Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development in PRC

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Gender Mainstreaming in Urban

Development in PRC

Theresa J. VillarealHead, Portfolio Management Unit

Resident Mission, Peoples Republic of China

Asian Development Bank

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy ofthe data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper donot imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.


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Key Issues that Affect Women in Urban Areas

Access to and Affordability of Basic Services

Employment and Entrepreneurship

Participation and Representation in Decision -making

Land and Property Ownership (including land

acquisition)

Safety, Security and Clean Environment/Better Healthand Hygiene Health


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Focus on multi-sector integrated development ofcities/towns

Economic, financial and environmental sustainability ofurban infrastructure services

Participatory approach to project design and improving

urban governance in water supply, wastewater, districtheating, roads and solid waste management in smallcities/towns

Integration of sustainability mechanisms and communitybased approaches for more effective urban services

Rationalization of tariffs for basic urban services vis--visservice improvements and ensuring access of poor people tobasic services (subsidies provided)

Urban Planning in Cities that ADB Support(PRC Policy Framework and Governance Structure)


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Poor and Outdated Urban Infrastructure


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Bazhou

Zhengding

Zhaoxian

Hebei Province Subprojects

Bazhou: Highly industrialized city near Beijing

& Tianjin Booming economy but dire

environmental & living conditions Water availability and quality

problems

Zhengding: Satellite county where

international airport located Strong growth in industrial

production

Strong tourism industry Solid waste management

underdeveloped

Zhaoxian: Key grain & food crop production

base nationally

Strong tourism industry Granted Historical & Culturally

Famous City of Hebei Solid waste management, district

heating and wastewater collectionunderdeveloped


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Urban Portfolio in PRC, as of October 2011

Net Loan Amount No. of Loans

Sectors1987 2010($ million)

2010- Ongoing Loans

($ million)

% 1987-2010 2010 %

Agriculture &Natural Resources

1,732.5 1,049.5 9.9 22 13 18.8

Energy 2,235.8 808.2 7.6 27 9 13.0

Finance 565.6 0.0 - 7 - -Industry andTrade

670.6 0.0 - 5 - -

Transport and ICT 12,392.4 6,150.9 58.2 68 25 36.2

Water & Other

MunicipalInfrastructure &Services

2,594.1 1,450.8 13.7 26 14 20.3

Multisector 1,591.2 1,116.1 10.6 13 8 11.7

Total 21,782.2 10,575.4 100.0 168 69 100.0

Around 20% of ADB loan amount and30% of loans comprise

urban/water/sanitation portfolio in the

PRC


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Access to Affordability of Services:

Water and Sanitation I

Women and girls primary collectors/users & managers

of water

Women and girls promoters of sanitation & hygiene

Strong links between womens participation & success

of project sustainability

Women and children participation in environmentalmanagement measures to prevent water pollution

Women and children participation in public awareness

campaigns for waste management, hygiene and disease

control and water conservation

Women involvement in county-level water resources

protection


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Water access constrained by scarce water resources

Unaffordable services due to high investment costs, O&M

Well regulated tariff setting process with public

consultation but limited cost recovery

Target subsidies given to poor households (MLSS)

Women representation needed in user groups in

public hearings/consultations on tariff increase

High public acceptance of tariff increase in water scarceareas, as access is difficult and more expensive

Access to Affordability of Services:

Water and Sanitation II


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Employment and Entrepreneurship

Poor women are mostly located in urban informal sector (hence,limited access to WSS, electricity, SWM, heating, etc. but important

to income generation) Poor urban transport services barrier to women access to jobs,

social network, opportunities

To promote women job creation organize women groups andnetworking to access credit, trainings, businesses, project

implementation and O&M
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pekin.koncesjonowany.hutong.7.JPG


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Employment and EntrepreneurshipKunming Qingshuihai Water Supply Project

Employment of local labor clauses included in civil works contracts

4,200 non-skilled temporary jobs provided to local people duringimplementation

20% of skilled and non-skilled jobs provided to women

Trainings include livestock production, fruit tree planting, householdservices, waste management (recycling, reuse), landscaping

Chongqing Urban

Rural Infrastructure Development Project30% participation of women and poor

Equal payment received by male and female workers for same tasks;

Engage women to lead construction teams

Training records to be disaggregated by sex, income status, age &

ethnicity

Wage bills, contract staff/labor records (disaggregated by sex, income

status, age and ethnicity)


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Participation and Representation in Decision-making

Urban governance is not just about O&M of infrastructure

and services but also civic engagement of all stakeholders,men and women.

Ways to promote gender-sensitive good governance, increase

womens voice in local decision-making:

- elect women to key leadership positions in government onurban governance;

- womens groups representations in tariff review

committees, urban basic services improvement

More women involvement in O&M, financial managementand user fee charging for urban basic services, setting service

standards (SW collection, transport, district heating, etc.)


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Participation and Representation in Decision-making

Chongqing UrbanRural Infrastructure Development Project

At least 40% of participants in consultation and socialization

activities are women;

Separate consultation meetings with women in the community;

Number of female members of agencies/ bureaus/ committees;

Records of meetings and consultations disaggregated by sex andage;

Women Vice Mayors in charge of overseeing ADB-funded urban

development projects;

Women heading finance bureaus in PRC to look after key urbaninvestments


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Land and Property Ownership for Poor Women

in Urban Areas

Hukou or household registration system classifies people as

urban or rural and allocates rights to services accordingly.

resulting to "counterfeit urbanisation": cities full of people

who cannot enjoy much of city life, including poor women.

Informal women workers lack of access to education, creditand income opportunities and basic urban services.


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Urban Land Use and Zoning

Zoning not part of Chinas urban planning &management system

Clearing Hutongs Low Income House for Commercial

Development and High-End Real Estate Development

Resettled people are in the citys edge with long distance travel

from home to work and limited access to better urban services

Housing is expensive and sharing is norm among migrants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_3084_Hutong_seen_from_Drum_Tower_Beijing_august_2007.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peking_Hutong_courtyard.JPG


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Safety, Security and

Clean Environment/Better Health Urban transport projects have road safety awareness programs in

collaboration with traffic police existing program for pedestrians

and NMT users;

Public consultation with women's participation on lighting at bus

stops, pedestrian walkways, seating, circulation system, etc.

Women involvement in inclusion of community facilities forrecreation in high density areas for social networking, education

Women inputs in cities sanitation, transport and SWM services

for the public health and safety in high-density urban living areas


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Urban planning must not focus on self-confined cityunit only but include estate interconnection & linkageto the city grid to prevent inconvenience to residents,

traffic jams and promote for community facility sharing

Future planning and design of urban housing estates inPRC cities require comprehensive study not only fromestate development level but also from sustainable

urban development level
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_hutong_area_8.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_hutong_area_3.jpg


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Thank You!

Theresa J. [email protected]

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Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development in PRC