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Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
Hutchens Copyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008
Chapter 3
GENDER STEREOTYPES:
MASCULINITY AND
FEMININITY
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Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
Hutchens Copyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008
FROM GENDER ROLES TO
STEREOTYPES
Gender rolesActivities
Defined by behaviors
Gender stereotypes
Categorical
Defined by beliefs and attitudes about
masculinity and femininity Psychological traits and characteristics
Appropriate activities
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Myths & Media
Major Mythological ThemesMale as Powerful
Male as Normative
Female as EvilFemale as Giver of Life
Female as Sexual Being
Media Reflection of Myths
Representations of Boys & MenRepresentations of Girls & Women
Importance?
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His to r ical Views
The Cult of True Womanhood
Glorified Victorian image of women
Doctrine of Two Spheres
Dichotomous
The Male Gender Role Identity
Four themes
Hegemonic masculinity
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Hutchens Copyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008
Gender Role Strain
Pleck (1981,1995)
Repressive for both males and females
Limits possibilities
Behavioral restrictions
But if men subscribe to the genderrole, why is it a strain?
Contradictory & stressfulViolating norms
Maladaptive characteristics
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Are Stereotypes Adaptive?
First impressionsCategorizing groups
Status quo
Tends to form from limitedpersonal/individual exposure
The more information we have about
someone the less stereotypes influence
Works with gender too! Behavior & personality become more important
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Development of Stereotypes
Begins at age 3
Starts with ones own sex, then
generalizes
Flexible application of stereotypes
decreases with age
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Age-Related Trends
Very youngLabeling comes first
Less stereotyping than older children
Models consistency contributes to rigid
role expectations
Older childrenMore flexibility w/ greater exposure
Tendency to stereotype alwayspresent
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Development & Maintenance
o f Stereotypes
Illusory correlation
Confirmation bias
AttributionsDispositional/Trait vs.Behavioral
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Exerts power and control
Position of power over others
Helps to maintain status quo
Stereotyping Isnt Good For Us
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HutchensCopyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008
AttitudesExplicit or Implicit
Systematic judgments combat
stereotypesRicher, across time/situations, etc.
Take time and repeated exposure
Evaluating Stereotypes
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Research on Gender Role
Stereotyping
Started w/ common perceptionsFORCED CHOICE FORMATS
OPPOSITES INHERENT in responding
MeasurementTermansAttitude Interest Analysis Survey
Masculine/feminine on ONE DIMENSION
Males + and Females
Scores differentiated men from women
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)
Mf Scale (unidimensional)
Femininity validated on 13 HOMOSEXUAL MEN
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HutchensCopyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008
Research, continued
Positive vs. negative aspects of
masculinity and femininityBem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)
Personal Attributions Questionnaire (PAQ)
Racial and cultural differencesTests NOT normed on those other than
Caucasian
When compared other groups dont FIT
Racial and cultural differences E.g, Japanese and masculinity
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
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Research, continued
Research into traitsBehavioral/personality domains:
Instrumentality vs. Expressiveness (1950s)
Agentic vs. Communal (Bakan, 1966)
Competency vs. Warmth-expressiveness (1970s)
Power/Potency vs. Niceness/Nurturance (1980s)
Instrumental vs. Expressive (Spence & Bukner, 2000)
Categorical assessments do not embrace:
Multidimensional qualities of both gendersIndividual differences within groups
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
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So, Where Are We Now?
Measure traits of
masculinity/femininity
Not endpoints on a bipolar continuum
Androgyny
Having a mixture of both masculine and
feminine characteristics
Not universally accepted, but removes
dichotomy imposed on gender-related
behaviors, traits
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Prejudice vs. Discrimination
Stereotypes are the foundation.Prejudice
Negative evaluation of an entire group
Discrimination
Differential treatment of people in the
targeted group
Gender does not easily fit thestandard conceptualization of
prejudice
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Discussion Question
Can you think of an example
of prejudicial behavior based
on gender?
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Attitudes Toward Gender Roles
Gender IdeologiesTraditional
Egalitarian
Transitional
AffectHostile sexism
Benevolent sexism
CognitiveGender-Role Stereotyping
BehavioralSex Discrimination
Benevolent Discrimination
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Stereotype Threat (Claude Steele)
Fear of being negatively stereotyped
Influences women and ethnic
minorities to perform more poorly
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CONSIDERING DIVERSITY
Cross -Cul tural Assessments of Mascu l in i ty
& Fem inini ty
Across cultures in the United States
Across cultures around the world
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Sexism Worldwide
Glick and Fisks hostile and
benevolent sexism explain why male
dominance is so prevalent
Positive components allow for negativeviews
Ambivalent sexism holds for many
cultures around the world