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By: Dr Chaman LalBSPT, PPDPT, Dip.In.Sports Inj, MPPS(Pak),
Post-Graduation in Clinical Neurophysiology (Aga Khan University
Hospital), Registered EEG.T(USA),Member of ABRET, AANEM &
ASET(USA)General AnatomyIntroduction to Medical Terminology
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Study OutlinesBrief History of Anatomy & Anatomists Anatomy
definitionBranches of AnatomyBody Type-SomatotypeAnatomical Body
PositionPlanes of Motion Anatomical Directional TermsAnatomy
MovementReferences05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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HISTORY OF ANATOMY
HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
Greek physicianFather of MedicineHis name is memorialized in the
Hippocratic oathHumoral theory : Four body humors -Blood -Phlegum
-Yellow bile -Black bile Attributed diseases to natural causes .
05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)
Father of AnatomyPerformed: -Vivi-sections (dissections of
living humans) and dissections of human cadaversRegarded Brain As
Seat Of IntelligenceDescribed Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Fourth
VentricleFirst to identify nerves as sensory or motor.
05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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SIXTEENTH CENTURYVESALIUS(1514- 1654)
His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7 volumes His
work revolutionized the teaching of anatomy and ruled for two
centuriesHe has not attached his name to the parts of body he
described unlike anatomists Sylvius, Fallopius, Eustachius.Father
of Modern AnatomyReformer of Anatomy05-11-2014*General Anatomy
Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CKDefinition: The
scientific study of structure and the relationships among
structures is called Anatomy
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
Branches of Anatomy
Gross/ Cadaveric AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy
(Histology)Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)Living AnatomyClinical
Anatomy (Applied)NeuroanatomySurface (Topographic)
AnatomyRadiographic AnatomyComparative AnatomySectional
Anatomy05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Gross AnatomyDefinition:That which can be seen with the naked
eyeKinds/Types:Regional: Body studied by areaSystematic:Body
studied by system05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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GROSS ANATOMYREGIONAL ANATOMY - Head and neck- Brain -Thorax-
Abdomen - Upper Limb - Lower limb
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY - Integumentary system - Skeletal system -
Muscular system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system -
Lymphatic system - Endocrine system - Digestive system, Respiratory
system, Urogenital system
05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Microscopic AnatomyDefinition:That which can be seen with the
assisted eyeKinds/Types:Cytology: The study of cellsHistology:The
study of tissuesOrganology:The study of organs05-11-2014*General
Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Developmental AnatomyDefinition:The study of anatomical changes
in a life cycleKinds/Types:Embryology: The study of prenatal
developmentPostnatal development:The study of structures after
birthOntogeny:Total development of an individual05-11-2014*General
Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Comparative AnatomyDefinition:Comparison of structures between
organismsKinds/Types::Vertebrate: Comparison of structures among
the vertebrate classesPhylogeny:The study of phyla, and their
relationships
05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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SomatotypesEctomorphSmall Bone Lean BodyMesomorphMuscular
PhysiqueEndomorphRound soft body
05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Positions of the Body
There are four basic positions of the body ;a)Anatomical
Positionb)Supine Positionc)Prone Position d)Lithotomy Position
05-11-2014General Anatomy Introduction By CK*
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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a).Anatomical PositionThe anatomical position is a standardized
method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and
consistent anatomical references.
Standing UprightFacing The Observer, Head LevelEyes Facing
ForwardFeet Flat On The FloorArms At The SidesPalms turned forward
(ventral)
05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Anatomical PositionDefinition:In this position, the body is
erect, the eyes look straight to the front, the upper limbs hang
bye the side of the trunk with the palms directed forwards, and the
lower limbs are parallel with the toes pointing forwards.
05-11-2014General Anatomy Introduction By CK*
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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b).Supine PositionIf the body is lying face up, it is in the
supine position.05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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b).Prone PositionIf the body is lying face down, it is in the
prone position.
05-11-2014General Anatomy Introduction By CK*
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Lying supine with buttocks at the edge of the table, the hips
and knees fully flexed and the feet strapped in
position.05-11-2014General Anatomy Introduction By CK*d).Lithotomy
Position
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Planes of Motion
Sagittal PlaneFrontal PlaneTransverse Plane
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Example of how planes would cut the brain05-11-2014*General
Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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05-11-2014General Anatomy Introduction By CK*
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Body Planes05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Body PlanesSagittal -- vertical plane that divides the body into
RIGHT and LEFT parts
Frontal -- vertical plane that divides the body into ANTERIOR
and POSTERIOR parts
Transverse -- horizontal planes that divides the body into TOP
and BOTTOM parts
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Cardinal or Mid PlanesDEFINITION -- if a plane passes through
the body such that it divides it into equal mass halves
INTERSECTION -- the point at which the mid-sagittal,
mid-frontal, and mid-transverse planes intersect is the CENTER OF
MASS
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Sagittal PlaneDivides the body into left and rightPasses from
front to back05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Frontal PlaneDivides the body into front and backPasses from
side to side05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Transverse PlaneDivides body into top and bottomPasses
perpendicular to the long axis of the body05-11-2014*General
Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Anatomical Direction
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Directional Terms Used in Describing AnatomySUPERIOR Directed
upwards or towards the headINFERIOR Directed downwards or towards
the feetANTERIOR Directed towards the front of the bodyPOSTERIOR
Directed towards the back of the body05-11-2014*General Anatomy
Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Anatomical DirectionSuperior
Inferior
Anterior
PosteriorHigher than another structureLower than another
StructureIn front of another structureBehind another
structure05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Anatomical DirectionMedial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Closer to the long axis of the bodyFarther from the long axis of
the bodyStructure closer to the beginning of the extremityStructure
farther from the beginning of the extremity05-11-2014*General
Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Anatomical DirectionSuperficialDeepNearer to the surfaceFarther
from the surface05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Anatomical Movement
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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MovementFlexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Decrease in the angle of a jointIncrease in the angle of a
jointMovement away from the midline of the bodyMovement toward the
midline of the body05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By
CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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MovementDorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Inversion
EversionFlexion of the foot at the ankleExtension of the foot at
the ankleSole of the foot turned inwardSole of the foot turned
outward05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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MovementSupination
Pronation
Rotation
CircumductionPalms upward
Palms downward
Pivot motion about the long axis of the body
Combination of Abduction,Adduction and
Rotation05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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MCQsQ. During flexion of the arm, the arm moves:
a) Upwards b) Downwards c) Medial d) Lateral
05-11-2014*General Anatomy Introduction By CK
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
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Success doesnt lie in the Results but in the EffortsBeing the
best is NOT so importantDoing the best is all that Matters! *
