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ADB-OECD Joint Workshop on Gender in Education, Employmentand Entrepreneurship in India, Indonesia and PRChina

27-28 February 2012, Manila

Gender equality in the 3 Es in IIC

Issues for discussion

Nelien Haspels

International Labour Office, Bangkok

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of theAsian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee theaccuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countrieslisted in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to

ADB's terminology.

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Outlook:

Asia rebounding from global downturn & poised toaccount for half of global output, trade & investment

Achievements in economic growth & povertyreduction growing inequalities

Need for sustainable, fair, inclusive growth patternssupported by efficient economic, social, employmentand green policies

with decent work & gender equality at the heartof these policies

Empowering wo/men for development

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Gender parity in education does not y et translate in

equal labour market outcomes All women workpaid and unpaid:

45% of working women in Asia outside the labourmarket19% of working men

> half of productive potential of Asian womenremains untappedinsufficient employmentopportunities for women

Less access to decent work:

Concentrated in narrow range of female-dominatedlow productivity , informal and vulnerable jobs: egcontract, temporary workers

Mostly in micro-enterprise: In 2009: 1% of womenwith own business with employees

Poor labour market outcomes for women - 1

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Gender pay gap: Womens wages: 70-90% ofmens

wider among high-earners than low-earners Lack of social protection increases womens care

burdens

Work and family duties fall mainly on women:

Pregnancy and family responsibilit ies - considerableemployment discrimination

Womens unpaidwork not defined as economicactivity and not included in GDP and employ mentstatistics

Violence & sexual harassment against women at work

Lack of agency and representation in decisionmaking

Poor labour market outcomes for women - 2

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Support for job-rich, equitable growth:

Principles:

Equality not a costly luxury that must wait until theeconomy has been developed

Mounting evidence: Equality essential tool for

achieving higher productivity and growth Strategies:

Decent work and gender equality integrated in macro-economic, employment and social policies through

gender mainstreaming and gender-specific action In equality we trust, protection only if we must

The poor and marginalized often womennot passivebeneficiaries but agents of economic transformation

Investing in gender equality & decent work - 1

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Rule of law: Sound labour laws and active labour market

policies in line with international labour standards forgender equality promotion:

Elimination of discrimination in employment andoccupation, and equal remuneration for work of equal

valueboth fundamental labour standards. Provision of adequate maternity protection and

measures for reconciling work and family commitments.

Decent work , wages and contracts for home-based, part-time and domestic workers and those in hidden

employment relationships. Prohibition of child and forced labour, promotion of

safe migration and protection of internal andinternational migrants from labour and sex exploitation.

Investing in gender equality and decent work - 2

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Education and skills development :

Analysis of existing structural gender inequalities at allstages and levels of education & training

Designing gender-responsive labour supply measuresthat tackle assumptions channeling young wo/men into

a narrow range of suitable occupations Encourage science and technology & enterprise

development training for y oung wo/men at schools

Gender parity : Ensure y oung men complete education

Life-long learning for all : Retraining during life-cycle Vocational curricula, free from gender bias

Macro-level commitments require micro-level actions:eg female trainers, gender training with men, mobiletraining

Investing in gender equality and decent work - 3

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Enterprise development:

Improving womens access to:

productive resources, financial and businessdevelopment services

business skills and networks

creating an enabling business environment forwomen entrepreneurs: reduce transaction costs,simplifyregistration, Reduction of womens timeburdens & change in gender relations

Gender analy sis and specific support measures throughfiscal eg individual tax for women; child care tax relieffor entrepreneurs

through trade policies: Avoid market distortions infavour of male and large-scale entrepreneurs

Investing in gender equality and decent work - 4

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Extendingsocial protection by :

Building basic social protection services for all,including adequate maternity benefits.

Taking measures to create a better work-familybalance

Safe work for all: agriculture and informalemployment: high risk occupations

Preventing and redressing sexual harassment inworkplaces.

Investing in gender equality and decent work - 5

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Challenge:

Government womens machineries marginalized overthe past decade

Lack of gender commitment and analy sis and planningcapacity in ministries of finance, planning, labour,

trade, education, agriculture Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and Social

Clauses weak on inclusion of equality and non-discrimination principles and implementation

Engendering institutions - 1

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Strategies:

Gender equality advocacy, building commitment andexpertise, allocation of budget & good governance by

wo/men among policy makers and implementers

Increasing agency and representation of women in

social dialogue and bargaining on economic, social andemployment policies

Create, invest in and utilize centers of gender expertisein government, universities and in civil society

Set up equal employment opportunity commissions

Engendering institutions - 2

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MDG indicators related to MDG 1B: Full and productive

employment & decent work for all, including women &youth

Growth rate of labour productivity (GDP per personemployed)

Work ing poverty rate: Proportion of employed peopleliving below the poverty line

Labour force participation rate & Employ ment topopulation ratio

Vulnerable employment rate: proportion of Own-account and Unpaid family workers in totalemployment

Share of women in wage employ ment in the non-agricultural sector

Decent work and gendered indicators - 1

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ILO Decent work indicator framework in development:

Unemployment rate

Earnings/wages (average hourly wages)

Youth not in education and not in employment, 15-24years (rate)

Distribution of unemploy ment by level of education(rate)

Children not in school or net enrolment rate

Adult literacy rate

Adult secondary-school graduation rate

Decent work and gendered indicators - 2

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Women and labour markets in Asia: Rebalancing for gender equalityhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-

bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_154846.pdf

Equality and non-discrimination in China: Training package: Handbookhttp://www.ilo.org/asia/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_154692/lang--en/index.htm

Training manual (In Chinese & English)http://www.ilo.org/asia/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_154693/lang--en/index.htm

Gender mainstreaming strategies in decent work promotion: Toolkit (Chinese, English,Bahasa) http://www.ilo.org/asia/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_143849/lang--

en/index.htm, GEMS toolkit in brief

http://www.ilo.org/asia/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_143847/lang--en/index.htm

Sexual harassment at the workplace FAQ (Bahasa and English)

http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/info/public/nl/WCMS_149651/lang--en/index.htmWork, income and gender equality in East Asia: Action guide (Chin. Bahasa, Engl)

http://www.ilo.org/asia/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_101719/lang--en/index.htm

Equality and discrimination resourceshttp://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/equality-and-discrimination/facet/lang--

en/index.htm?facetcriteria=TYP=Publication&facetdynlist=UWCMS_139813

Resources

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