

n In

dran

ee R

ajah

.

Ackn

owle

dgin

g th

at th

ere

is a

cor

rela

tion

betw

een

acad

emic

per

form

ance

and

the

soci

o-ec

onom

ic

back

grou

nd o

f fam

ilies,

the

pane

l will

be fo

cusi

ng o

n ch

ildre

n of

the

botto

m 2

0-40

per

cent

hou

seho

lds

in p

re-

scho

ols

and

the

early

prim

ary

year

s, a

s re

sear

ch h

as

show

n th

at it

is e

spec

ially

crit

ical

to in

terv

ene

in th

e ch

ild's

ear

ly y

ears

to g

ive

them

a g

ood

star

t in

life.

The

Sing

apor

e go

vern

men

t’s re

cent

mov

es to

refo

rm

the

PSLE

gra

ding

sys

tem

, scr

ap s

tream

ing,

and

allo

w

mor

e fle

xibi

lity

into

the

Dire

ct S

choo

l Adm

issi

on (D

SA)

Sche

me

is in

resp

onse

to c

once

rns

abou

t sch

ool s

tress

an

d its

del

eter

ious

impa

ct o

n ch

ildre

n.

The

gove

rnm

ent i

s aw

are

that

pro

vidi

ng a

cces

s to

ear

ly

child

hood

edu

catio

n is

one

of t

he k

ey w

ays

to in

terv

ene

to e

nsur

e so

cial

mob

ility

stay

s liq

uid.

PM

Lee

an

noun

ced

durin

g th

e 20

19 N

atio

nal D

ay R

ally

that

Si

ngap

ore’

s an

nual

spe

ndin

g on

ear

ly c

hild

hood

ed

ucat

ion

will

mor

e th

an d

oubl

e ov

er th

e ne

xt fe

w

year

s. T

he G

over

nmen

t als

o w

ill ra

ise

the

inco

me

ceilin

g of

hou

seho

lds

elig

ible

for p

re-s

choo

l sub

sidi

es to

S$

12,0

00 p

er m

onth

, up

from

the

curre

nt S

$7,5

00. T

his

will

resu

lt in

an

addi

tiona

l 30,

000

mor

e ho

useh

olds

in

Sing

apor

e qu

alify

ing

for p

resc

hool

sub

sidi

es. T

here

are

al

so p

lans

to in

crea

se th

e pe

rcen

tage

of G

over

nmen

t-su

ppor

ted

pre-

scho

ols

from

50

per c

ent t

o 80

per

cen

t

s

acro

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Ref

eren

ceA

pplic

able

to S

inga

pore

Not

ver

y ap

plic

able

to S

inga

pore

and

heal

thy,

pas

sion

ate

and

purp

osef

ul, e

mot

iona

lly s

entie

nt

and

sens

ible

...?

even

tual

ly.

Para

grap

h 9:

Still,

hop

e is

not

lost

. Edu

cato

rs

and

child

-dev

elop

men

t exp

erts

are

lead

ing

the

char

ge to

in

fluen

ce in

stitu

tions

to in

trodu

ce

natio

nal g

uide

lines

regu

latin

g sc

reen

use

. Pro

gres

sive

lead

ers

are

eage

r to

leve

l the

pla

ying

fie

ld fo

r tho

se fr

om le

ss

priv

ilege

d ba

ckgr

ound

s.

The

stat

istic

s em

ergi

ng n

ow

abou

t chi

ldre

n's

men

tal h

ealth

m

ust a

ct a

s a

wak

e-up

cal

l to

ever

yone

con

cern

ed a

bout

the

wel

l-bei

ng o

f the

futu

re.

We

mus

t fin

d w

ays

for a

ll m

embe

rs o

f the

com

mun

ity to

re-

forg

e an

'adu

lt al

lianc

e' to

su

ppor

t fam

ilies

in ra

isin

g th

eir

youn

g.

The

Min

istry

of E

duca

tion

has

intro

duce

d a

slew

of

mea

sure

s to

redu

ce th

e st

ress

and

nat

ion-

wid

e ob

sess

ion

with

gra

des

and

scor

es a

nd to

pro

mot

e th

e jo

y of

lear

ning

. (R

ead

mor

e at

http

s://w

ww

.stra

itstim

es.c

om/s

inga

pore

/edu

catio

n/fe

wer

-ex

ams-

for-s

tude

nts-

less

-em

phas

is-o

n-gr

ades

). M

any

wel

com

ed th

is

mov

e as

the

stre

ss le

vels

for c

hild

ren

/ stu

dent

s he

re is

ge

tting

rath

er u

nhea

lthy

and

debi

litat

ing

for s

ome.

The

se

chan

ges a

re a

ll pa

rt of

a n

ew p

hase

in S

inga

pore

's

educ

atio

n sy

stem

, whi

ch E

duca

tion

Min

iste

r Ong

Ye

Kung

te

rmed

"Lea

rn fo

r Life

– a

val

ue, a

n at

titud

e an

d a

skill

that

ou

r stu

dent

s ne

ed to

pos

sess

, and

it is

fund

amen

tal i

n en

surin

g th

at e

duca

tion

rem

ains

an

uplif

ting

forc

e in

so

ciet

y." O

ne s

uch

mov

e is

the

cutti

ng o

f the

mid

-yea

r ex

amin

atio

ns w

hich

will

prov

ide

stud

ents

with

mor

e tim

e to

ad

just

dur

ing

"key

tran

sitio

n" y

ears

, whe

n th

ey h

ave

to

stud

y ne

w s

ubje

cts

and

deal

with

hig

her c

onte

nt ri

gour

. It

will

also

free

up

abou

t thr

ee w

eeks

of c

urric

ulum

tim

e ev

ery

two

year

s. F

or th

is s

hift

to s

ucce

ed, M

r Ong

sai

d, M

OE

need

s to

"brin

g th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

sta

keho

lder

- pa

rent

s -

on b

oard

" and

con

vinc

e th

em th

at th

e ch

ange

s do

not

co

mpr

omis

e on

aca

dem

ic s

tand

ards

. Sch

ools

als

one

ed to

en

gage

par

ents

diff

eren

tly; i

nste

ad o

f tel

ling

pare

nts

that

th

eir c

hild

ren

have

to g

et th

eir h

omew

ork

done

or

com

parin

g re

sults

with

thos

e of

thei

r cla

ssm

ates

, the

qu

estio

n th

at m

atte

rs, s

aid

Mr O

ng, i

s: "W

hat m

akes

you

r ch

ild's

eye

s lig

ht u

p?"

In S

inga

pore

, cam

paig

ns li

ke T

he L

ife B

eyon

d G

rade

sse

rve

as a

tim

ely

rem

inde

r to

man

y pa

rent

s no

t to

purs

ue

grad

es re

lent

less

ly to

the

detri

men

t of t

heir

child

ren’

s he

alth

. Ano

ther

am

bit o

f the

Upl

ift p

anel

is to

look

into

st

eppi

ng u

p pa

rent

out

reac

h an

d pa

rent

ing

prog

ram

mes

to

empo

wer

less

-priv

ilege

d fa

milie

s. In

its

subm

issi

on to

the

UN

on

the

prog

ress

of S

inga

pore

in im

plem

entin

g th

e C

RC

pr

ovis

ions

, the

Sin

gapo

re’s

Chi

ldre

n So

ciet

y ha

s st

ress

ed

that

it w

ould

als

o be

cru

cial

to h

ave

a ro

ad m

ap fo

r the

ch

ild ri

ghts

sec

tor s

o th

at a

ll st

akeh

olde

rs –

from

the

Stat

e,

NG

Os

and

busi

ness

es, t

o fa

milie

s an

d ch

ildre

n th

emse

lves

–

can

be o

n th

e sa

me

page

in b

ringi

ng c

hild

righ

ts c

lose

r to

hom

e.

Thou

gh th

e M

inis

try o

f Edu

catio

n (S

inga

pore

) is

lead

ing

the

chan

ge to

the

syst

em b

y fo

cusi

ng o

n th

e jo

y of

le

arni

ng a

nd re

duce

the

emph

asis

on

grad

es a

nd

scor

es, t

heir

curre

nt p

ropo

sed

mea

sure

s ar

e un

likel

y to

be

frui

tful b

ecau

se th

ese

are

but s

light

adj

ustm

ents

w

hich

hav

e m

inim

al im

pact

on

the

deep

ly e

ntre

nche

d Si

ngap

orea

n ps

yche

– th

e ne

ed to

do

wel

l. Th

is is

es

peci

ally

so

in a

mer

itocr

acy-

driv

en s

ocie

ty li

ke o

urs

whe

re s

ocia

l mob

ility

has

been

a d

ream

com

e tru

e fo

r m

any.

Mos

t par

ents

(who

are

als

o w

alki

ng te

stam

ents

of

soc

ial m

obilit

y) w

ill st

ill do

thei

r utm

ost f

or th

eir

child

ren,

esp

ecia

lly in

term

s of

sen

ding

them

for t

uitio

n to

sec

ure

thos

e ‘A

’s (n

o lo

nger

abo

ut p

assi

ng th

e su

bjec

ts) o

ut o

f car

e an

d co

ncer

n fo

r the

ir ch

arge

s. N

ot

doin

g so

can

be

seen

as

poor

and

irre

spon

sibl

e pa

rent

ing.

Par

ents

wou

ld ra

ther

err

on th

e si

de o

f ca

utio

n an

d go

with

the

‘trie

d-an

d-te

sted

’ met

hod

of

secu

ring

thei

r chi

ldre

n’s

succ

ess.

In fa

ct, s

ome

pare

nts

beca

me

conc

erne

d ab

out t

he re

mov

al o

f exa

ms

whi

ch

they

dee

m a

s im

porta

nt c

heck

poin

ts in

thei

r chi

ldre

n’s

lear

ning

; the

y ar

e en

rollin

g th

eir c

hild

in tu

ition

cen

tres

that

con

duct

inte

rnal

ass

essm

ents

in o

rder

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e ch

ildre

n ar

e no

t lef

t beh

ind,

now

that

ther

e ar

e fe

wer

yar

dstic

ks to

indi

cate

whe

re th

ey a

re in

term

s of

th

eir l

earn

ing

prog

ress

.

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agr

a


Mea

nwhi

le, i

n ot

her p

arts

of t

he w

orld

….

Acco

rdin

g to

the

WH

O, c

hild

hood

obe

sity

is o

ne o

f the

mos

t ser

ious

pub

lic h

ealth

cha

lleng

es o

f the

21s

t cen

tury

. The

pro

blem

is g

loba

l and

is s

tead

ily

affe

ctin

g m

any

low

- an

d m

iddl

e-in

com

e co

untri

es, p

artic

ular

ly in

urb

an s

ettin

gs. T

he p

reva

lenc

e ha

s in

crea

sed

at a

n al

arm

ing

rate

. Glo

bally

, in

2016

the

num

ber o

f ove

rwei

ght c

hild

ren

unde

r the

age

of f

ive,

is e

stim

ated

to b

e ov

er 4

1 m

illion

. Alm

ost h

alf o

f all

over

wei

ght c

hild

ren

unde

r 5 li

ved

in A

sia

and

one

quar

ter l

ived

in A

frica

. Acc

ordi

ng to

the

CD

C,I

n th

e U

nite

d St

ates

, the

per

cent

age

of c

hild

ren

and

adol

esce

nts

affe

cted

by

obes

ity h

as m

ore

than

trip

led

sinc

e th

e 19

70s.

Dat

a fro

m 2

015-

2016

sho

w th

at n

early

1 in

5 s

choo

l age

chi

ldre

n an

d yo

ung

peop

le (6

to 1

9 ye

ars)

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

has

obe

sity

.Ac

cord

ing

to B

itkom

, an

indu

stry

ass

ocia

tion,

chi

ldre

n ar

e st

artin

g on

dig

ital d

evic

es a

t eve

r you

nger

age

s. In

Ger

man

y 67

% o

f 10-

to 1

1-ye

ar-o

lds

alre

ady

have

thei

r ow

n sm

artp

hone

s, r

isin

g to

88%

for

12-

to 1

3-ye

ar-o

lds,

In B

ritai

n 83

% o

f 11-

to 1

2-ye

ar-o

lds

and

96%

of 1

3- to

14-

year

-old

s ha

ve th

eir

own

phon

es, s

ays

Chi

ldw

ise,

a re

sear

ch o

utfit

.Ea

rly-c

hild

hood

edu

catio

n an

d ca

re is

attr

actin

g a

surg

e of

inte

rest

in m

ost r

ich

coun

tries

. Acr

oss

the

OEC

D, t

he a

vera

ge e

nrol

men

tof t

hree

- to

five-

year

-ol

ds in

to p

re-s

choo

ls r

ose

from

75%

in 2

005

to 8

5% in

201

6. In

crea

sing

ly, i

t is

mov

ing

out o

f the

hom

e an

d in

to in

stitu

tions

, a p

roce

ss th

at e

xper

ts d

ub

“def

amilis

atio

n”. A

cros

s th

e O

ECD

, ave

rage

enr

olm

ent o

f thr

ee-

to fi

ve-y

ear-o

lds

rose

from

75%

in 2

005

to 8

5% in

201

6. C

hild

-car

e co

sts

in B

ritai

n as

a

prop

ortio

n of

ave

rage

inco

mes

are

am

ong

the

wor

ld’s

hig

hest

. In

Fran

ce, t

he u

biqu

itous

, sub

sidi

sed

écol

es m

ater

nelle

s, w

hich

take

chi

ldre

n fro

m th

e ag

e of

tw

o, h

ave

long

bee

n th

e en

vy o

f wor

king

mot

hers

els

ewhe

re in

Euro

pe. D

enm

ark,

alo

ng w

ith o

ther

Nor

dic

coun

tries

, dec

ided

to m

ake

inst

itutio

nal c

are

for

youn

g ch

ildre

n un

iver

sal 3

0 or

40

year

s ag

o.R

esea

rch

exam

inin

g so

cial

med

ia u

se a

nd s

horte

ned

atte

ntio

n sp

ans

– fo

r exa

mpl

e, th

e 20

09 re

port

'Gen

erat

ion

Y: In

side

Out

' – g

ives

inco

nclu

sive

or m

ixed

re

sults

. Acc

ordi

ng to

a n

ew s

tudy

pub

lishe

d in

the

jour

nal P

reve

ntiv

e M

edic

ine

Rep

orts

, you

ng p

eopl

e w

ho s

pend

sev

en h

ours

orm

ore

a da

y on

scr

eens

are

m

ore

than

twic

e as

like

ly to

be

diag

nose

d w

ith d

epre

ssio

n or

anx

iety

,wer

e m

ore

easi

ly d

istra

cted

, les

s em

otio

nally

sta

ble

and

had

mor

e pr

oble

ms

finis

hing

ta

sks

and

mak

ing

frien

ds th

an th

ose

who

use

scr

eens

for a

n ho

ur a

day

, fin

ds R

ough

ly 2

0% o

f 14-

to 1

7-ye

ar-o

lds

spen

t thi

s am

ount

of t

ime

on s

cree

ns e

ach

day.

In a

stu

dy p

ublis

hed

onlin

e in

the

jour

nal E

Clin

ical

Med

icin

e in

Jan

201

9 an

alys

ing

data

from

nea

rly 1

1,00

0 yo

ung

peop

le in

Brit

ain,

teen

age

girls

are

twic

e as

lik

ely

as b

oys

to s

how

dep

ress

ive

sym

ptom

slin

ked

toso

cial

med

iaus

e– m

ainl

y du

e to

onl

ine

hara

ssm

ent a

nd d

istu

rbed

sle

ep, a

s w

ell a

s po

or b

ody

imag

e an

d lo

wer

sel

f-est

eem

.Ps

ycho

logy

pro

fess

or J

ean

Twen

ge o

pine

s in

her

boo

k “iG

en: W

hy T

oday

’s S

uper

-Con

nect

ed K

ids

are

Gro

win

g up

Les

s R

ebel

lious

, Mor

e To

lera

nt, L

ess

Hap

py—

and

Com

plet

ely

Unp

repa

red

for A

dulth

ood—

and

Wha

t Tha

t Mea

ns fo

r the

Res

t of U

s” th

at e

xces

sive

use

of t

he in

tern

et a

nd s

ocia

l med

ia m

akes

ch

ildre

n lo

nely

and

dep

ress

ed a

nd p

oses

ser

ious

risk

s to

thei

r phy

sica

l and

par

ticul

arly

thei

r men

tal h

ealth

, som

etim

es to

the

poin

t of d

rivin

g th

em to

sui

cide

. H

owev

er, D

anie

l Kar

defe

lt-W

inth

er o

f the

Inno

cent

i res

earc

h of

fice

of U

nice

f, lo

oked

at a

ll the

evi

denc

e he

cou

ld fi

nd o

n ho

w c

hild

ren’

s us

e of

dig

italt

echn

olog

y af

fect

ed th

eir m

enta

l wel

l-bei

ng, t

heir

soci

al re

latio

nshi

ps a

nd th

eir p

hysi

cal a

ctiv

ity, a

nd fo

und

less

cau

se fo

r ala

rm th

an is

ofte

n su

gges

ted.

The

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

use

of d

igita

l tec

hnol

ogy

and

child

ren’

s m

enta

l hea

lth, b

road

ly s

peak

ing,

app

ears

to b

e U

-sha

ped.

Res

earc

hers

hav

e fo

und

that

m

oder

ate

use

is b

enef

icia

l, w

here

as e

ither

no

use

at a

ll or

ext

rem

e us

e co

uld

be h

arm

ful.

But i

n ei

ther

cas

e th

e ef

fect

s ar

e ve

ry s

mal

l, an

d ch

ildre

n ge

nera

lly

prov

e su

rpris

ingl

y re

silie

nt to

mod

erat

e or

eve

n hi

gh le

vels

of s

cree

n tim

e. A

lthou

gh th

ere

are

clea

r ins

tanc

es o

f ove

ruse

, ter

ms

like

“add

ictio

n” o

r “co

mpu

lsiv

e us

e” m

ay b

e ov

erbl

own.

The

re is

no

real

evi

denc

e th

at s

pend

ing

too

muc

h tim

e on

line

seve

rely

impa

irs th

e us

er’s

life

in th

e lo

nger

term

, as

drug

abu

se o

ften

does

.A c

ross

all

post

-indu

stria

l eco

nom

ies,

the

hypo

thes

is o

f a li

nk b

etw

een

ineq

ualit

y an

d pa

rent

ing

fits

the

evid

ence

rem

arka

bly

wel

l bot

h ov

er ti

me

and

acro

ss

spac

e. T

he in

tens

ity o

f par

entin

g ca

n be

mea

sure

d us

ing

the

Wor

ld V

alue

s Su

rvey

. The

pro

porti

on o

f res

pond

ents

who

agr

ee w

ithin

tens

ive

pare

ntin

g is

cl

osel

y as

soci

ated

with

the

leve

l of e

cono

mic

ineq

ualit

y in

the

coun

try.

A re

cent

repo

rt by

the

Wor

ld B

ank

show

ed th

at in

terg

ener

atio

nal s

ocia

l mob

ility

(the

chan

ce th

at th

e ne

xt g

ener

atio

n w

ill en

dup

in a

diff

eren

t soc

ial c

lass

fro

m th

e pr

evio

us o

ne) i

n th

e la

nd o

f dre

ams

is n

ow a

mon

g th

e lo

wes

t in

all r

ich

coun

tries

.Th

e G

loba

l Chi

ldho

od R

epor

t 201

9 no

tes

that

poo

rer c

hild

ren

are

not b

enef

iting

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h as

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e fro

m w

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een

rich

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ldre

n.Ja

ne W

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bia

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vers

ity a

nd L

iz W

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he U

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risto

l sep

arat

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ut th

e ef

fect

s of

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eren

t par

entin

g st

yles

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e le

arni

ng

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ronm

ents

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the

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itive

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ance

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hree

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year

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m d

iffer

ent i

ncom

e gr

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mer

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in. T

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d th

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nted

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r bet

wee

n a

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e-re

late

d ga

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cal s

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ook

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ety.

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priv

ilege

d to

p th

ird is

pul

ling

ever

furth

er a

head

of t

he d

isad

vant

aged

bot

tom

third

, who

se fa

milie

s ar

e of

ten

fract

ured

and

who

se li

ves

tend

to

be p

reca

rious

.M

enta

l-hea

lth p

robl

ems

repr

esen

t the

larg

est b

urde

n of

dis

ease

am

ong

youn

g pe

ople

. One

stu

dy a

cros

s te

n O

ECD

cou

ntrie

s fo

und

that

a q

uarte

r of a

ll you

ng

peop

le h

ad a

men

tal d

isor

der.

The

Glo

bal C

hild

hood

Rep

ort 2

019

note

s po

litic

al c

omm

itmen

t by

natio

nal g

over

nmen

ts w

as a

crit

ical

fact

or in

det

erm

inin

g a

coun

try’s

pro

gres

s in

car

ing

for

its k

ids.

Eth

iopi

a,fo

r exa

mpl

e, m

ade

som

e of

the

mos

t pro

noun

ced

impr

ovem

ents

ove

r the

pas

t 18

year

s.Ac

adem

ics

such

as

Jam

es H

eckm

an o

f the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Chi

cago

, bel

ieve

that

gov

ernm

ent i

nves

tmen

t in

early

chi

ldho

od in

inst

itutio

nal c

are

pays

off

both

for

indi

vidu

als

and

for s

ocie

ty a

t lar

ge –

bet

wee

n 7%

and

13%

. He

cite

s 2

long

-term

stu

dies

of c

hild

ren

from

poo

r hom

es th

at b

egan

dec

ades

ago

– T

he P

erry

Pr

esch

ool P

roje

ct in

Mic

higa

n an

d th

e Ab

eced

aria

n Pr

ojec

t in

Nor

th C

arol

ina

– w

hich

sug

gest

that

offe

ring

extra

sup

port

for s

uch

child

ren

pays

off

not j

ust i

n ac

adem

ic re

sults

but

als

o in

soc

ial a

nd e

cono

mic

out

com

es: b

ette

r hea

lth, l

ess

pove

rty a

nd le

ss c

rime.

Isab

el S

awhi

ll an

d Q

uent

in K

arpi

low

at t

he B

rook

ings

In

stitu

tion

also

foun

d th

at w

ell-t

arge

ted

inte

rven

tions

—su

ch a

s pr

ovid

ing

advi

ce fo

r par

ents

and

ext

ra s

uppo

rt fo

r stru

gglin

g ch

ildre

n—im

prov

ed th

e ch

ance

s of

dis

adva

ntag

ed k

ids

beco

min

g m

iddl

e cl

ass

whe

n th

ey g

row

up.

Ref

eren

ces

A H

yper

com

petit

ive

Cul

ture

Is B

reed

ing

Seve

re T

est A

nxie

ty A

mon

g M

any

Stud

ents

. Cha

nnel

New

sAsi

a.29

Sep

tem

ber 2

018.

ww

w.c

hann

elne

wsa

sia.

com

/new

s/co

mm

enta

ry/h

yper

-com

petit

ive-

cultu

re-b

reed

ing-

seve

re-te

st-a

nxie

ty-a

mon

g-10

7441

50

Goo

gle

reve

als

Sing

apor

e ki

ds a

re y

oung

est g

loba

lly to

get

firs

t int

erne

t dev

ice;

Sho

uld

we

wor

ry?

Inte

rnat

iona

l Bus

ines

s Ti

mes

. 19

Mar

ch 2

019.

http

s://w

ww

.ibtim

es.s

g/go

ogle

-reve

als-

sing

apor

e-ki

ds-a

re-y

oung

est-g

loba

lly-g

et-fi

rst-i

nter

net-d

evic

e-sh

ould

-we-

wor

ry-2

9923

The

Kids

Are

n’t A

lrigh

t. Fo

reig

n P

olic

y. 2

8 M

ay 2

019.

http

s://f

orei

gnpo

licy.

com

/201

9/05

/28/

us-ra

nks-

with

-chi

na-in

-chi

ld-w

ell-b

eing

-sav

e-th

e-ch

ildre

n-en

d-of

-chi

ldho

od-re

port-

2019

/

Sing

apor

e is

the

best

pla

ce in

the

wor

ld fo

r chi

ldre

n to

gro

w u

p in

, whi

le th

e U

S tra

ils a

t 36t

h pl

ace.

Bus

ines

s In

side

r. 29

May

201

9ht

tps:

//ww

w.b

usin

essi

nsid

er.s

g/si

ngap

ore-

is-th

e-be

st-p

lace

-in-th

e-w

orld

-for-c

hild

ren-

to-g

row

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in-w

hile

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us-tr

ails

-at-3

6th-

plac

e/

Tuiti

on h

as b

allo

oned

to a

S$1

.4b

indu

stry

in S

inga

pore

. Sho

uld

we

be c

once

rned

? 12

Sep

t 201

9.ht

tps:

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w.to

dayo

nlin

e.co

m/c

omm

enta

ry/tu

ition

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loon

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stry

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gapo

re-s

houl

d-w

e-be

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cern

ed

12-y

ear-o

lds

in S

inga

pore

spe

nd 6

½ h

ours

dai

ly o

n el

ectro

nic

devi

ces:

Sur

vey.

2 A

pril

2017

.ht

tps:

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w.s

traits

times

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ourc

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tm_m

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m=s

hare

&utm

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m=2

019-

09-

18+1

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23%

3A40

Rep

ort o

n th

e H

ouse

hold

Exp

endi

ture

Sur

vey

2017

/18.

Jul

y 20

19.

http

s://w

ww

.sin

gsta

t.gov

.sg/

publ

icat

ions

/hou

seho

lds/

hous

ehol

d-ex

pend

iture

-sur

vey

Few

er e

xam

s fo

r stu

dent

s, le

ss e

mph

asis

on

grad

es. 2

9 Se

pt 2

018.

http

s://w

ww

.stra

itstim

es.c

om/s

inga

pore

/edu

catio

n/fe

wer

-exa

ms-

for-s

tude

nts-

less

-em

phas

is-o

n-gr

ades

Brita

in h

as c

reat

ed a

cris

is in

chi

ldho

od, s

ays

form

er c

hild

ren’

s co

mm

issi

oner

. The

Gua

rdia

n. 2

3 O

ctob

er 2

018.

http

s://w

ww

.theg

uard

ian.

com

/edu

catio

n/20

18/o

ct/2

3/br

itain

-cris

is-c

hild

hood

-form

er-c

hild

rens

-com

mis

sion

er-a

l-ayn

sley

-gre

en-b

ook

ND

R 2

019:

Fro

m re

tirem

ent a

ge to

clim

ate

chan

ge, h

ere

are

9 th

ings

you

nee

d to

kno

wht

tps:

//ww

w.c

hann

elne

wsa

sia.

com

/new

s/si

ngap

ore/

natio

nal-d

ay-ra

lly-2

019-

thin

gs-y

ou-n

eed-

to-k

now

-118

1960

2

Glo

bal C

hild

hood

Rep

ort 2

019.

Sav

e th

e C

hild

ren.

http

s://w

ww

.sav

ethe

child

ren.

org/

cont

ent/d

am/u

sa/re

ports

/adv

ocac

y/gl

obal

-chi

ldho

od-re

port-

2019

-pdf

.pdf

How

Eco

nom

ic In

equa

lity

Giv

es R

ise

To H

yper

-Par

entin

g.Th

eW

ashi

ngto

n P

ost,

22 F

ebru

ary

2019

. w

ww

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hing

tonp

ost.c

om/n

ews/

post

ever

ythi

ng/w

p/20

19/0

2/22

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ure/

how

-eco

nom

ic-in

equa

lity-

give

s-ris

e-to

-hyp

er-p

aren

ting/

Kids

'usi

ng g

adge

ts a

t ear

lier a

ge b

eing

exp

osed

to ri

sks'

: Stu

dy. T

he S

traits

Tim

es. 5

Jun

e 20

13.

http

s://w

ww

.stra

itstim

es.c

om/s

inga

pore

/kid

s-us

ing-

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ets-

at-e

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18

tocl

i


The

Cul

ture

of C

hild

hood

: We’

ve A

lmos

t Des

troye

d It.

Psy

chol

ogy

Toda

y. 2

1 O

ctob

er 2

016.

http

s://w

ww

.psy

chol

ogyt

oday

.com

/us/

blog

/free

dom

-lear

n/20

1610

/the-

cultu

re-c

hild

hood

-we-

ve-a

lmos

t-des

troye

d-it

Mor

e Te

ens

in S

inga

pore

See

king

Hel

p Fo

r Sch

ool S

tress

At I

MH

. The

Stra

its T

imes

. 11

April

201

9.w

ww

.stra

itstim

es.c

om/s

inga

pore

/edu

catio

n/m

ore-

teen

s-in

-sin

gapo

re-s

eeki

ng-h

elp-

for-s

choo

l-stre

ss-a

t-im

h

Chi

ldre

n m

ust b

e pr

otec

ted

from

robu

st m

arke

ting

if th

ey’re

goi

ng to

eat

wel

l. Th

e C

onve

rsat

ion.

29

Augu

st 2

016.

http

://th

econ

vers

atio

n.co

m/c

hild

ren-

mus

t-be-

prot

ecte

d-fro

m-ro

bust

-mar

ketin

g-if-

they

re-g

oing

-to-e

at-w

ell-6

4397

Com

men

tary

: Sm

aller

fam

ilies i

n Si

ngap

ore,

lead

ing to

unh

ealth

y par

entin

g sty

les. C

hann

el Ne

wsAs

ia. 2

7 Au

gust

2017

.ht

tps:/

/www

.chan

nelne

wsas

ia.co

m/n

ews/s

ingap

ore/

com

men

tary

-sm

aller

-fam

ilies-

in-sin

gapo

re-le

ading

-to-u

nhea

lthy-

9112

070

Long

wor

king

hou

rs k

eepi

ng S

’por

ean

fam

ilies

apar

t: Su

rvey

. TO

DA

Y. 1

9 M

ay 2

016.

http

s://w

ww

.toda

yonl

ine.

com

/sin

gapo

re/lo

ng-w

orki

ng-h

ours

-kee

ping

-spo

rean

-fam

ilies-

apar

t-sur

vey

The

Pare

ntin

g G

ap. R

SA

Jou

rnal

. 10

Sept

embe

r 201

8.m

ediu

m.c

om/rs

a-jo

urna

l/the

-par

entin

g-ga

p-f7

9c4d

11fd

b1 Ne

w int

er-a

genc

y tas

k for

ce to

help

upli

ft chil

dren

from

disa

dvan

tage

d ho

mes

. The

Stra

its T

imes

.28

Octo

ber 2

018.

http

s://w

ww.st

raits

times

.com

/sing

apor

e/ed

ucat

ion/n

ew-in

ter-a

genc

y-ta

sk-fo

rce-

uplift

-to-h

elp-c

hildr

en-fr

om-d

isadv

anta

ged-

hom

es

Chi

ldho

od o

verw

eigh

t and

obe

sity

. The

Wor

ld H

ealth

Org

anis

atio

n. A

cces

sed

2 Au

gust

201

9.ht

tps:

//ww

w.w

ho.in

t/die

tphy

sica

lact

ivity

/chi

ldho

od/e

n/

Chi

ldho

od O

besi

ty F

acts

. Cen

tres

for D

isea

se C

ontro

l and

Pre

vent

ion.

Acc

esse

d 2

Augu

st 2

019.

http

s://w

ww

.cdc

.gov

/hea

lthys

choo

ls/o

besi

ty/fa

cts.

htm

Ther

e’s

Wor

ryin

g N

ew R

esea

rch

Abou

t Kid

s’ S

cree

n Ti

me

and

Thei

r Men

tal H

ealth

. TIM

E. 2

9 O

ctob

er 2

018.

http

s://t

ime.

com

/543

7607

/sm

artp

hone

s-te

ens-

men

tal-h

ealth

/

Soci

al m

edia

link

ed to

hig

her r

isk

of d

epre

ssio

n in

teen

girl

s. T

OD

AY

. 4 J

anua

ry 2

019.

http

s://w

ww

.toda

yonl

ine.

com

/wor

ld/s

ocia

l-med

ia-li

nked

-hig

her-r

isk-

depr

essi

on-te

en-g

irls

2018

KID

S C

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GENERAL PAPER 8807/01 · Living amongst strangers rather than close-knit communities, ... cyber you-name-it. These are all par for the course as study after study has detected similarities