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Gene Technology and Genetic Gene Technology and Genetic EngineeringEngineering
Grade 12
Grade 12 OutcomesGrade 12 OutcomesStem CellsGenetic Engineering:→ Cloning→ Medicine (production of insulin, vaccines)→ Agriculture (GMO’s)
Description of ethics and legislation around:→ Genetic Testing→ Genetic Counselling→ Genetic Engineering→ Cloning
Beliefs, attitudes and values concerning genetic diseases.
“The advance of genetic engineering makes it quite conceivable that we will begin to design our own evolutionary progress.”— Isaac Asimov, The Beginning and the End.
“The pressures for human cloning are powerful; but, although it seems likely that somebody, at some time, will attempt it, we need not assume that it will ever become a common or significant feature of human life.”— Ian Wilmut The Second Creation: Dolly and the Age of Biological Control
TerminologyTerminologyGene Technology
→ Broad field which includes all analysis, manipulation and application of genetics.Genetic Engineering
→ Artificial manipulation of genes, adding or subtracting genetic material.Genetically Modified Organism (GMO’s)/ Transgenic Organisms
→ Organisms that have had their DNA artificially manipulated.Cloning (genetic or molecular)
→ A molecular process in which DNA sequences are replicated within host organisms or in vitro.In vitro
→ Taking place in a culture, test-tube… basically outside an organism.Selective Breeding
→ The artificial breeding of plants and animals for particular traits.Stem Cells
→ An undifferentiated cell from a multi-cellular organism that has the potential to give rise to infinite numbers of the same cell and from which certain other kinds of cells arise from differentiation.
Ethics→ The branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles.
Legislation→ Collective set of laws.
Genetic Counselling→ A healthcare professional who specialises in the education and support of patients and families
regarding inherited disorders.
What’s on your mind?What’s on your mind?
Stem CellsStem CellsAn undifferentiated cell from a multi-cellular organism that has the potential to give rise to infinite numbers of the same cell and from which certain other kinds of cells arise from differentiation.
The Nature of Stem Cellshttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scintro/
Embryonic Stem CellsEmbryonic Stem Cells
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/
Pluripotent
= ability to
give rise to
several
different
cell types.
Somatic Stem CellsSomatic Stem Cells
Stem Cell Quick Referencehttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/
Multipotent=
Can produce
multiple
differentiated
cell types
within specific
tissue only.
CloningCloningNatural process→Asexual Reproduction→ Identical Twins
Artifical Embryo Twinning:→Older method→Fertilized egg cell is removed and stimulated to
divide into two full sets each able to form new embryo’s.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)→How Dolly was created in 1997
Somatic Cell Nuclear TransferSomatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Stem Cell Quick Referencehttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/
SCNT can also
be referred to
as Therapeutic
Cloning
depending on
it’s use.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hepoJgGJtNc
Genetic Engineering in MedicineGenetic Engineering in MedicinePreventing and fighting disease.
→ Stem Cell Therapy → Therapeutic cloning→ Gene Therapy
→ SCIDS (severe combined immune deficiency syndrome: "boy in the bubble")
→ Cancers (including melanoma, hereditary prostate cancer, breast, and colon cancer) – 2/3rds of research.
→ Cystic fibrosis→ Hemophilia→ Rheumatoid arthritis→ Hunter's syndrome (an inherited sex linked enzyme disorder)→ Inherited high blood cholesterol
→ Vaccine production (Hepatitis B, influenza, herpes simplex)→ Drug and hormone production (Insulin)
Producing InsulinProducing InsulinKnown as role player in diabetes for years.In 1922 Frederick Banting and Charles Best successfully treated diabetic dogs and then an 11 year old boy using dog insulin from the pancreas.Initial sources:
→ Cow, horse, pig, porcupine.Allergic reactions to impurities in insulin.1978 Genentech produced first synthetic human insulin. 3D Protein structure of Insulin made up of 51 amino acids.
Human Insulin ProductionHuman Insulin Production
Genetic Engineering in MedicineGenetic Engineering in Medicine
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantagesPreventing and fighting disease.Vaccine production (especially cancers).Gene Therapy.Xenotransplatation.Reproductive Technology
Arguably the Long term effects still not known.Use of Embryo’s in Genetic Engineering (what is technically living).Animal exploitation.Costly and time consuming.
Genetic Engineering in AgricultureGenetic Engineering in AgricultureGMO’s are not a new thing!
→ Selective breeding/artificial selection has been around for years.
Thousands of GM foods and products:→Tomatoes→Tobacco (Quest ® cigarettes with no/low nicotine)→Strawberries (resistant to frost)→Maize (resistant to pesticides)→Beef (leaner meat)→Diary cattle (rBST hormone)→Pork (grow faster)
Genetic Engineering in AgricultureGenetic Engineering in Agriculture
Genetic Engineering in AgricultureGenetic Engineering in Agriculture
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantagesIncrease crop production.Increase livestock production.Help solve food security issues.Reduce environmental risk from pesticides/fertilizers.Reduce pollution and waste (production of GM biofuels)
Long term effects still not known.Affect the biodiversity.Negatively impact environment (create alien invasive plants).Retard natural selection normal evolutionary processes.
Genetic Testing & Genetic CounsellingGenetic Testing & Genetic Counselling
DNA profiling→Detecting and
preventing crime→Mapping Genetic
Disorders
Choice to address and seek professional help
Bioethics in Gene Technology Bioethics in Gene Technology Ethical, legal and social implications surrounding:
→ Fairness in the use of genetic information→ Privacy and confidentiality→ Psychological impact and stigmatization
→ Beliefs, attitudes and values concerning genetic diseases
→ Commercialization of products including property rights
→ Seed patency→ Reproductive issues
→ Larger societal issues raised with reproductive technologies
→ Uncertainties associated with gene tests→ Conceptual and philosophical
implications→ Free will versus genetic determinism
→ Health and environmental issues concerning genetically modified foods
Genetic Engineering legislation in Genetic Engineering legislation in South AfricaSouth Africa
In terms of human genetic modification technologies:→ National Health Act and the ethics research guidelines issued by the Minister of Health.
Under the Act, “the manipulation of any genetic material, including human gametes, zygotes or embryos” is explicitly prohibited. Violation of the ban is punishable with imprisonment for up to five years and/or the imposition of fines (Art. 62).
→ National Health Act, (2003), http://www.parliament.gov.za/pls/portal/web_app.utl_output_doc?p_table=acts&p_doc_col=act_doc&p_mime_col=mime_type&p_id=606077
In terms of GMO’s (except humans):→ “To provide for measures to promote the responsible development, production, use and
application of genetically modified organisms; to ensure that all activities involving the use of genetically modified organisms (including importation, production, release and distribution) shall be carried out in such a way as to limit possible harmful consequences…”
→ Genetically Modified Organisms Act, (1997), http://www.info.gov.za/acts/1997/act15.htm
Beliefs, attitudes and values regarding Beliefs, attitudes and values regarding Genetic DisordersGenetic Disorders
Cultural and Societal influences
→ Religion and spirituality→ Marginalization → Chinese “Yousheng” healthy
birth policy (eugenics)Socioeconomic impact
→ Access to information and exposure
Education→ Understanding of genetic
disorders
To answer your questions…To answer your questions…
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