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I P N WI7AIAIf I 1i2"W:1111N'1 ERAt 9.21 p.m. PST on Mcnday, December2, 1974, Pioneer 11 will hurtle at the un-precedented speed of 107.373 miles perhour past Jupiter, only 26,600 milesabove the Jovian clout tops. This Arnen-can spacecraft is mans second trip to theSolar System s largest planet, but itpenetrates three times closer to Jupiterthan did Pioneer 10 which flew by Jupiter81,000 miles above the cloud tops almostone year beforehand.

The closer approach of Pioneef 11 is de-signed to probe deeper into the radiationbelts of energetic electrons and protonsthat are trapped in Jupiter's magneticfield. Also the close approach permits theuse

,piter's gravity and orbital motion

to fli ioneer 11 across the Solar Sys-ters to meet with the next outermostp;arlet, • ringed Saturn, in 1979. Pioneer11 is thus man's first attempt to useenergy derived from a pass near JupiterWily to the next outer planet, an essen-tial maneuver for ;ontinued economicexploration of the outer Solar System

Not only is the trajectory of Pioneer 11passing much closer to Jupiter than Itspredecessor, but also it is directed qultcdifferently, so as to reduce the time thatthe spacecraft must be in the radiationbelts. This is expected to safeguard theelectronics and scientific instruments ofPioneer from damage from the energeticprotons and electrons Controllers havedirected the spacecraft Into the Joviansystem from far below Jupiter's south

pole Along this trajectory the spacecraftwill hurtt3 almost straight up through thedoughnut-shaped inner radiation belt,many thousands of miles per hour fasterthan any man-made object has traveledbefore.

Passage through the belt at high sl -dand high angle should allow Pioneer 11to emerge unscathc,d while at the sametime permitting the spacecraft to enterthe Darrow planetary flyby corridor thatwill ensure a later encounter with theplanet Saturn.

Additionally, Pioneer 11 s trajectory dif-feis from Its predecessor because thepassage is counter to the direction ofJupiter's rotation (Figure 1). Thus, dur-ing the encounter, the spacecraft willsample a complete revolution of theplanet's magnetic field ano Jupiter s radi-ation belts, and will observe the planet'ssurface features over several planetaryrevolutions. Moreover, because thespacecraft approaches Jupiter from thesouth pole arid leaves over the northpole. experimenters expect to obtaintheir first look at Jupiter poles. impossi-ble ♦•om Earth and from Pioneer 10 In-stead of the familiar banded Jupiter, thepolar views transmitted by Pioneer 11should show a circular polar region bor-dered with concentric rings. One theorysuggests that the p< f ar atmosphere istranspa7ent and will thereby permitPioneer s instruments to look deep downInto the Jovian atmosphere

Since Its launching on April 5, 1973.Pioneer 11 will have traveled 620 millionmiles when it reaches Jupiter But it isdestined for an even longer journey AfterJupiter passage it will travel high abovethe plane of the ecliptic—the plane ofEarths orbit around the Sun—and thendescend to Saturn s orbit where it Isscheduled to rendezvous with thatplanet If Pioneer 11 does survive pas-sage through Jupiter s radiation belts it

will, In October 1979. provide mankindwith a first close look at the unique ringedplanet of the Solar System

During the several weeks around thedate of closest approach to Jupiter—termed periapsis—a team of spacecraftcontrollers, analysts and scientists atNASA Ames Research Center (Figure2;, and personnel of NASA's Deep SpaceNetwork, will run a three-shift, 24-hours-a-day control operation Applyingexperience obtained during the flyby ofPioneer 10 last year, they will be alert todanger to they distant spacec raft frornpossible but unpredictable problems aris-ing in the environment of the Jovian sys-tem

Most of the commands sent from theground to the spacecraft during the en-counter period. amounting to manythousands of instructions. will be directedto the imaging photopolarimeter whichscans across Jupiter and some of itslarge satellites to gather information thatwill later be assembled by computer toform spin-scan images of these bodies(Figure 3). To send pictures of Jupiterand its satellites to Earth. the imagingphotopolan meter scans a light-sensitivedevice across the disc of t-ie planet bythe rotation of the spacecraft The in-strument measures brightness of thelight that is gathered from each of manysmall areas of the scene The brightnessreading is converted into a binarynumber—somewhat like the dots anddashes of Morse code—and sent byradio from the spacecraft to Earth Herethe stream of impulses is converted backto appropriately positioned small grayareas on film, thus creating a facsimile ofthe view of Jupiter seen from the space-craft. As the data needed to make onespin-scan Image of the planet has to begathered over a period o f tI some-times taking as long as one r. andbecause the spacecraft is moving andJupiter is rotating on its axis. the picturesreconstructed at Earth are distorted.

•` PIONEER 10uulsru+^4^^^•• TRAJECTORY

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FIGURE 1 The Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 flybys of Jupiter. The positions of the Galilean satellites.Callisto, Ganymede. Europa and to and cf the Innermost satellite Amafthea. are shown at the time ofperiapsis of Pioneer 11 The dots on the orbits show the movement of the satellites and bc. - h Pioneerspacecraft over intervals of two hours.

Later the distortions are removed by! ,! ► !her computer processing of the returned data, but this enhancement of thireturned Images takes time

Informatien from Vie spacecraft arrivesback at Earth on three large antennas.2 4.0-foot diameter dishes as large asfor 'ball fields One is in the Mohave Des

-er, at Goldstone. California Another is inSpain, and the third Is In Austral , a Thusas the Earth turns on Its axis and thespacecraft sets at one of these stattoos.the spacecraft rises at the next station.Signals can accordingly be received un-interruptedly for 24 hours each day

Figure 2. The uista , it spacecraft i' ;ontrolled from NASA Arses Research C(-nter near San f Wnciscu.California. where teams of High, controllers scientists. and engineers maintain 24 hours wVchduring the period ref encour " !Photo of personnel at consoles of the PMOC)

Figure 3 A typical spin-scan Image of Jupiter returned from Pioneer I0 when it flew pest Jupiter inDecember 1973- Pioneer 11 will return similar pictures but at different look angles (Photo of Jupiterby Pioneer 10).

DATE T TIME — EVENTNOV. 3011:28m. ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENT OF CALLISTODEC. 1 11:26 a.m. ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENT OF GANYMEDE

10:18 a.m. INFRARED MEASUREMENT OF CALLISTO12:21 a.m.

1:50 a.m.1:56 p m.2:09 p m.2: e 5 p m.5:00 p.m.5:13 p.m.7:02 p.m.7:09 p.m.8:15 p m.

10:30 p.m.10:52 p.m.11:.00 - P.M.7:58 a.m.

11:43 mm.

CLOSEST APPROACH TO CALLISTO. 488.730 MILESULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENT OF GANYMEDEINFRARED MEASUREMENT OF GANYMEDECLOSEST APPROACH TO GANYMEDE, 43`:.195 MILESULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENT OF EUROPASTART INFRARED MEASUREMENTS OF JUPITERINFRARED MEASUREMENT OF AMALTHEAINFRARED MEASUREMENT OF 10CLOSEST APPROACH TO 10. 195.120 MILESCLOSEST APPROACH TO EUROPA, 364.575 MILESCLOSEST APPROACH TO AMALTHEA. 79.229 MILESINFRARED MEASUREMENTS OF AMALTHEAINFRARED MEASUREMENTS OF JUPITERINFRARED MEASUREMENT OF 10INFRARED MEASUREMENT OF GANYMEDE

9:45 p.m.I INFRARED MEASUREMENT OF CALLISTO

TABLE 1. Some Experiments

SCIENCE EXPERIMENTSThe science experiments to be made byPioneer 11 in the Jovian system aremuch the same as those made byPioneer 10 (l able 1).

• Measure Jupiter s magnetic field andmagnetosphere w!th two instrumentscalled magnetometers.

• Sense the interacho-s of Jupiter withthe solar wind—the stream of chargedparticles flowing outward from the Sunacross the Solar System—by use ofan instrument that detects energeticelectrons and protons.

• Measure the intensities, energies, anddistribution of energetic electrons andprotons in the radiation belts of Jupiterby use of four particle detecting exper-iments.

• Check on meteoroids and dust nearJupiter by means of a special fourtelescope systems and a group ofpanels that detect punctures from im-pacting meteorites.

• Sense Jupiter atmospheric composi-tion and provide a thermal map ofJupiter's heat emission by use of in-struments that measure ultravioletand infrared radiation beyond thevisible spectrum

• Obtain spir,-scan Images of Jupiterand Its clouds and of several of itslarge satellites. using the Imagingphotopolarimeter.

• Measure the atmospheric characteris-tics of the Jovian atmosphere by ob-serving the changes to the radiowaves from the spacecraft as it passesinto and emerges from occultation byJupiter

• Improve measurements of the orbit ofJupiter and its satellites and the mass-es of these bodies by precise trackingof the motion of the spacecraft as itpasses through the Jovian system.

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Figure 0 This series of drawings produced wiginalty on a computiappear Nom the Pioneer 11 spacecraft Bunny the encounter period.details of the planets north and south polar regions

M'ULWVY

THE ENCOUNTER SEQUENCEUnlike Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 goes byJupiter against the direction of theplanet's rotation. After passing in front ofJupiter as the planet moves along itsorbit round the Sun, the spacecraft it engoes around the dark side of Jupiter andcompleteF a circuit of the planet by cross-ing the spacecrafts own incoming tra;ec-tory and heading for Saturn.

Views of Jupiter its seen from the space-craft are shown in (Figure 4). Thesedrawings resemble the PICS televisionimages which will be displayed quickly asinformation comes to Earth and will bemane available to commercial televisionnetworks. Before c l osest approac of thespacecraft to Jupiter the terminator - -boundary between day and night on theplanet — Is near the left hand edge of thedisc After closest approach, the ter-minator will be near the upper right-handedge of the disc of the planet. Most of thetime the planet will appear gibbous, I e.shaped half-way between a half moonand a full moon. A crescent-shapedJupiter will be seen only very near toperiapsis.

On ihis encounter there is noop i^ortunity for the spacecraft tooccult any of the Jovian satellites. so

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Figure 5. a) is a diagram of the pants of Pioneer10 and Pioneer 11 from Earth . Jupiter andbeyond. Pioneer 10 shoots beyo; d Jupiter rsyhtout of the Solar System. P:o eer 11 zoomsaround Jupiter which flings It right ac, oss the, Oar System to intercept Sa;ur t rn tho oppo-site side Of the Sun in 1979 ' it of" on theorbits are positions at one month Inf*_•rvals

their atmospheres cannot be probed di-rectly as was the atmosphere of to whenPioneer 10 went behind that satellite

The flyby trajectory is Inclined at an angleof about 50 degrees to Jupiter s equator.As a result, the Pioneer 11 post flybytrajectory appears to proceed straight upout of the ecliptic relative to Jupiter Ac!wally the spacecratt almost paces Jupi-ter around the planets solar orbit, butrises high above Jupiter until. in 1977, It

begins to fall back toward the eclipticplane for its rendezvous with Saturn( Figures 5a and 5b).

As with fof the ercopiesNovembles fromouter regIng frommiles fro

Stage Tisystem.Novemblpass thr(solar winfield A i

b) Theo a same trajectories are shown here in almostl end-on viewrises high abois Jupiter before descending on the loppostte sideorbit

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10.00 P M. P.S T December 2

9:00 P.M. P.S.T. December 2

As with Pioneer 10 there are five stagesof the encounter (Table 2). The first oc-cupies about three weeks afterNovember 2, when the spacecraft pass-es from interplanetary space Into theouter regions of the Jovian system, mov-ing from about 15 million to 6 millionmiles from the planet.

Stage Two covers entry into the Innersystem Sometime after 8:00 a m. onNovember 25 Pioneer 11 Is expected to,,)ass through the bow shock wave in thesolar wind created by Jupiter s magneticfield. A short while later, the spacecraft

,d d--when

r angleIquatorBt flybyBight Upter Acis Jupl-bit, but1977 iteclipticSaturn

will enter the magnetosphere where themagnetic fteld of Jupiter prevents thesolar wind from approaching closer to theplanets surface

Stage Three is that period when Pioneer11 continue, flying through the outermagnetosphere from about 3 to 2 millionmiles from the planet

aced originally on a computer shows how the planet Jupiter willduring the encounter period This new view of Jupiter will revealpolar regions

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DATETIME DISTANCE FROM JUPITER, STAGE OFP.S.T kilometers ENCOUNTER

NOV. 2 4:00 p.m. 27,398,000J

1

12 4:00 p.m. 19,162,000

22 4:00 p.m. 10,646,000

27 4:00 p.m. 6.111,000 2

30 4:00 p.m. _ 3.103,000

DEC. 1 4:00 p.m. 1,956,000 3

2 9:21 p.m. 114,0_00' 4

3 4:00 p.m. 1,382.000

4 4:00 p.m. 2,f? j7.O00

8 4:00 p.m. 6.631.000

13 4:00 p.m. 11.127.000 5

23 4:00 p.m. 19.615.000

31 4:00 p.m. 26,207,000

Note: Dist ...es are from center of Jupiter. Closest approach Is to 42,820 kilometersabove the cloud tops.

here in almos end-on view to illustrate how the path of Pioneer 11ending on the I opposite side of the Sun to meet with Saturn on Its

TABLE 2. Distances During Encounter

SATELLITE DATE TIME PST

HADES NOV. 7 4:30 a.m.POSEIDON 7 4:49 p.m.PAN 8 7:50 p.m.ANDRASTEA 10 7:29 p.m.HERA 21 10:03 a.m.DEMETER 21 10:50 a.m.HEST:A 21 5:21 p.m.CALLISTO DEC. 1 5:27 p.m. 1.125.295GANYMEDE 2 8 01 a.m.

I624.953

EUROPA 2 2:06 p.m. 372.803t0 2 5:23 p.m. 217,945;AMALTHEA 2 810 p .m. 68.630

TABLE 3. Times of Crossing Satellite Orbhs

(1,812.800)

(1,001.1401(601.780)

(352.560)

(137.260)

DISTANCE FROM JUPITERmiles I km

14,683.00014.417.00013.841.00012.820.000

7.248.0007.231.0007.084,000

(23.632.000)(23.204.000)(22.276.000)(20,634.000)

(11, 667.000)(1? 639.000)(11.403.000)

1

November ?5 About '3 00 p m onNovember 26 the spacecraft shouldenter the magnetosphere Imaging (pic-ture taking) and photometry (lightanalysis) of Jupiter starts on November 2over a period of 4 to 8 hours each daythrough November 24, and then con-tinues for 23 hours each day until 3 00p m on December 9 By 9 2 p m onNovember 30 all pictures of Jupitershould become better in quality tna;those obtained by telescope from EarthDuring the close encounter periodPioneer 11 should also return 3 picturesof Callisto and one each of Ganymedeand to This will be the second time thatGanymede has been photographed butthe first time for Callisto and lo.

blage Four Is the period arc id closestapproach, covering the day and a haltbefore and after periapsis Here is wherethe spacecraft makes most of Its mea-surements and flies by the large Innersatellites Pioneer 11 makes hundreds ofspin-scan Images of the planet and sev-eral Images of the large satellites andflies through the Inner radiation belt

During Stage Five, Pioneer 11 leavesJupiter behind and repeats many of theearlier experimental sequences but inreverse order.

On November 7. during Stage One of theencounter. Pioneer 11 crosses the orbitof Hades, outermost satellite of JupiterIn the next ;;,w days the spacecraft silc-cessively crosses the orbits of Pan andAndrastea By November 21 Pioneer 11crosses the orbit of Hera at lust over 7million miles from Jupiter; then the orbitsof Demeter and Hestia. But the Joviansystem is so big that despite the enor-mous speed of Pioneer it is not itil De-cember 1, the day before closest ap-proach that the spacecraft begins tocross the orbits of the large Inner satel-lites Pioneer 11 comes within 488.730miles of Callisto, which is as large as theplanet Mercury Next the spac,^,,raftmakes its closest approach to Gany-mede (larger than Mercury) of 430.195miles, then passes withir 195,120 milesof lo, which is larger than Earth's MoonFinally Pioneer 11 passes at 364,575miles of Europa which is as large as theMoon. And unlike Pioneer 10, Pionee r 11crosses t he orbit of Amalthea. the inner-most of Ju p iter s satellites and ap-proaches to within 79.224 miles of thattiny world (Table 3).

The spacecraft will first detect the pres-ence of Jupiter as it crosses the bowshock. perhaps as early as 8 00 a m on

Pioneer 11 also :aspects Callisto.Ganymede, and Europa In ultravioletlight and makes infrared measurementsof Callisto, Ganymede. Amalthea and Ir,(Table 4) Some measurements are re-peated on the outbound passageJust before closest approach at 9.21 p mon December 2 Pioneer 11 enters thecold blackness of Jupiter s shadow. and40 seconds afterwards Is hidden fromEarth by the bulk of the planet A radioblackout occurs as the spacecraft hurtlesthrough the most intense region of theradiation beltsMission controllers arid scientists will notknow A Pioneer 11 has survived the radi-ation until 9.43 p m (21 minutes and 44

seconds after periapsis). when thespacecraft emerges from behind Jupiterand radio contact car again take place. ItPioneer 11 does survive, information willagain pour back over the radio link toEarth, and Pioneer will continue its spin-scan picture taking and other scientificobservations as It speeds from the Jo-vian system

JUPITER PICTURESPicture taking sequences of Pioneer 11are summarized in Table 5 Color pic-tures will start to be Interesting aroundNovember 2 when the planet, a little over17 million miles from the spacecraft, willfill 1 !50th of the imaging photopolarime-ter s 14 degree field of view. ByNovember 27 Jupiter roll occupy 1 ,10thof thrn view and by r vemhnr ?O 1 7th

_ DATE TIME_ EVENT

NOV. 25 8:00 a.m. ENTER JUPITER S BOW SHOCK WAVE(EARLIEST)

26 8:00 a.m ENTER JUPITER'S MAGNETOSPHERE(EARLIEST)

DEC. 2 3:21 p.m. ENTER RADIATION BELT AT 3.5 JUPITERDIAMETERS FROM CLOUDS AND 6HOURS FROM r,LUSESI APPROACH

9:00 p.m GO INTO SHAI.,OW OF JUPITER• 21 SECONDS FOR 33 MINUTES AND 31 SECONDS

OF SOLAR OCCULTATION

9:00 P.M. GO BEHIND JUPITER FOR 4242 SECONDS MINUTES AND 2 SECONDS OF RADIO

OCCUI T AT ION (BLACKOUT).

9:21 p.m CLO!:E3T APPROACH (PFRIAPSIS)

9:43 r..m. OUT Ot OCCULTATION. RADIO SILENCESHG' ,LD END

3 3:21 a.m. LEAVE RADIATION BELT

10 l MIDI GHT LEAVE BOW SHOCK (LATEST)

! The planet s disc will exceed the field ofview of the Imaging Instrument al 12hours before periapsis so that only partof Jupiter will subsequently be Imageduntil the spacecraft moves away from theplanet again

Since most of the Pioneer 11 pictures willbe views down toward either the north orsouth pole, the general appearance ofJupiter will be dramatically different fromthe Pioneer 10 or Earth view—the newpictures will show concentric circulartortes around each pole instaad of thefamiliar parallel bands seen in telescopesfrom Earth

Details shown In every picture in the 96-hour period centered on periapsis shouldbe better than the best views fromEarth-based telescopes Pioneer will betaking It,, best pictures in the 24 hoursbefore and after periapsis when withinabout one million miles of Jupiter Sev-eral close-up pictures of Jupiters cloudtops taken near periapsis will be some-,r,hat distorted at first viewing but they ,,illbe improved oy subscquent computerprocessing fhe picture lust beforeperiapsis, which will show a part of thesurface of the planet including the GreatRed Spot, will be about five times better

In detail than the best pictures f.omEarth However, during closest approachthe Intense particle radiation in the beltmay cause the photopolarimeter tocease to operate temporarily, or may re-duce the quality of the Images

During the 96 hours centered on periap-sis the spin-scan imaging system willsend to Earth about 40 pictures of the fullplanet, many pictures of pof lions of thesurface three of the satellite Callisto.and one each of Ganymede and to AsPioneer 11 swings around Jupiter. Sunangles not possible from Earth (and notobtained from Pioneer 10) will be seenwith almost every picture

Incoming Colo- and black and white pic-tures will be displayed on TV monitors asthey arrive frrim PIoi'eer They will thenbe photographed from 'he mon;tors anddistributed to the news media

ON TO SATURNWhen Pioneer 11 heads out from the Jo-vian system its mission Is by no meanscomplete It wiil become the first space-craft from Earth to fly by the mightyplanet Saturn. only slightly smaller thanJupiter but with a unique ring system.(Figure 6).

In 1979 the spin-scan imaging systemwill provide mankind with the first close-up views of satellites of Saturn. the sev•eral distinc t rings, and the cloud bands ofthe planet itself And the scientific exper-iments with Pioneer 11 will sense the ef-fects of Saturn on the solar wind, meas-ure the heat radiated from the planet, andsearch for a magnetic field After its en-counter with Saturn Pioneer t 1 will headout into interstellar space, mankind ssecond emissary to the stars

STUDY PROJECTS

ONElake the various events listed in Tables 1through 5 and make a combined listing ofthe sequential happenings when Pioneer11 flies through the Jovian system Listthe date, time, what happens and leavea column for remarks about each hap-pening Give distances In both kilometersand miles It will be necessary for you touse simple multiplication. a slide rule. ora desk calculator to make the conver-sions between the English and the Metricsystems

TWO

Use the list you have made: during theencounter watch TV. listen to radio, andread newspapers to check each event asIt is reported Fill in remarks as to what Is

discoverod

TEST IMAGES OF JUPITER WILL BE OBTAINED BEFORE AND AFTER THEPERIOD DETAILED ABOVE. ENCOUNTER ENDS AT 4:00 P.M. 3 JANUARY 1975

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OFPICTURES

251722

1524

DEC 1 I 142

2 811

111

151810222819

TABLE 5. Images of Jovian Objects

THREEAs a classroom project place a geometri-cal drawing on the blackboard a largesquare or a triangle Each student makesa '4 Inch hole in the center of a cardHolding the card at arms length in frontof the eye it is impossible to sr le all thegeometrical design o r he board, onlypart of It However L)y scanning the holeacross the blackboard in a series ofsweeps. the student can see the whole ofthe figure on the blackboard but not all atone time This Illustrates the spin-scantechnique used to build up a picture ofJupiter ove r a period of time by scanningthe disc with a `;mall aperture telescope

READING LISTWatch TV newscasts and special pro-gramsListen to radio newscastsRead your Kcal newspaper or nationalnewsmagazine during the encounterperiod.

OBJECT

JUPITERJUPITERJUPITERJUPITERJUPITERJUP ITERJUPITER

CALLISTOJUPITER

CALLISTOGANYMEDE

JUPITERIO

JUPITERJUPITERJUPITERJUPITERJUPITERJUPITER

DATE

NOV 252627282930