GENDER DIMENSIONS

Dr Lawrence IkamariPopulation Studies and Research

InstituteUniversity of Nairobilikamari@uonbi.ac.ke

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Outline of the Presentation

Objectives of the presentation Introduction: Definitions & importance of

gender disaggregated data Gender dimensions in key demographic

parameters Gender dimensions in education and

labour force Gender dimensions in disability Concluding remarks

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Objective of the Presentation

Goal: The purpose of the Session on Gender Dimensions is to enable the participants to appreciate the importance of taking gender dimensions into account in development planning at all levels and to equip the participants with the knowledge and skills on how to carry out analysis of Census Data from different gender perspectives.

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Objective of the Presentation

At the end of the session participants will be able to:

State the rationale for gender disaggregated data

Describe the key gender concepts Describe how to prepare data for gender

analysis. Describe how to carry out gender analysis Describe how to present gender

disaggregated data4

Introduction: definitionsKey Concept in Gender Perspectives• Gender• Sex• Gender Analysis• Gender relations• Gender issues• Women issues• Gender inequality

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Introduction: definitions

Key Concept in Gender Perspectives• Gender Parity Index• Gender Gaps• Gender Development Index (GDI)• Gender aware planning/gender

mainstreaming

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Introduction: definitions

Gender Gender is a socio-cultural construct of the

society that determines the identity, roles or obligations/duties, and entitlements of women and men and girls and boys in the society. It therefore defines women and men’s position in their society. Gender classification changes with time, space and needs of a society

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Introduction: definitions

Sex Sex is a biological identification of

females and males based on their physiological characteristics. Sex characteristics are natural and determined during conception; compared to gender which identifies qualities that are shaped through the history of social relations and interactions in society

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Introduction: definitions of concepts

Sex ratio Sex ratio is the number of males per

100 women, and is sometimes also referred to as the gender ratio

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Introduction: definitions

Gender relations Gender relations are social-cultural

relationships between men and women in a given society. They are socially constructed and not derived from biology. Gender relations distinguish social relations between men and women from those characteristics which can be derived from biological differences

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Introduction: definitions Gender inequality Gender inequality means unequal access to

resources and benefits by women and men and therefore holds back the growth of individuals in society

Gender gaps Gender gaps refer to the differences between

women and men in relation to their participation in and benefits from different socio-economic sectors. Gender gaps come about as a result of unequal power relations between women and men and between boys and girls

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Introduction: definitions The gender gap measures the magnitude of

disparities and is normally computed in percentage points or the difference between percentage for females and percentage for males.

Gender Parity Index Gender Parity Index (GPI) is a socioeconomic

index usually designed to measure the relative access to education for both females and males. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education to the number of male students in each level

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Introduction: definitions

Gender analysis

This is the process of examining roles and responsibilities or any other situation in regard to women, men, boys and girls, with a view to identifying gaps, raising concern and addressing them, investigating and identifying specific needs for policy and programme development and implementation

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Introduction: definitions

Gender-Aware Planning

This is the process of taking gender into consideration (gender mainstreaming) in development planning; planning with women/girls and men/boys in mind.

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Introduction: definitions

Gender issues Gender issues refers to opportunities,

challenges and constraints that affect both women, men, girls and boys in the society. Gender issues are not synonymous with women’s issues

Women’s issues Women issues refer to opportunities, challenges

and constraints that affect women/girls only

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Rationale for Gender disaggregated data

International and national commitment to promote gender equality and women empowerment•Many international conventions and instruments such as

CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action, and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

•ICPD 1994 Plan of Action

•Millennium Development Goals Enactment of various laws and policy frameworks,

and set up several bodies at national and lower levels in order to advance, coordinate and monitor Gender issues. E.G;

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Rationale for Gender disaggregated data• Provision of Freed Education

•Affirmative action in recruitment, employment appointment in public service

•Development of the development of a National Policy on Gender and Development;

• the establishment and strengthening of institutions to address Gender issues (including National Commission on Gender and Development)

•Gender units in all line Ministries and state corporations

• Inclusion of an indicator on Gender mainstreaming in the Performance Contract Guidelines in the public sector

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Rationale for Gender disaggregated data

• the Political Parties Act (2007) provides for at least one third representation of either Gender in political parties

• the Employment Act of 2007 prohibits termination of employment on account of pregnancy and provides for three months maternity leave and two weeks of paternity leave with full pay

•The New Constitution• Has several provisions for affirmative action

•Vision 2030• aims at providing high quality of life to all citizens by

the year 2030

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Rationale for Gender disaggregated data

•Lack of gender disagregated data at the various planning levels

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3: Gender dimensions

Gender dimensions by key demographic parameters

o Population age and sex

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Methodology

In the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census Questionnaire, the information on Gender was captured using question (P-11) on the gender of members of the household where, 1=Male and 2=Female

There are two approaches to measuring Gender gaps. First is the incident approach where the denominator is the total female or male in a particular sector

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Population distribution by age and sex

Data required: Population distributed by a specified age group

(e.g. 5 year group, 0-14, 15-24, 15-64, 65+ and by sex (either absolute or percentage)

Population distributed by a specified age group (e.g. 5 year age group, 0-14, 15-24, 15-64, 65+ by sex and by province (either absolute figures or percentages)

Method:Then graph the figures using a bar chart using

excel

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Population distribution by age and sex, Kenya, 2009

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3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000

0-45-9

10-1415-1920-2425-29

30-3435-3940-4445-4950-54

55-5960-6465-6970-7475++

Male Female

Percentage distribution of population distribution aged 0-14 years by sex and province, Kenya, 2009

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Percentage distribution of population aged 15-24 by sex and province, Kenya 2009

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51 56 51 53 50

4153 51 5249 44 49 47 50

5947 49 48

Perc

ent

Province

Female Male

Percentage of the population aged aged 65+ by Sex, Kenya: 2009

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Population distribution by marital status and sex

Basic measures of marriage: Marital status: Percentage distribution of the

population by current marital status classified by sex and other attributes of interest

Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM): This is an estimate of the average number of years lived in a single status by those who ever marry before age 50. A high SMAM therefore means a later age at first marriage

(Show formula for calculating SMAM)27

Population distribution by marital status and sex, Kenya, 2009

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Singulate Age at First Marriage 1962: SMAM: 18.5 years 1969: SMAM: 19.2 years Male: 25.1, Female: 19.2 1979: SMAM: 20.2 years Male: 25.3, Female: 20.2 1989: SMAM: 21.6 years Male: 26.0, Female: 21.6 1999: SMAM: 22.3 years Male: 26.5, Female: 22.3 2009: SMAM: 26.5 years Male: 26.7, Female : 22.5

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Trends in the singulate mean age at marriage, Kenya, 1989-2009 Census Data

Age group 1989 1999 2009

Female Male Female Male Female Male

15-19 81.2 97.9 81.2 97.1 84.4 96.820-24 35.3 79.1 38.0 77.1 41.4 79.625-29 15.8 38.3 21.0 41.3 21.0 41.730-34 9.0 14.4 11.3 16.4 12.2 18.235-39 6.3 8.6 8.0 8.6 9.1 9.840-44

5.1 6.9 5.8 5.6 7.4

6.745-48

4.1 6.1 4.8 4.8 6.4

4.9 Total

21.6 26.0

22.3 26.5 22.5

26.7

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Trends in the singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM), Kenya and by Province; 1999-2009 Census Data

Province 1999 2009

Female Male Female Male

Nairobi 23.5 26.8 23.7 26.8Central 23.7 27.5 23.2 27.8Coast 21.3 26.7 22.0 26.7Eastern 23.1 27.2 22.9 27.7Nyanza 20.5 26.5 21.8 27.1Rifty Valley 20.9 25.4 21.4 25.5Western 22.1 26.3 22.4 26.7Kenya

22.3 26.5 22.5

26.731

Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM) by Sex and Province, Kenya 2009

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Infant and under mortality by sex

Measures of mortality are desirable disaggregated by sex and

other attributes of interest. These can be obtained using indirect methods using QFIVE software. This requires basic data

• Number of children ever born classified by 5 year group of mother and sex

• Number of children dead classified by 5 year group of mother and sex

• Number of women aged 15-49 classified by 5 year group

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Life expectation at birth by sex and province, Kenya: 2009

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Gender Dimensions in Education

Data required:• School attendance among the

population aged at least 3 year classified by a specified age group, sex and other attribute of interest

•Educational attainment among the population aged at least 3 years classified by a specified age group, sex and other attribute of interest

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Percentage of the population by school attendance status by sex, Kenya: 2009

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Percentage distribution of the population aged at least 3 years by school attendance, sex and rural-urban residence

Percentage of the population attending school by age and sex, Kenya: 2009

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Percentage of population age at least 3 years by sex, Kenya: 2009

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Percentage of the population with no education by sex, residence and province, Kenya: 2009

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Percentage of the population with completed primary education by sex, residence and province, Kenya: 2009

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Percentage of the population with at least secondary education by sex, residence and province, Kenya: 2009

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Gender dimensions in Labour force

Data required:• Economic activity among the

population aged 5 years and above classified by sex and attribute of interest

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Percentage of the population age at least 5 years by sex and economic status, Kenya, 2009

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Percentage of the population age at least 5 years by sex, economic status, rural-urban residence, Kenya, 2009

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Percentage of the population by age, economic status and sex, Kenya: 2009

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Age

Group Women Men Gender

GapWomen Men Gender

GapWomen Men Gender

GapWomen Men Gender

GapTotal 50.5 49.5 1.0 46.7 53.3 -6.6 46.8 53.2 -6.4 56.0 44.0 12.0

5 - 9 49.3 50.7 -1.4 47.5 52.5 -5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.7 50.3 -0.6

10 - 14 48.8 51.2 -2.4 46.1 53.9 -7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.6 50.4 -0.8

15 - 19 49.1 50.9 -1.8 47.4 52.6 -5.2 47.0 53.0 -6.0 50.1 49.9 0.2

20 - 24 53.7 46.3 7.4 50.0 50.0 0.0 49.1 50.9 -1.8 63.7 36.3 27.4

25 - 29 52.5 47.5 5.0 46.7 53.3 -6.6 47.5 52.5 -5.0 83.4 16.6 66.8

30 - 34 50.4 49.6 0.8 45.0 55.0 -10.0 44.6 55.4 -10.8 87.8 12.2 75.6

35 - 39 50.3 49.7 0.6 45.4 54.6 -9.2 43.9 56.1 -12.2 88.1 11.9 76.2

40 - 44 49.9 50.1 -0.2 45.4 54.6 -9.2 41.4 58.6 -17.2 87.0 13.0 74.0

45 - 49 50.3 49.7 0.6 46.1 53.9 -7.8 42.3 57.7 -15.4 86.6 13.4 73.2

50 - 54 50.1 49.9 0.2 45.6 54.4 -8.8 41.8 58.2 -16.4 82.2 17.8 64.4

55 - 59 49.6 50.4 -0.8 45.4 54.6 -9.2 42.5 57.5 -15.0 73.3 26.7 46.6

60 - 64 50.2 49.8 0.4 45.5 54.5 -9.0 45.7 54.3 -8.6 70.9 29.1 41.8

65+ 54.4 45.6 8.8 48.1 51.9 -3.8 52.6 47.4 5.2 68.0 32.0 36.0

Total Working Unemployed Inactive

Percentage of distribution of employed population (15-64 years) by sex and province, Kenya, 2009

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Percentage of the employed population by age, sex and economic activity, Kenya: 2009

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Age Group

Worked for Pay Own/ Family business Own/ Agriculture Business

Women Men Gender

Gap Women Men Gender

Gap Women Men Gender

Gap 15 - 64 27 44 -17 21 18 3 50 36 14 15 - 19 23 23 -1 15 14 1 61 61 0 20 - 24 32 47 -15 20 16 4 46 35 11 25 - 29 32 52 -19 24 19 5 41 27 14 30 - 34 29 50 -21 25 21 4 44 28 16 35 - 39 27 48 -21 24 20 4 46 30 17 40 - 44 25 46 -21 22 20 3 50 32 18 45 - 49 22 44 -22 21 18 2 55 35 20 50 - 54 18 40 -21 19 18 1 61 40 21 55 - 59 13 30 -18 18 18 -1 68 49 18 60 - 64 9 22 -13 16 18 -2 73 57 15

Gender Dimensions in Disability

Data required:

Percentage of PWD by sex and attribute of interest

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Percentage distribution of PWDs by Sex, Kenya: 2009

Sex Number %

Female 682,651 51.3

Male 647,715 48.7

Total 1,330,366 3.5 (of total

population)

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Percentage of the PWDs by sex and rural-urban residence, Kenya: 2009

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Percentage of PWDs by type of disability, Kenya: 2009

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Type of Disability No of PWDs % PWD by domain Visual 331,593 24.9 Hearing 187,816 14.1 Speech 161,798 12.2 Physical 337,212 25.3 Mental 136,095 10.2 Self Care 76,547 5.8 Others 99,305 7.5 Total 1330366 100

Percentage of PWDs by school attendance status and sex, Kenya: 2009

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Percentage of PWDs by type of disability, school attendance and sex, Kenya: 2009

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Female MaleGender

Gap Female MaleGender

Gap Female MaleGender

Gap Female MaleGender

Gap

Visual 25 23 2 29 27 2 25 21 4 19 17 2

Hearing 20 19 1 11 10 1 15 15 0 16 13 3

Speech 17 18 -1 9 9 0 7 12 -5 12 16 -4

Physical 18 20 -2 28 31 -3 25 25 0 22 22 0

Mental 9 9 0 9 12 -3 9 14 -5 13 16 -3

Self-care 2 2 0 4 4 0 13 5 8 16 10 6

Other 9 8 1 10 7 3 6 4 2 5 5 0

Type of Disability

Currently Attending Previously Attended Never Attended DK

Percentage of PWDs by education attainment and sex, Kenya: 2009

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Proportion of PWDs by economic Activity, Sex, residence and province, Kenya: 2009

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Province/ Residence

Working Unemployed Inactive

Female Male Gender Gap Female Male

Gender Gap Female Male

Gender Gap

Kenya 53 58 -5 6 7 -1 41 34 6 Nairobi 49 63 -14 10 9 1 40 28 13 Central 49 54 -6 4 5 -1 47 40 7 Coast 45 56 -11 7 9 -2 48 35 13 Eastern 48 55 -7 5 6 -1 46 38 8 North Eastern 49 57 -8 16 18 -2 33 23 10 Nyanza 59 59 0 5 5 0 36 36 1 Rift Valley 51 59 -8 6 7 -1 42 33 9 Western 60 61 -1 4 5 -1 35 34 2 Total 53 58 -5 6 7 -1 41 34 6 Rural 55 59 -4 5 6 -1 40 34 5 Urban 45 57 -12 9 9 0 45 33 12 Peri-Urban 50 54 -4 6 7 -1 43 38 5

Appendix 1: Relevant ICPD & MDGS

ICPD & MDGS whose implementation and monitoring require gender disaggregated data

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A SUMMARY OF ICPD GOALS FOR 2015

Achieve universal access to and completion of primary education, ensure the widest and earliest possible access by girls and women to secondary education and higher levels of education.

Provide universal access to full range of safe and reliable family planning methods and related reproductive health services.

Reduce infant mortality to below 35 infant deaths per 1000 live births and under five mortality rates to below 45 deaths per 1000 live births

Close the gap in maternal mortality between developing and developed countries. Aim to achieve a maternal mortality rate of below 60 deaths per 100,000 live births.

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A SUMMARY OF ICPD GOALS FOR 2015 CTD.

Increase life expectancy at birth to more than 75 years. In countries with the highest mortality, aim to increase life expectancy at birth to more than 70 years.

Sources:

• United Nations Population Fund 1994: Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development.

• United Nations 1994. Report of the International Conference on Population and Development , Cairo, 5-13 September 1994.

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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

whose income is less than $1 a day. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who

suffer from hunger. 2 Achieve universal primary education Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls

alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary

education preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015

4Reduce child mortality Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five

mortality rate

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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS CTD.

5 Improve maternal health Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal

mortality ratio . 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of

malaria and other major diseases 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country

policies and program and reverse the loss of environmental resources.

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water

Have achieved, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers .